Antioxidant potential of coffee husks in fresh pork sausage.

Coffee husks, a by-product of dry coffee processing, present a disposal problem in coffee-producing countries. Valorization of this residue is necessary to reduce its environmental impact and improve benefits to the producer. This study evaluated the antioxidant effect of coffee husks on physicochemical properties and sensory liking of fresh sausages packaged in aerobic (AEP) or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (20% CO2 + 80%N2). Fresh sausages were prepared with different antioxidants: no addition (control C), sodium nitrite (T2), sodium nitrite + sodium erythorbate + BHA/BHT blend (T3), sodium nitrite + coffee husk 1% (T4), sodium nitrite + coffee husk 2% (T5). Physicochemical properties (TBARs, carbonyl content, pH and instrumental color) were analyzed to evaluate the effect of added synthetic and natural antioxidants on fresh sausages. A sensory test (n = 100) was conducted to assess consumer liking of fresh sausages stored in AEP and MAP. The addition of coffee husks reduced lipid oxidation in fresh sausages, especially under MAP packaging, but did not affect carbonyl content. Consumers reported lower liking scores for products packed in MAP. The addition of coffee husks did not affect the degree of liking. Valorization of coffee husks as an antioxidant in fresh meat products is a viable natural option for the meat industry.

Instrumental Color Measurements Have Relationships to Fat Smearing in Fresh Sausage.

Fat smearing, or poor fat particle definition, impacts the visual quality of sausage. However, objective methods of assessing fat smearing have not been identified. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the relationship between fat smearing and instrumental color analysis for fresh sausages to create a standard method for using instrumental color in fat smearing analysis. Meat blocks of pork (PK), beef (BF), and a mixture of pork and beef (P/B) were formed and processed at three different temperatures to create varying degrees of fat smearing. The average fat smearing score of each sausage was used to determine if a relationship existed with instrumental color measurements (CIE L*, a*, b*, and reflectance percentage at 580 nm and 630 nm) and color calculations. A correlation was observed for L* (R = -0.704) and the reflectance at 580 nm (R = -0.775) to PK fat smearing (p < 0.05). In P/B sausage, both reflectances at ratios between 630 nm and 580 nm were correlated to P/B fat smearing. No measurement or calculation was correlated with BF fat smearing (p > 0.05). Therefore, it is possible to use instrumental color analysis for the evaluation of fat smearing in pork and pork/beef blended sausage products, but not in beef sausage products.

Low-fat fresh sausage from rabbit meat: An alternative to traditional rabbit consumption.

The study aimed at the development of fresh sausages using rabbit exclusively as raw material. The idea was to offer an innovative product to increase rabbit consumption. Also, to meet currently consumers' requirements, a low-fat version was made. Two final formulations, a control sausage and a low-fat version using konjac gum, were developed through an iterative process and stored in a MAP under refrigeration. Sensory, microbiological and physicochemical analyses were carried out on days 1, 6, 8 and 13 after packaging. The shelf-life of the sausages was determined according to a multivariate criterion. Results showed a significant reduction in fat content and energy value. Sensory analysis showed a decrease in characteristic aroma and flavour and an increase in rancid odour, while hardness and fragility decreased in the low-fat treatment. The shelf-life was 7 days for all treatments, concluding that the multivariate method was a powerful technique as physicochemical, microbiological and sensory criteria were considered.

Quality measurements of cuiabana-type pork sausages added with brewing by-product flours.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the replacement of part of the pork from Cuiabana sausage by a brewery by-product on the physicochemical and microbiological properties during storage. Brewery by-product (BW) concentration influenced sausage colouration, with reduced luminosity, L*: 52.060 in the 6% (w/w) treatment compared to the 0% treatment controls (L*: 63.956). Titratable acidity showed higher (1.162 g/100 g) compared to the 0% treatment controls (1.093 g/100 g) of lactic acid. Proteins and total enzymatic fibers increased, 19.068 and 9.233 g/100 g of sample respectively. It was observed that the by-product did not interfere in the oxidation of the lipids and the best model to describe the oxidation of lipids is Van Bertalanffy model (P < 0.05). Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp. levels were within the prescribed limits and Listeria monocytogenes colonies were observed. The addition of by-products had no interference on the formation of oxidation compounds in the sausage and has increased fiber content.

