A Scoping Review of Bystander-Based Sexual Violence Prevention Training for College Students in Fraternities and Sororities.

Bystander-based sexual violence (SV) prevention trainings are offered on college campuses across the United States to meet federal Title IX requirements, as they have proven to be an effective strategy for violence prevention. Greek-affiliated students (fraternity and sorority members) are at a higher risk of sexual assault than their peers; however, few trainings consider the specific needs of this population, and program adaptations for this high-risk group may be needed. This scoping review identifies and describes the bystander trainings delivered to Greek-affiliated students in the US and Canada. An eight-database search was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The review identified 81 unique sources, with 18 meeting the inclusion criteria. Eleven specific training programs were identified, encompassing qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies. The thematic analysis revealed best practices, including the importance of peer leaders, interactive sessions, and tailored content to Greek culture, as well as barriers such as a lack of engagement and an inadequate session length. The review underscores the need for tailored interventions to effectively address the unique cultural characteristics and high-risk nature of Greek-affiliated students. These findings provide valuable insights for improving the design and implementation of bystander interventions to enhance their efficacy in preventing sexual violence within this population.

Fear, Fanaticism, and Fragile Identities.

In this article, I provide a philosophical analysis of the nature and role of perceived identity threats in the genesis and maintenance of fanaticism. First, I offer a preliminary definition of fanaticism as the social identity-defining devotion to a sacred value that demands universal recognition and is complemented by a hostile antagonism toward people who dissent from one's group's values. The fanatic's hostility toward dissent thereby takes the threefold form of outgroup hostility, ingroup hostility, and self-hostility. Second, I provide a detailed analysis of the fears of fanaticism, arguing that each of the three aforementioned forms of hostile antagonism corresponds to one form of fear or anxiety: the fanatic's fear of the outgroup, renegade members of the ingroup, and problematic aspects of themselves. In each of these three forms of fear, the fanatic experiences both their sacred values and their individual and social identity as being threatened. Finally, I turn to a fourth form of fear or anxiety connected to fanaticism, namely the fanatic's anxiety of and flight from the existential condition of uncertainty itself, which, at least in some cases, ground the fanatic's fearfulness.

Becoming a Fraternal Organization: Insights from the Encyclical Fratelli Tutti.

We uncover fundamental dimensions of the process through which organizations embed the practice of fraternity through embarking on an organizational journey in the direction of the common good. Building on the latest encyclical of Pope Francis, Fratelli Tutti, about fraternal and social friendship, we offer insight into the understanding of what it means to become a fraternal organization and reflect on the key ethical and paradoxical challenges for organizations aiming at collectively contributing to the common good. We add to previous work by characterizing this journey as a process involving unique ethical challenges that emerge from the paradoxes associated with this process and how this might change the nature of the relationships between organizations and others within the organizational landscape.

Fraternity and sorority membership and risky sexual behavior.

Objectives: To determine the impact of fraternity and sorority membership on condom use during sex. Methods: Utilizing data from The American College Health Association (ACHA) National College Health Assessment from 2016-2018, we estimated a linear probability, logistic, and instrumental variable model to determine the relationship between fraternity and sorority membership and the frequency of condom use during sex. Results: Compared to non-fraternity members, fraternity members experience an increase in sex without a condom for both oral sex (13.5%, 95% ci= 0.048, 0.221) and anal sex (28.5%, 95% ci= 0.174, 0.396). Compared to non-sorority members, sorority members are more likely to engage in oral sex without a condom. This result is not robust to single sorority members. Conclusions: Fraternity membership increases the probability of risky oral and anal sex. Policy Implications: The reduced use of condoms has implications on sexual health including an increased risk of contracting or spreading sexually transmitted infections.

Mano: um ensaio sobre o amor fraterno / Mano: An essay on fraternal love / "Mano": un ensayo sobre el amor fraterno

O artigo considera o aspecto positivo do arquétipo do irmão, assim como o laço de fraternidade entre as pessoas. No homem, o arquétipo se constela na parceria e na cooperação e como símbolo do Self. Na mulher, ele é vivido, externamente, num relacionamento de apoio e de amor e, internamente, pela força propulsora de seu animus. Culturalmente, a fraternidade e a cooperação são essenciais para se opor à destrutividade imperante.

The article considers the positive aspect of the Brother archetype, as well as the fraternal bond. In a man, this archetype manifests as partnership, cooperation, and stimulus to spirituality. In a woman, the Brother archetype is experienced externally through a relationship of loving support and internally through the propelling force of the animus. Culturally, fraternity and cooperation are essential to oppose the prevailing destructiveness.

