Rethinking the distribution of urban green spaces in Mexico City: Lessons from the COVID-19 outbreak.

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed inequalities that are expected to widen if no action is taken to support the most marginalized populations. One such inequality is the distribution of urban green spaces (UGS), which are essential to pandemic recovery. Cities that aim to be inclusive and resilient should assess whether access to their UGS is equitably distributed among the population and identify the areas where these spaces are most needed. This study therefore examines the equity of access to UGS in Mexico City at the neighborhood level using network analysis. First, access to UGS was identified at a threshold of 300 m, regardless of UGS size. Second, access was differentiated by the functional level of the UGS, which primarily depends on their size, with larger UGS having more extensive catchment areas. The results of this study suggest a deficit of access to small green spaces in most of the neighborhoods of Mexico City, with the neighborhoods with higher rates of poverty showing an even lower average of UGS access. The results further highlight which neighborhoods in Mexico City should receive priority attention and funding for UGS to mitigate the disproportionate effects of public health crises. This is critical for future city planning and may be used as a roadmap for identifying priority neighborhoods in other cities with similar segregation patterns.

Trunk Control in Children With Ataxic Cerebral Palsy.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of trunk control in children with ataxic cerebral palsy (CP). We included 15 children with ataxic CP with a mean age of 9.46 years (SD = 1.08 years, 5-17 years) and 15 healthy children with a mean age of 9.06 years (SD = 0.84 years, 5-13 years). While the small sample size and large age range used here were not ideal for generalizability, they were made necessary by the rarity of this clinical sample. We used the Gross Motor Function Classification System Expanded and Revised (GMFCS-E&R) to classify the children's functional levels, and we tested trunk control with the Trunk Control Measurement Scale (TCMS). We then used the Gross Motor Function Measurement-88 (GMFM-88) to assess their gross motor functions. We compared the total and subscale scores of the TCMS in healthy children and children with ataxic CP by using the Mann-Whitney U Test. We also analyzed differences between TCMS scores according to the children's GMFCS levels with the Mann-Whitney U Test and also compared TCMS scores with the GMFM-88 by means of Spearman correlation analysis. Spearman correlation analysis was used to compare the scores of the TCMS with the GMFM-88. Our results showed that healthy children showed significantly higher scores than children with ataxic CP in total and subscale scores of TCMS (p < .05).There was no significant difference between the TCMS scores in children of different GMFCS levels, but the GMFM-88B subscale was significantly correlated with the static sitting balance (rho = .568, p < .05) and dynamic sitting balance (rho = .547, p < .05) TCMS subscales and with the TCMS total score (rho = .590, p < .05). We concluded that trunk control, especially its dynamic aspects, was impaired in children with ataxic CP.

Niveles de comprensión lectora en alumnos de secundaria. Una comparación por tópico

Con base en los planteamientos de la psicología interconductual se desarrollaron y validaron dos pruebas para evaluar tres niveles de comprensión lectora de textos relacionados con dos tópicos: uno literario y uno de biología. El objetivo fue analizar el desempeño de estudiantes mexicanos de secundaria en comprensión lectora. Participaron 90 estudiantes de tres grupos escolares de primer grado, en una escuela pública. Se obtuvieron los puntajes de respuestas por nivel funcional. Los alumnos mostraron bajos porcentajes de respuestas correctas en ambas pruebas, siendo menores los relacionados con el tema de biología. Se ubicó a los alumnos en tres rangos de desempeño. Finalmente, se analizan las ventajas de evaluar la comprensión lectora por nivel funcional y por tópico.

Under the theoretical basis of the interbehavioral psychology, were developed and validated two tests to assess reading comprehension of texts related with two topics: one literary and one of biology, in three functional levels. The aim was to analyze the performance of junior high school students, in reading comprehension. Participants were 90 students enrolled in the first grade of three school groups from a public school. The results show that students achieved low percentages of correct answers in both tests, in particular, their worst performance was related with the topic of biology. The results of the students were classified in three ranges of performance. The advantages of evaluating reading comprehension considering the functional levels of behavior and topic, are discussed.

Psychophysical "blinding" methods reveal a functional hierarchy of unconscious visual processing.

Numerous non-invasive experimental "blinding" methods exist for suppressing the phenomenal awareness of visual stimuli. Not all of these suppressive methods occur at, and thus index, the same level of unconscious visual processing. This suggests that a functional hierarchy of unconscious visual processing can in principle be established. The empirical results of extant studies that have used a number of different methods and additional reasonable theoretical considerations suggest the following tentative hierarchy. At the highest levels in this hierarchy is unconscious processing indexed by object-substitution masking. The functional levels indexed by crowding, the attentional blink (and other attentional blinding methods), backward pattern masking, metacontrast masking, continuous flash suppression, sandwich masking, and single-flash interocular suppression, fall at progressively lower levels, while unconscious processing at the lowest levels is indexed by eye-based binocular-rivalry suppression. Although unconscious processing levels indexed by additional blinding methods is yet to be determined, a tentative placement at lower levels in the hierarchy is also given for unconscious processing indexed by Troxler fading and adaptation-induced blindness, and at higher levels in the hierarchy indexed by attentional blinding effects in addition to the level indexed by the attentional blink. The full mapping of levels in the functional hierarchy onto cortical activation sites and levels is yet to be determined. The existence of such a hierarchy bears importantly on the search for, and the distinctions between, neural correlates of conscious and unconscious vision.

Further Discuss the Functional Level of Systemic Pleurodiaphragmatic Interspace Theory / 浙江中医药大学学报

There should be two systems studying from complex human system:pleurodiaphragmatic interspace systems of narrow-meaning and broad-meaning.The narrow-meaning one's connotation:a vertical hidden pleurodiaphragmatic interspace,the structure of 2 horizontal pleurodiaphragmatic interspace;the broad-meaning one's connotation:the relation structure of ① 9 fault horizontal pleurodiaphragmatic interspaces,② 9 straight vertical pleurodiaphragmatic interspaces,③pleurodiaphragmatic interspaces of 18 horizontal-wheel cross sections.Tri-jiao is the human's giant system of Qi function of essential Qi,deciding the functional level of pleurodiaphragmatic interspace.The large system of functional level governs all the sub-systems.All levels of systems control the relation net knob of intersected pleurodiaphragmatic interspaces;the relation net knob corresponds to unit deciding the special structures of all systems of pleurodiaphragmatic interspaces.The systemic pleurodiaphragmatic interspace theory is based on the classic subject of tri-jiao—the door of pleurodiaphragmatic interspace.Mr.Xue Shengbai's principle has outstanding initial achievement in analyzing the subject,opening the secret gate of tri-jiao,guiding the sealed and blurred pleurodiaphragmatic interspace theory into complex systemic research,activating the horizontal confusing pleurodiaphragmatic interspace into dimensional structural space,promoting it stand up and walk and be alive,also bringing it into the big system of tri-jiao Qi function,making the integrated constant move theory connected in levels of governing,abiding,being through,collateral and simplicity,finally falling down the spot of effective clinical treatment,with decoction corresponding to sign,developing creative modern model of TCM systemic pleurodiaphragmatic interspace theory.