Ethnic discrimination, asking for fair treatment, and poor self-rated health: a gender stratified analysis of 13,443 Korean Chinese waged workers in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: In South Korea, Korean Chinese workers experience ethnic discrimination although they share physical similarities and ethnic heritage with native-born Koreans. This study aimed to examine whether perceived ethnic discrimination is associated with poor self-rated health and whether the association differs by gender among Korean Chinese waged workers in South Korea. METHODS: We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis using data of 13,443 Korean Chinese waged workers from the Survey on Immigrants' Living Conditions and Labor Force conducted in 2018, 2020, and 2022. Based on perceived ethnic discrimination, asking for fair treatment, and subsequent situational improvement, respondents were classified into the following four groups: "Not experienced," "Experienced, not asked for fair treatment," "Experienced, asked for fair treatment, not improved," and "Experienced, asked for fair treatment, improved." Poor self-rated health was assessed using a single question "How is your current overall health?" We applied logistic regression to examine the association between perceived ethnic discrimination and poor self-rated health, with gender-stratified analyses. RESULTS: We found an association between ethnic discrimination and poor self-rated health among Korean Chinese waged workers. In the gender-stratified analysis, the "Experienced, not asked for fair treatment" group was more likely to report poor self-rated health compared to the "Not experienced" group, regardless of gender. However, gender differences were observed in the group stratified by situational improvements. For male workers, no statistically significant association was found in the "Experienced, asked for fair treatment, improved" group with poor self-rated health (odd ratios: 0.87, 95% confidence intervals: 0.30-2.53). Conversely, among female workers, a statistically significant association was observed (odd ratios: 2.63, 95% confidence intervals: 1.29-5.38). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to find an association between perceived ethnic discrimination and poor self-rated health, along with gender differences in the association between situational improvements after asking for fair treatment and poor self-rated health among Korean Chinese waged workers in South Korea.

Assessing intersectional gender analysis in Nepal's health management information system: a case study on tuberculosis for inclusive health systems.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in Nepal, high in settings marked by prevalent gender and social inequities. Various social stratifiers intersect, either privileging or oppressing individuals based on their characteristics and contexts, thereby increasing risks, vulnerabilities and marganilisation associated with TB. This study aimed to assess the inclusiveness of gender and other social stratifiers in key health related national policies and the Health Management Information System (HMIS) of National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) by conducting an intersectional analysis of TB cases recorded via HMIS. METHODS: A desk review of key policies and the NTP's HMIS was conducted. Retrospective intersectional analysis utilized two secondary data sources: annual NTP report (2017-2021) and records of 628 TB cases via HMIS 6.5 from two TB centres (2017/18-2018/19). Chi-square test and multi-variate analysis was used to assess the association between social stratifers and types of TB, registration category and treatment outcome. RESULTS: Gender, social inclusion and concept of intersectionality are incorporated into various health policies and strategies but lack effective implementation. NTP has initiated the collection of age, sex, ethnicity and location data since 2014/15 through the HMIS. However, only age and sex disaggregated data are routinely reported, leaving recorded social stratifiers of TB patients static without analysis and dissemination. Furthermore, findings from the intersectional analysis using TB secondary data, showed that male more than 25 years exhibited higher odds [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60-19.06, P = 0.01)] of successful outcome compared to male TB patients less than 25 years. Similarly, sex was significantly associated with types of TB (P < 0.05) whereas both age (P < 0.05) and sex (P < 0.05) were significantly associated with patient registration category (old/new cases). CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight inadequacy in the availability of social stratifiers in the routine HMIS. This limitation hampers the NTP's ability to conduct intersectional analyses, crucial for unveiling the roles of other social determinants of TB. Such limitation underscores the need for more disaggregated data in routine NTP to better inform policies and plans contributing to the development of a more responsive and equitable TB programme and effectively addressing disparities.