El artículo considera el aspecto positivo del arquetipo del hermano, así como el vínculo de fraternidad entre las personas. En el hombre, el arquetipo está constelado en la asociación y en la cooperación y como símbolo del Self. En la mujer se vive exteriormente en una relación de apoyo y de amor e interiormente por la fuerza motriz de su animus. Culturalmente, la fraternidad y la cooperación son esenciales para oponerse a la destructividad imperante.

Moment estimators of relatedness from low-depth whole-genome sequencing data.

BACKGROUND: Estimating relatedness is an important step for many genetic study designs. A variety of methods for estimating coefficients of pairwise relatedness from genotype data have been proposed. Both the kinship coefficient [Formula: see text] and the fraternity coefficient [Formula: see text] for all pairs of individuals are of interest. However, when dealing with low-depth sequencing or imputation data, individual level genotypes cannot be confidently called. To ignore such uncertainty is known to result in biased estimates. Accordingly, methods have recently been developed to estimate kinship from uncertain genotypes. RESULTS: We present new method-of-moment estimators of both the coefficients [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] calculated directly from genotype likelihoods. We have simulated low-depth genetic data for a sample of individuals with extensive relatedness by using the complex pedigree of the known genetic isolates of Cilento in South Italy. Through this simulation, we explore the behaviour of our estimators, demonstrate their properties, and show advantages over alternative methods. A demonstration of our method is given for a sample of 150 French individuals with down-sampled sequencing data. CONCLUSIONS: We find that our method can provide accurate relatedness estimates whilst holding advantages over existing methods in terms of robustness, independence from external software, and required computation time. The method presented in this paper is referred to as LowKi (Low-depth Kinship) and has been made available in an R package ( https://github.com/genostats/LowKi ).

Ideal Pedagógico, Religioso, Social y Ecológico de San Francisco de Asís / Pedagogical, Religious, Social, and Ecological Ideal of St. Francis of Assisi

Resumen En torno al ideal Pedagógico, religioso, social y ecológico de San Francisco de Asís se congregaron, para compenetrarse de él, no solo sus discípulos, sino el mundo de su época hasta nuestros días. Es lo que podría llamarse el triunfo del amor y del ideal. Su propuesta de vida, despertaron no solo la admiración, sino que se constituye en una propuesta para hacer frente a una aguda crisis civilizatoria hoy.

Abstract Around the pedagogical, religious, social, and ecological ideal of St. Francis of Assisi, not only his disciples, but also the world of his time, up to the present day, gathered around him to understand him. It is what could be called the triumph of love and the ideal. His proposal of life, awakened not only admiration, but it also constitutes a proposal to face an acute crisis of civilization today.

Post-industrial masculinities and gym culture: Graft, craft, and fraternity.

This article theorizes a link between contemporary masculinity in post-industrial spaces and 'hardcore' gym culture. Over the last three decades the health and fitness industry has grown exponentially, with bodily modification and the proliferation of gymnasia, health supplements and wearable fitness trackers now a dominant means by which many construct their identities. Simultaneously, the onset of wholesale neoliberalism, which has caused large-scale de-industrialization and the global outsourcing of labor, has resulted in a macro-economic shift from production to consumption in the West. Set against this backdrop, this article draws upon two ethnographic studies in 'hardcore' gyms to examine the significance of bodywork in the lives of men in two working-class, post-industrial locales in England. First, gym work is conceptualized as a form of both graft and craft within our samples, and the role of the male body as a post-industrial project is considered. Following this, the gym is presented as a site of fraternity which, following the loss of collectivizing industry in both areas, allows men to bond over a shared endeavor and build genuine kinship. Ultimately, we conclude that the gym is a space of production within consumption, furnishing our sample with a means of performing their embodied masculinity and repurposing formative notions of graft, craft, and fraternity in a new adaptive space.

From the Bottlecap to the Bottleneck: Frequent Esophageal Impaction of Bottlecaps Among Young Males in a Small University Town.

There have been few reports of ingestion of bottlecaps worldwide. However, all of these seemed to be unlikely accidental ingestions with a comic side effect. In contrast to this, the authors of this study found an accumulation of bottlecap ingestions in a small university town. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate the nature of these ingestions. We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary referral center in a small German university town (Göttingen). All patients that were admitted for esophageal foreign bodies were screened for accidental ingestion of bottlecaps and included in the study at hand. Overall, there were 14 cases of bottlecap ingestion within 12 years. Patients were exclusively male, average age was 23.0 ± 4.2 years, ranging from 18.3 to 35.6 years. In 13 out of 14 cases, association to a fraternity was found. Young men, particularly those belonging to a fraternity, should be beware of bottlecap ingestion when consuming beer in risky rituals in small university towns. Alternatively, competitive beer drinking may generally be avoided.