An Approach to Manufacture of Fresh Chicken Sausages Incorporated with Black Cumin and Flaxseed Oil in Water Gelled Emulsion.

In order to investigate the use of oil in water gelled emulsion (GE) prepared with healthier oil combinations as beef fat replacer in the fresh chicken sausage formulations, four batches of fresh sausages were produced. The first batch was control (C) sample formulated with %100 beef fat, other batches were codded as GE50, GE75, and GE100 respective to the percentage of beef fat replaced with GE. The addition of GE to sausage formulation resulted in an increment in moisture and protein contents while a decrement was observed in fat content (p<0.05). pH, cooking yield and water holding capacity values of GE added samples were found lower than C (p<0.05). GE addition caused lower CIE L* values in samples, however, this trend was not observed in CIE a* and CIE b* values. Initially, the lowest peroxide and the highest TBARS values were recorded in GE100 samples on the 0th d (p<0.05). Peroxide and TBARS values were in the limits. The texture of samples was softened while total saturated fatty acid content reduced up to 52.61% with the incorporation of GE (p<0.05). Taken together, our results showed that GEs can be used as fat replacers in meat product formulations without causing undesirable quality changes.

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Processed Pork Meat.

Toxoplasma gondii infection may be attributed to the ingestion of pork meat and contaminated water. In southern Brazil, the prevalence of blindness caused by T. gondii is the highest in the world. Our purpose is to determine the frequency of T. gondii DNA in commercial fresh sausage and cured salami samples from Rio Grande do Sul state, south of Brazil. A total of 118 samples (sausage and salami) from 8 different producers were collected and DNA was extracted. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique was performed to detect T. gondii DNA using B1 marker. The frequency of T. gondii DNA among the total number of samples (sausage and salami) was 39% (46/118). Among these, a higher frequency of positivity was observed in the sausage samples (47.5%) when compared with the salami samples (17%). However, the mean parasite concentration was significantly higher in the salami samples. The prevalence of T. gondii DNA in fresh sausage and cured salami may indicate that infected pigs may be an important source of infections and a public health hazard to be considered.

Análise comparativa entre isolamento microbiológico convencional e PCR para detecção de Salmonella spp. em produtos cárneos / Comparative analysis between conventional microbiological isolation and PCR for detection of Salmonella spp. in meat products

Salmonella spp. está entre os principais agentes causadores de doenças de origem alimentar no mundo, representando um sério problema para saúde pública, portanto, a fiscalização de alimentos deve contar com métodos sensíveis e eficientes para detecção deste micro-organismo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise comparativa entre o isolamento microbiológico convencional e Reação em Cadeia Polimerase (PCR) para detecção de Salmonella spp. em produtos cárneos. Foram analisadas 22 amostras recebidas pela Agência Estadual de Defesa Sanitária Animal e Vegetal de Mato Grosso do Sul, sendo duas amostras de carne in natura resfriada, duas de charque, duas de mortadela, duas de salsichão e 14 de linguiça frescal. O cultivo microbiológico foi realizado conforme as normas vigentes no Brasil e para a PCR foram utilizados 1,5mL de solução salina peptonada tamponada a 1% e 1,5mL dos caldos Rappaport Vassiliadis (RSV) e Selenito Cistina (SC) de cada amostra. No método convencional não foram detectadas amostras positivas, enquanto na PCR, das 22 amostras, 13 foram positivas (59,1%). O caldo SC e solução salina permitiram melhor detecção do DNA de Salmonella spp., principalmente para as amostras de linguiça frescal, que apresentaram maior número de positivos. As duas amostras de salsichão e mortadela provenientes do caldo Rappaport Vassiliadis e uma de salsichão do caldo SC tiveram o DNA degradado, não sendo possível determinar se realmente estavam contaminadas pela bactéria. Não foi observada correlação entre a data de fabricação dos produtos e a data do início dos testes para detecção de Salmonella spp. De acordo com os resultados obtidos a PCR foi superior ao método microbiológico convencional para detecção de Salmonella spp. em produtos cárneos, apesar do protocolo de extração de DNA escolhido não ter sido eficiente para algumas amostras de salsichão e mortadela.