Factors associated with non-treatment of hypertension and gender differences at baseline in the ELSA-Brasil cohort

The treatment of arterial hypertension (AH) contributes to the reduction of morbidity and mortality. Gender differences are likely to play a role, as non-treatment is associated with clinical and sociodemographic aspects. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with non-treatment of AH and gender differences in hypertensive individuals from the ELSA-Brasil cohort. The study was conducted with 5,743 baseline hypertensive cohort participants. AH was considered if there was a previous diagnosis or if systolic blood pressure (SBP) was ≥140 and/or diastolic BP (DBP) was ≥90 mmHg. Sociodemographic and anthropometric data, lifestyle, comorbidities, and use of antihypertensive medications were evaluated through interviews and in-person measurements. Treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) or other antihypertensive medications and non-treatment were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression. Non-treatment was observed in 32.8% of hypertensive individuals. Of the 67.7% treated individuals, 41.1% received RAASi. Non-treatment was associated with alcohol consumption in women (OR=1.41; 95%CI: 1.15-1.73; P=0.001), lowest schooling level in men (OR=1.70; 95%CI: 1.32-2.19; P<0.001), and younger age groups in men and women (strongest association in males aged 35-44 years: OR=4.58, 95%CI: 3.17-6.6, P<0.001). Among those using RAASi, a higher proportion of white, older individuals, and with more comorbidities was observed. The high percentage of non-treatment, even in this civil servant population, indicated the need to improve the treatment cascade for AH. Public health policies should consider giving special attention to gender roles in groups at higher risk of non-treatment to reduce inequities related to AH in Brazil.

Research priorities and considerations for nutrition research: methods of sex and gender analysis for biomedical and nutrition research.

For some 20 years, science funding bodies have been asking for the integration of sex- and gender-related factors into the content of research and innovation. The rationale for those requirements has been the accumulated evidence that sex and gender are important determinants of health and disease. The European Commission (EC) has been the first, since 2002, to seriously ask for the integration of sex and gender into research and innovation in the context of their multi-annual framework programmes. When introduced, this condition was not immediately applauded by the research community, who perhaps lacked training in methods for the integration of sex- and gender-related factors. The EC Expert Group on Gendered Innovations sought to fill this gap. This review describes the work of this international collaborative project which has resulted in the development of general and field-specific methods for sex and gender analysis and 38 case studies for various research domains (science, health and medicine, environment, engineering) to illustrate how, by applying methods of sex and gender analysis, new knowledge could be created. Since 2010, science funding bodies in Canada, the USA and several EU member states have followed the example of the EC issuing similar conditions. Although the effects of nutritional patterns on a range of (physiological and health) outcomes may differ for men and women, sex and gender analyses are rarely conducted in nutrition research. In this review, we provide examples of how gender is connected to dietary intake, and how advancing gender analysis may inform gender-sensitive policies and dietary recommendations.

Planning with a gender lens: A gender analysis of pandemic preparedness plans from eight countries in Africa.

Background: Health planning and priority setting with a gender lens can help to anticipate and mitigate vulnerabilities that women and girls may experience in health systems, which is especially relevant during health emergencies. This study examined how gender considerations were accounted for in COVID-19 pandemic response planning in a subset of countries in Africa. Methods: Multi-country document review of national pandemic response plans (published before July 2020 and as of March 2022) from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, and Zambia, supplemented with secondary data on gender representation on planning committees. A gender analysis framework informed the study design and the Morgan et al. matrix guided data extraction and analysis. Results: All plans reflected implicit and explicit considerations of the impacts of the pandemic responses on women and girls. Through a gender lens, the implicit considerations focused on ensuring safety and protections (e.g., training, access to personal protective equipment) for community and facility-based health care workers and broad engagement of the community in risk communication. The explicit gender considerations, reflected in a minority of plans, focused on addressing gender-based violence and providing access to essential services (e.g., sexual and reproductive health care, psychosocial supports), products (e.g., menstrual hygiene products) and social protection measures. Women were underrepresented on the COVID-19 planning committees in all countries. Conclusions: The plans reflected varying national efforts to develop pandemic responses that anticipated and reflected unique vulnerabilities faced by women, though subsequent plans reflected further consideration of gender-relevant impacts compared to initial plans. Embedding a gender lens in emergency preparedness planning furthers equity and could support anticipation and timely mitigation of negative outcomes for women and girls who are often further marginalized during health emergencies.