History of Sexual Assault Perpetration and Violence-Related Prosocial Tendencies Among Men by Fraternity Affiliation Status.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine self-reported sexual assault perpetration history, as well as violence prevention-related prosocial tendencies, among fraternity men, unaffiliated men with membership intentions, and unaffiliated men without membership intentions with data from 262,634 college men in the United States. Results indicate that fraternity status was related to sexual assault perpetration, both prior to and while at their current institution of higher education; both perpetration history and fraternity status significantly related to diminished violence prevention-related prosocial tendencies. The findings have important implications for future research and practice to reduce the incidents of sexual assault on college campuses.

Animal House: The Dark Tetrad traits and membership in sororities and fraternities.

Very little is known about the relationship between antagonistic personality traits and membership in Greek-letter organizations (GLOs). The present study (N = 2191) examined the association between the Dark Tetrad traits-Machiavellianism, grandiose narcissism, psychopathy, and everyday sadism-and membership in sororities and fraternities. Participants who were high in grandiose narcissism were more likely to be in sororities and fraternities, whereas participants who were high in Machiavellianism and everyday sadism were less likely to be in these organizations. Psychopathy was not significantly associated with membership in GLOs. Taken together, the present results suggest that members of GLOs are not necessarily more manipulative, cold-hearted, or cruel than their non-GLO counterparts, but they may be more entitled, domineering, and status-seeking.

Os desafios da COVID-19 aos Direitos Humanos / COVID-19's Challenges to Human Rights / Desafíos de COVID-19 a los derechos humanos

A pandemia de COVID-19, na tripla crise que desencadeou ­sanitária, económica e social ­, tem provocado o maior retrocesso na implementação dos Direitos Humanos de que há memória desde a sua Declaração Universal, em 1948. Esta avaliação decorre da amplitude e profundidade do recuo na realização dos direitos humanos que se verifica actualmente em três planos, correspondendo, de uma forma genérica, às três gerações de direitos: no plano individual, contemplando os direitos civis e políticos; no social, os direitos económicos e sociais; e no global, os direitos de titularidade colectiva ou de solidariedade. Deter-nos-emos, sucessivamente, nestes diferentes planos, considerando algumas das mais comuns e impactantes medidas sanitárias implementadas em cada um e que constituem transgressões aos direitos humanos, reflectindo sobre as eventuais condições de legitimação ética das medidas adoptadas. Paralelamente, importa considerar que as medidas sanitárias implementadas não só vêm atingindo o respeito pelos Direitos Humanos, mas têm igualmente originado áreas de conflito entre diferentes direitos, em relação aos quais não é eticamente legítimo optar por uns em detrimento de outros. Defende-se ser necessário avançar para uma nova abordagem dos direitos humanos, destacando a sua complementaridade e sustentabilidade nos deveres ­num modelo integrado ­o que, por sua vez, deverá contribuir para a articulação de todos os direitos e seu respectivo cumprimento.

The COVID-19 pandemic, in the triple crisis it triggered ­health, economic and social ­has caused the greatest setback in the implementation of Human Rights since its Universal Declaration, in 1948. This assessment stems from its amplitude and the depth of the reversion in the realization of human rights that is currently verified on three levels, corresponding, in a generic way, to the three generations of rights: on the individual level, contemplating civil and political rights; in the social, economic and social rights; and overall, collective ownership rights. We will successively focus on these different plans, considering some of the most common and impactful sanitary measures implemented in each one and which constitute human rights violations, reflecting on the possible conditions for the ethical legitimacy of the adopted measures.At the same time, it is important to consider that the sanitary measures implemented have not only negatively affected the due respect for Human Rights, but have also given rise to areas of conflict between different rights, in relation to which it is not ethically legitimate to opt for some to the detriment of others. It is argued that it is necessary to move towards a new approach to human rights, highlighting their complementarity and sustainability of duties ­in an integrated model ­which, in turn, should contribute to the articulation of all rights and their respective fulfillment.