Salmonella spp. is one of the main agents causing foodborne diseases in the world and represents a serious problem for public health. Therefore, food control must have sensitive and efficient methods to detect this microorganism. The objective of the present study was to perform a comparative analysis between conventional microbiological isolation and PCR for the detection of Salmonella spp. in meat products. Twenty-two samples received from the State Agency for Animal and Plant Health Protection of Mato Grosso do Sul were analyzed, two samples of fresh meat, two of beef jerky, two of mortadella, two of sausage and 14 of fresh sausage. Microbiological culture was carried out according to the Brazilian norms, and 1.5mL of buffered peptone saline solution at 1% and 1.5mL of the Rappaport Vassiliadis (RVS) and Selenito Cistina (SC) broths of each sample were used for PCR. In the conventional method, no positive samples were detected, while for PCR, of the 22 samples, 13 were positive (59.1%). The SC broth and saline solution allowed a better detection of Salmonella spp. DNA, especially for the fresh sausage samples, which presented a higher number of positives. The two samples of sausage and mortadella from the RVS and one from SC had the DNA degraded and it was not possible to determine if these meat products were actually contaminated by the bacteria. No correlation was observed between the date of manufacture of the products and the start date of the tests for Salmonella spp. According to the results, PCR was superior to the conventional microbiological method for the detection of Salmonella spp. in meat products, although the chosen DNA extraction protocol was not efficient for some samples of sausage and mortadella.

Chia and oat emulsion gels as new animal fat replacers and healthy bioactive sources in fresh sausage formulation.

This paper examines the effect of emulsion gels (EG) prepared with chia (CEG) and oats (OEG) used as animal fat replacers in reduced-fat fresh sausages (longaniza) (LRF) during chilled storage. Reduced-fat samples were reformulated with CEG and OEG, (LRF/CEG and LRF/OEG respectively). Normal (LNF/P) and reduced-fat (LRF/P) (all-pork-fat) sausages were used as controls. Nutritional composition and microbiological, technological and sensory characteristics of sausages were evaluated. The presence of an EG affected (P<0.05) the concentrations of some minerals and amino acids in sausages. CEG improved MUFA and PUFA contents. Cooking loss was lower (P<0.05) in LRF/CEG and LRF/OEG than in the controls. Of all the reduced-fat samples, Kramer shear force values (KSF) were highest (P<0.05) in the ones containing an EG. KSF generally increased (P<0.05) over storage in all samples. The microbial count was significantly affected by the use of CEG. Sensory properties were affected by the incorporation of an EG, but all sausages were judged acceptable.

Agricultural by-products with bioactive effects: A multivariate approach to evaluate microbial and physicochemical changes in a fresh pork sausage enriched with phenolic compounds from olive vegetation water.

The use of phenolic compounds derived from agricultural by-products could be considered as an eco-friendly strategy for food preservation. In this study a purified phenol extract from olive vegetation water (PEOVW) was explored as a potential bioactive ingredient for meat products using Italian fresh sausage as food model. The research was developed in two steps: first, an in vitro delineation of the extract antimicrobial activities was performed, then, the PEOVW was tested in the food model to investigate the possible application in food manufacturing. The in vitro tests showed that PEOVW clearly inhibits the growth of food-borne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The major part of Gram-positive strains was inhibited at the low concentrations (0.375-3mg/mL). In the production of raw sausages, two concentrates of PEOVW (L1: 0.075% and L2: 0.15%) were used taking into account both organoleptic traits and the bactericidal effects. A multivariate statistical approach allowed the definition of the microbial and physicochemical changes of sausages during the shelf life (14days). In general, the inclusion of the L2 concentration reduced the growth of several microbial targets, especially Staphylococcus spp. and LABs (2log10CFU/g reduction), while the increasing the growth of yeasts was observed. The reduction of microbial growth could be involved in the reduced lipolysis of raw sausages supplemented with PEOVW as highlighted by the lower amount of diacylglycerols. Moisture and aw had a significant effect on the variability of microbiological features, while food matrix (the sausages' environment) can mask the effects of PEOVW on other targets (e.g. Pseudomonas). Moreover, the molecular identification of the main representative taxa collected during the experimentation allowed the evaluation of the effects of phenols on the selection of bacteria. Genetic data suggested a possible strain selection based on storage time and the addition of phenol compounds especially on LABs and Staphylococcus spp. The modulation effects on lipolysis and the reduction of several microbial targets in a naturally contaminated product indicates that PEOVW may be useful as an ingredient in fresh sausages for improving food safety and quality.