Women on the frontline: exploring the gendered experience for Pacific healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Women comprise 90% of patient-facing global healthcare workers (HCWs), yet remain underpaid, undervalued, and under-represented in leadership and decision-making positions, particularly across the Pacific region. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these health workplace inequalities. We sought to understand Pacific women HCWs experience from the COVID-19 frontline to contribute to policies aimed at addressing gendered gaps in regional health systems. Methods: Our interpretative phenomenological study used critical feminist and social theory, and a gendered health systems analytical framework. Data were collected using online focus groups and in-depth interviews with 36 Pacific regional participants between March 2020 and July 2021. Gender-specific content and women's voices were privileged for inductive analysis by Pacific and Australian women researchers with COVID-19 frontline lived experience. Findings: Pacific women HCWs have authority and responsibility resulting from their familial, biological, and cultural status, but are often subordinate to men. They were emancipatory leaders during COVID-19, and as HCWs demonstrated compassion, situational awareness, and concern for staff welfare. Pacific women HCWs also faced ethical challenges to prioritise family or work responsibilities, safely negotiate childbearing, and maintain economic security. Interpretation: Despite enhanced gendered power differentials during COVID-19, Pacific women HCWs used their symbolic capital to positively influence health system performance. Gender-transformative policies are urgently required to address disproportionate clinical and community care burdens and to protect and support the Pacific female health workforce. Funding: Epidemic Ethics/World Health Organization (WHO), Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office/Wellcome Grant 214711/Z/18/Z. Co-funding: Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Foundation, International Development Fund Grant.

Gender-related factors affecting access to TB services and treatment outcomes in the Philippines.

SETTING: The Philippines is one of the countries with the highest TB burdens. While TB affects men and women differently, studies also show that gender affects people's experience of and access to healthcare. Men and women have usually assigned roles and responsibilities that affect their decisions and health-seeking behaviour. OBJECTIVE: The gender analysis aimed to examine the relationship between gender and access to TB services and treatment outcomes according to five domains: cultural norms and beliefs; patterns of power and decision-making; gender roles and responsibilities; access to resources; laws and policies. DESIGN: The team conducted 19 in-depth interviews and five focus group discussions with project staff, TB coordinators from healthcare facilities, representatives from the private and informal business sector and representatives from the Philippine Department of Health from August to November 2019. RESULTS: Study findings indicated that men faced greater limitations than women in terms of accessing TB resources and services, which highlight the differences between genders in relation to health-seeking behaviours and ability to access healthcare. CONCLUSION: This demonstrates the importance of integrating a gender lens into the service provision set up, from screening to treating and monitoring, to ensure equitable health benefits for men, women, transgender and gender-diverse persons.

CADRE: Les Philippines font partie des pays ayant les plus lourds fardeaux liés à la TB. Bien que la TB affecte différemment les hommes et les femmes, des études montrent également que le genre influence l'expérience et l'accès aux soins de santé. Les hommes et les femmes ont généralement des rôles et des responsabilités assignés qui influencent leurs décisions et leur comportement en matière de recherche de soins de santé. OBJECTIF: L'analyse de genre visait à examiner la relation entre le genre et l'accès aux services de lutte contre la TB et les résultats du traitement selon cinq domaines : les normes et croyances culturelles ; les modèles de pouvoir et de prise de décision ; les rôles et responsabilités liés au genre ; l'accès aux ressources ; les lois et les politiques. MÉTHODE: L'équipe a réalisé 19 entretiens approfondis et cinq groupes de discussion avec le personnel du projet, les coordinateurs de la lutte contre la TB dans les établissements de santé, des représentants du secteur privé et informel, ainsi que des représentants du Ministère de la Santé des Philippines, d'août à novembre 2019. RÉSULTATS: Les résultats de l'étude ont indiqué que les hommes étaient confrontés à des limitations plus importantes que les femmes en termes d'accès aux ressources et aux services de lutte contre la TB, mettant en évidence les différences entre les genres en ce qui concerne les comportements en matière de recherche de soins de santé et la capacité d'accéder aux soins de santé. CONCLUSION: Cela démontre l'importance d'intégrer une perspective de genre dans la mise en place des services, de la détection au traitement et au suivi, afin de garantir des avantages sanitaires équitables pour les hommes, les femmes, les personnes transgenres et de genre diversifié.