La pandemia COVID-19, en la triple crisis que desencadenó -sanitaria, económica y social ­ha provocado el mayor retroceso en la implementación de los Derechos Humanos desde su Declaración Universal, en 1948. Esta apreciación se deriva de su amplitud y la profundidad del retroceso en la realización de los derechos humanos que actualmente se verifica en tres niveles, correspondientes, de manera genérica, a las tres generaciones de derechos: a nivel individual, contemplando los derechos civiles y políticos; en los derechos sociales, económicos y sociales; y, en general, derechos de propiedad colectiva. Nos centraremos sucesivamente en estos diferentes planes, considerando algunas de las medidas sanitarias más comunes e impactantes implementadas en cada uno y que constituyen violaciones a los derechos humanos, reflexionando sobre las posibles condiciones para la legitimidad ética de las medidas adoptadas.Al mismo tiempo, es importante considerar que las medidas sanitarias implementadas no solo hanlogrado afectar negativamente el respeto a los Derechos Humanos, sino que también han dado lugar a áreas de conflicto entre diferentes derechos, en relación con los cuales no es éticamente legítimo optar por algunos en detrimento de los demás. Se argumenta que es necesario avanzar hacia un nuevo enfoque de los derechos humanos, destacando su complementariedad y sostenibilidad de deberes -en un modelo integrado ­que, a su vez, debe contribuir a la articulación de todos los derechos y su respectivo cumplimiento.

"Why Should I, the One Who Was Raped, Be Forced to Take Training in What Sexual Assault Is?" Sexual Assault Survivors' and Those Who Know Survivors' Responses to a Campus Sexual Assault Education Program.

This study critically examines sexual assault survivors' (people with histories of sexual assault) and those who know survivors' (those who know and/or who are close to people with histories of sexual assault) responses to a mandatory online campus sexual assault education program using both quantitative survey data (N = 1,899) and qualitative narratives (n = 41) from a sample of students at a large southern university with special attention to gender, sexual identity, race, ethnicity, college group affiliations (student athletics, fraternities/sororities, LGBTQ [lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender, queer] ally programs), and the intersections between these identities and affiliations. The quantitative findings show that knowing/being a woman survivor is positively related to supportive attitudes toward the sexual assault education program and inversely, knowing/being a man survivor is negatively related to support of the program. In addition, being a woman, being gay/lesbian, being Black/African American, Asian/Pacific Islander, Native American/Alaskan Native, or another race, and being a sorority member are all significantly related to supportive attitudes toward the sexual assault education program. Furthermore, qualitative analyses revealed that the majority of personal survivors' narratives indicated traumatic/triggering responses whereas most of those who provided narratives about knowing survivors(s) indicated praiseworthy reactions. Overall, the current study offers empirically driven sexual assault education program implications that acknowledge survivors' and those who know survivors' experiences with the ultimate goal of determining how to best meet students' needs.

Cigarette, waterpipe, and electronic cigarette use among college fraternity and sorority members and athletes in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between fraternity/sorority membership and athlete status with tobacco use by tobacco product type. Participants: Undergraduate college students who participated in the Spring 2017 National College Health Assessment-II Survey (n = 47,821). Methods: Prevalence of current (past-30 day) cigarette smoking, waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), and e-cigarette (ECIG) use was examined. Logistic regressions examined associations between fraternity/sorority membership and participation in collegiate athletics with tobacco use. Results: Fraternity/sorority members had the highest current use rates for cigarettes, waterpipe tobacco, and ECIGs and were nearly twice as likely to report cigarette smoking, WTS, and ECIG use relative to non-fraternity/sorority members. Relative to non-varsity athletes, varsity athletes were less likely to report cigarette smoking and WTS, but not ECIG use. Conclusions: Fraternity/sorority members appear to be at risk for use of multiple tobacco products. Varsity athlete status may be protective for some tobacco products, but does not appear no for ECIG use. ECIGs may appeal to groups typically at low risk for other tobacco products.

Examining attitudes towards sexual violence and IPV prevention activities among fraternity members with official and unofficial houses.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored differences in attitudes about sexual violence, knowledge of intimate partner violence (IPV) prevention resources, and participation in IPV prevention activities among young men based on their fraternity membership and house status (ie, official house versus unofficial house versus no house). Participants: 1,457 undergraduate men completed surveys in the 2017-2018 academic year. Fraternity members indicated whether their fraternity had an official, unofficial, or no house. Methods: The survey included measures of attitudes towards sexual violence, knowledge of IPV resources, and participation in IPV prevention activities. Results: Fraternity members with unofficial houses were more accepting of sexual violence than nonmembers, whereas fraternity members with official houses were exposed to more IPV prevention messages than nonmembers. Conclusions: Results highlight the importance of considering fraternity house status as a risk factor for sexual violence. Unofficial houses that are not regulated by the university may be particularly problematic for IPV.