Multiple headspace-solid phase microextraction for the determination of migrants coming from a self-stick label in fresh sausage.

Most fresh sausages are sold with a self-stick adhesive label stuck directly on it. Because of that, the substances in the adhesive could migrate into the fresh sausage. In this work, the multiple headspace-solid-phase microextraction technique has been optimized to quantify the migrants found in the fresh sausage. All the compounds could be analyzed by this technique since its concentration decay exponentially with the number of extractions with good correlation coefficients (0.8258-0.9987). Then, migration assays were carried out and an evaluation of the potential risk for the human health was undertaken with the conclusion that the migration of the compounds from the label does not endanger human health. The results were compared those obtained in migration to casing filled with isooctane used as fat food simulant by Canellas et al. (2014). The values obtained for isooctane (10-600 ng/g) were much higher than the migration values found in the meat stuffed in casing expressed as ng/g of fat content (ranged from 0.02 to 3.3 ng/g of fat content). This finding shows that in some scenarios, it is difficult to simulate the intended contact of materials used in food packaging with simulants.

Behavior of Staphylococcus aureus and autochthone microbiota in fresh sausages added of sodium nitrite and stored under refrigeration / Comportamento de Staphylococcus aureus e microbiota autóctone frente à ação de nitrito de sódio em linguiças frescais estocadas sob refrigeração

Fresh sausages are cured meat products that may be contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus during the manufacturing procedure, which is frequently related with inadequate handling practices. The use of nitrite in meat products has proven efficacy against Clostridium botulinum, and studies indicate that bactericidal action against S. aureus depends on factors that are intrinsic and extrinsic to the product. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nitrite concentration, and pH on S. aureus and psychrotrophic autochthone microbiota in fresh sausages stored at different times and temperatures. Fresh sausage were produced at nitrite concentrations 50, 150 and 200ppm and contaminated with S. aureus. The sausages were storage at refrigeration (7 and 12°C) and the quantification of S. aureus and psychrotrophic microorganisms was carried out on days 0, 2, 4, 7, and 10. Results showed that nitrite concentrations and the temperatures used had minimal effect on the multiplication of S. aureus and psychrotrophic autochthone microbiota. Final counts depended only on the length of storage: at the end of 10 days, counts were statistically similar in the different groups, showing that temperature and nitrite concentrations used did not control microbial growth effectively. It is suggested that the product should be stored below 7°C or at freezing temperatures for greater microbiological stability.

A linguiça frescal é um embutido curado que, devido à manipulação durante as etapas de produção, pode se tornar contaminado com S. aureus, patógeno frequentemente relacionado com práticas inadequadas de higiene durante a produção de alimentos. A utilização de nitrito em embutidos tem sua eficácia comprovada contra C. botulinum e, para o S. aureus, estudos indicam que a ação bactericida depende de fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da concentração de nitrito e do pH frente à contaminação por S. aureus e microbiota autóctone em linguiças frescais estocadas em diferente tempos e temperaturas. Linguiças foram produzidas com concentrações de 50, 150 e 200ppm de nitrito e contaminadas com S. aureus. As linguiças foram armazenadas sob refrigeração (7 e 12°C) e a quantificação de S. aureus e psicrotróficos foi realizada nos dias 0, 2, 4, 7 e 10. Os resultados demonstraram que a influência das concentrações de nitrito e temperaturas utilizadas sobre a multiplicação de S. aureus e da microbiota autóctone foi mínima, sendo dependente apenas do período de estocagem. Entretanto, ao final de dez dias, as contagens foram estatisticamente iguais nos grupos analisados, mostrando que as condições de temperatura e concentrações de nitrito utilizadas não exerceram controle efetivo no desenvolvimento destes micro-organismos. Sugere-se que este produto seja armazenado sob temperaturas inferiores a 7°C ou sob congelamento para maior estabilidade microbiológica.