Understanding gender and its intersection with social stratifiers on prevention and care seeking behavior of lymphatic filariasis in Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating and painful neglected tropical disease and is one of the leading causes of permanent disability. In many countries, the intersection of gender with various social stratifiers has influenced exposure to LF and ultimately impacting the disease burden and its elimination. This study aimed to explore the influence of gender and its intersection with other social stratifiers for the prevention and care seeking behavior of LF in Nepal. METHODS: This study employed qualitative research methods: in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) for data collection in Bardiya, Nepal. A total of 22 IDIs (11 male, 11 female) and 2 FGDs (1 male and 1 female) were conducted with the community people between January and March 2020. The participants were purposively selected to represent different social stratifiers including age, sex, ethnicity, occupation. The data collected were analyzed using a thematic framework approach with use of intersectional gender analysis matrix. RESULTS: The study findings revealed that men spend more time outside their household compared to women while fulfilling their roles and responsibilities, largely determined by societal expectations and gender norms. This resulted in limited access to preventive health services for men, as they often missed annual mass drug administration programme in their community and limited access to preventive methods. Further traditional occupation, specific to particular ethnicity, influenced the vulnerability to LF for certain ethnic groups. The ability to prevent exposure varied among individuals. Although women made decisions regarding the use of protective methods, it was influenced by patriarchal and gender norms. They often felt a responsibility to take care and priorities males and other family members when resources are limited. The intersectionality of gender with other social stratifiers such as marital status, ethnicity, and geographical areas influenced individual's ability to access information related to LF and care seeking. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings emphasized how access to resources, division of work, norms and values and decision-making power alone and its interaction with various social stratifiers shaped peoples' vulnerability to disease, ability to prevent exposure and response to illness.

Impact of COVID-19 on Fracture Incidence in Germany: A Comparative Age and Gender Analysis of Pre- and Post-Outbreak Periods.

In March 2020, Germany imposed a nationwide lockdown to curb the spread of COVID-19, prompting questions about the impact on the incidence of common fractures. This study examined 15 fracture types in pre-outbreak (2010-2019) and post-outbreak (2020-2021) periods, using data categorized by age (18-64 years, >65 years) and sex (male, female). Linear regression assessed annual growth rates, and mean fracture numbers were compared across periods for significant differences. Results indicated a positive correlation between fracture incidence rates and time for various types, such as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic spine fractures, rib fractures, femoral neck, pertrochanteric femur, femoral shaft, and ankle fractures. Frequencies of proximal humerus, distal radius, femoral neck, pertrochanteric femur, femoral shaft, and ankle fractures in 2020 and 2021 were within predicted ranges from previous years. However, rib fractures and spinal fractures (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and pelvic spine) occurred less frequently during this time. Notably, this study found a consistent decline in most fracture types for individuals aged 18-64 after the pandemic's onset, while the fracture incidence of hip fractures, often referred to as fragility fractures, for those over 65 remained unchanged. Fibula fractures showed the most considerable decrease in both age groups. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic substantially impacted fracture incidence, with lower rates among individuals under 65 and unchanged fragility fractures in the elderly population.

Política Nacional de Saúde Integral de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais: análise de imagem / National Policy for Comprehensive Health of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals,Transvestites and Transgender: image analysis

Resumo O artigo analisa a comunicação da imagem da capa da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo-descritivo com análise de imagem conduzida à luz dos conceitos de Judith Butler. O corpus textual tinha 13 textos, seis figuras e o plano de fundo. As principais cores utilizadas foram o preto e o azul. As figuras humanas que performaram o gênero masculino se sobrepõe àquelas do gênero feminino. Os textos apenas situam o teor do documento enquanto política pública. O princípio do conhecimento difundido foi identidade de gênero, sendo este termo identificado com maior frequência. A capa do documento reforça estereótipos ao representar performances de gênero tradicionais de forma fixa e desconsiderar o uso político das cores do movimento a que se propõe representar.