[Migrant health and ethical requirements]. / Santé des migrants et exigence éthique.

Migrants' health is a subject that is often called up for aspects that are often presented as negative (insecurity, carelessness of public finances, major cultural replacement) in the name of which suspicion and rejection take hold. This vision does not survive the factual analysis of public health, social and economic data. Nevertheless, National Consultative Ethics Committee in its opinion 127 in 2017 draws up a serious, and still topical, assessment of the situation with regard to the health of migrants. In it, he denounced the use of migrant health care as an instrument for political purposes and advocated hospitality and fraternity.

Fraternity Membership, Traditional Masculinity Ideologies, and Impersonal Sex: Selection and Socialization Effects.

Fraternity culture perpetuates traditional masculinity ideologies, but little research has considered the process by which men internalize these ideologies. Men may select into fraternities based on preexisting ideologies, or fraternities may have a socializing effect on ideologies. We used two longitudinal datasets to explore selection and socialization effects of fraternity membership on masculinity ideologies (gendered beliefs, gendered traits, and sexual double standard beliefs) and impersonal sex (sexual motives and multiple sex partners) among ethnically and racially diverse college men. Using dataset one (n = 166, M = 18.0 years old fall of first year), we explored the selection and socialization effects of fraternity membership on male role norms, masculine traits, and endorsement of the sexual double standard. Men who more strongly endorsed male role norms about status and the sexual double standard were more likely to join fraternities than other men, indicating selection effects. Using dataset two (n = 256, M = 18.5 years old fall of first year), we explored selection and socialization effects of fraternity membership on sex motives and multiple sex partners. We did not find much evidence for selection or socialization effects on sex motives and multiple sex partners. Our findings may inform intervention efforts for men before and during college.

Bros Will Be Bros? The Effect of Fraternity Membership on Perceived Culpability for Sexual Assault.

To examine the link between fraternity membership and sexual assault perpetration, we used an experimental design to assess the role of perceptions in an ambiguous sexual assault scenario. Undergraduates (N = 408) were randomly assigned to either an experimental group where the perpetrator is a fraternity member or a control group where no fraternity information is given. Males rated perpetrators as less guilty and victims as more culpable when the perpetrator was a fraternity member, suggesting that sexual violence may be reinforced among fraternity members as they are both more likely to perpetrate sexual assault and less likely to be blamed.

"Good Guys Don't Rape": Greek and Non-Greek College Student Perpetrator Rape Myths.

The current study examined sexual assault perpetrator rape myths among college students, and in particular Greek students. Fraternity men are overrepresented among sexual assault perpetrators, while sorority women are at increased risk for victimization of sexual assault. The current study examined Greek-affiliated and non-Greek-affiliated perceptions of perpetrator rape myths among 892 college students; 58% of the sample was Greek-affiliated. Men and Greek-affiliated students reported higher agreement on stereotypes than women and non-Greek-affiliated students regarding perpetrator rape myths. Specifically, fraternity men reported higher stereotypical perceptions compared to all women and non-affiliated men, while there was no difference between sorority and non-affiliated women.

Dentists' Attitudes and perceptions toward protective mouthguards.

OBJECTIVES (BACKGROUND): Risk of dental injury from contact sports can be prevented by the use of mouthguards. Dentists provide excellent information regarding mouthguards. Thus, the aim was to assess the awareness among dentists regarding the same, the level of training in fabricating a mouthguard and whether they regularly recommend one for their athletically active patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This institutional cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, Government Dental College, Kottayam, and Kerala, India. An online form was sent out to 1500 offices and departments in dental institutions through email with a time period of 1 month given to fill responses and was analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A response from 640 was recorded; most of them had not received or had fabricated a mouthguard during their dental training or private practice, even though one-third recommended one to their athletically active patients with a lack of formal training being the reason for not routinely advocating mouthguard usage. Most were aware of more than one type of mouthguards and recommended customized one for the same, however, more than half were not aware of a different type intended for orthodontic patients. CONCLUSION: It is not a routine practice currently, among general dentists and specialists alike, in our country, to prescribe a mouthguard. It is time that the dental fraternity spread awareness for the prevention of injuries. A relook into the academic curriculum while advocating the use of customized mouthguards to patients due to contact sports is required.