Histórico e aspectos tecnológicos do processamento da linguiça cuiabana / Historical and technological aspects of the cuiabana sausage manufacturing procedure

O presente trabalho apresenta o aspecto histórico da linguiça cuiabana e os resultados da análise de suas características tecnológicas/sensoriais. Quatro formulações da linguiça tipo cuiabana foram processadas, variando-se a matéria-prima básica (carne bovina, frango, suína) utilizada. As matérias-primas (bovina,frango e suína) cortadas em cubos, assim como os demais ingredientes (alho, queijo, leite, pimenta e cebolinha) foram pesados e homogeneizados. A massa resultante foi refrigerada durante 24 horas para intensificar o sabor e, a seguir, embutida em tripas naturais. Nas amostras obtidas, foi realizada a caracterização do perfil físico-químico, avaliação ao longo de sete dias de armazenamento sob refrigeração por meio de análises microbiológicas de coliformes totais e termotolerantes (fecais), clostridrios sulfito redutores, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, e de pH. Já o estudo de vida de prateleira sob refrigeração, ao longo de sete dias de armazenamento, foi efetuado por meio de análises microbiológicas para pesquisa de coliformes totais e termotolerantes (fecais), clostrídrios sulfito redutores, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, e de pH. As amostras foram submetidas às análises sensorial e estatística das diferentes linguiças tipo cuiabana processadas em laboratório. As variações feitas, ao longo do tempo, na formulação das linguiças cuiabanas são fatores positivos, evidenciando que as alterações na formulação, como adição de queijo e mudanças nos tipos de carnes, são bem mais aceitas do que o produto original.

This paper reports the data on the cuiabana sausage historical aspect, and from the study performed on its technical/sensory characteristics. Four formulations of cuiabana-type sausage were prepared, varying the basic raw material (bovine, chicken and swine meats). For processing these sausages, the raw meats (beef, chicken and pork) were cut into cubes and together with the other ingredients (garlic, cheese, pepper and chives) they were weighed and homogenized. The resulting mixture was refrigerated for 24 hours for intensifying the flavor. Thereafter, it was stuffed into natural casings. These prepared samples were characterized on the physical-chemical profile and on the shelf life under refrigeration for over a seven day-storage in order to assess the microbiological contamination (total coliforms and fecal thermotolerant bacteria), sulphite-reducing clostridium, Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus), and pH. The sensory evaluation and statistics analysis were carried out on the different types of laboratory- processed cuiabana sausage. Introducing over time changes in the cuiabana sausages formulation are positive factors; therefore, variations in the formulations it is feasible to get a better final product than that original one, and it might be resulted from the market demand.

Evaluation of Origanum vulgare essential oil as antimicrobial agent in sausage

This work reports antimicrobial activity of oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil against several bacteria in sausage. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 9 selected aerobic heterotrofic bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of distinct concentrations of the essential oil on the basis of the highest MIC found was tested in a food system comprised of fresh sausage. Batch food samples were also inoculated with Escherichia coli with a fixed concentration and the time course of the product was evaluated with respect to the action of the different concentrations of essential oil. Sensory analysis were conducted, and results showed that the addition of oregano essential oil to sausage may be a promising route as bacteriostatic effect was verified for oil concentrations lower than the MIC.

O presente trabalho reporta resultados referentes à testes de atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de orégano (Origanum vulgare) contra várias bactérias em lingüiça. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada para 9 bactérias aeróbicas heterotróficas. Com base no maior valor encontrado da CIM, testou-se a atividade antimicrobiana para distintas concentrações do óleo essencial in lingüiça fresca. Amostras do sistema alimentar escolhido foram inoculadas com Escherichia coli numa determinada concentração e a evolução temporal do produto concernente ao crescimento microbiano foi monitorada avaliando-se o efeito das diferentes concentrações de óleos essencial aplicadas ao produto inoculado. Os resultados das análises microbiológica e sensorial mostraram que a adição do óleo essencial de orégano a linguiça fresca coloca-se como promissora tendo em vista os efeitos bacteriostáticos observados em baixas concentrações do óleo essencial, inferiores a CIM.