Abstract This article analyzes the communication of the cover image of the National Policy for Comprehensive Health of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transvestites, and Transgender. This is a qualitative-descriptive study with image analysis conducted in the light of Judith Butler's concepts. The textual corpus included 13 texts, six pictures, and the background. The main colors used were black and blue. The human figures that perform the male gender are superimposed upon those of the female gender. The texts only situate the content of the document as public policy. The principle of knowledge disseminated was gender identity, and this term was identified more frequently. The cover of the document reinforces stereotypes by representing traditional gender performances in a fixed way and disregarding the political use of the colors of the movement it purports to represent.

What happens behind doors? Exploring everyday indoor activities when ageing in place.

Engaging in social interaction and physical movement during everyday activities has a positive influence on wellbeing in later life. For older adults who age in place, the majority of activities occur indoors, yet studies typically focus on outdoors. Gender influences social and physical activities but is understudied in an ageing-in-place context. We aim to address these gaps by increasing insight into the indoor activities in later life, with a focus on gender differences in social interaction and physical movement. Through a mixed-methods approach, data were collected using global positioning system (GPS) trackers, pedometers and activity diaries. Twenty community-dwelling older adults (11 women and 9 men) who were living in Lancashire collected these data over seven days. An exploratory spatio-temporal analysis was conducted on the 820 activities they undertook. We discovered that our participants spend large amounts of time indoors. We also found that social interaction increases the duration of the activity and, conversely, decreases levels of physical movement. When zooming in to gender differences, men's activities took significantly longer than women's activities and were characterised by higher level of social interaction. Based on these results, we argue that there is a trade-off between social interaction and physical movement in everyday activities. We suggest establishing a balance between socialising and moving in everyday activities in later life, specifically because maintaining high levels of movement and social interaction at the same time seems unachievable. In conclusion, it is important to design indoor environments that facilitate choice between being active and resting, and between being social and being on one's own rather than assume they are mutually-exclusive and/or universally "good" or "bad" per se.

Análise de casos de feminicídio em Campinas, SP, Brasil, entre 2018 e 2019 por meio do modelo ecológico da violência / Analysis of femicide cases in Campinas, SP, Brazil, from 2018 to 2019 through the ecological model of violence

Resumo A violência letal contra a mulher é um fenômeno complexo e multidimensional no qual interseccionam e confluem um amplo número de fatores para que aconteça um feminicídio em um momento e lugar específico. Identificaram-se os principais fatores que contribuíram na ocorrência de feminicídios na cidade de Campinas no período de janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019. Foram feitas entrevistas com membros da família, amigos, vizinhos, testemunhas e agentes de saúde sobre 24 casos de feminicídio utilizando a técnica da autópsia verbal. As autópsias foram complementadas, quando possível, com informações veiculadas na mídia e informes de autópsia clínica. Para o processo de análise de dados, foram realizadas narrativas dos casos resgatando os aspectos mais importantes das autópsias verbais e organizando os fatores encontrados nos quatro níveis do modelo ecológico da violência utilizado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde: individual, relacional, comunitário e social. Estruturou-se a análise em categorias seguindo uma abordagem dedutiva. Partindo de casos particulares delimitados no tempo (2018 e 2019) e no espaço (a cidade de Campinas), espera-se compreender o fenômeno da violência letal contra as mulheres em sua dimensão mais ampla.

Abstract Lethal violence against women is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon in which a wide number of factors intersect and converge to make a femicide happen at a specific time and place. The main factors that contributed to the occurrence of femicides in the city of Campinas were identified from January 2018 to December 2019. Interviews were conducted with family members, friends, neighbors, witnesses, and health agents about 24 femicides using the verbal autopsy technique. The autopsies were supplemented, when possible, with information from the media and clinical autopsy reports. For the data analysis process, narratives of the cases were carried out, recovering the most important aspects of the verbal autopsies and organizing the factors found in the four levels of the ecological model of violence used by the World Health Organization: individual, relational, community, and social. The analysis was structured in categories following a deductive approach. Starting from particular cases delimited in time (2018 and 2019) and in space (municipality of Campinas) it is expected to understand the phenomenon of femicide in its broadest dimension.

Best Practices in the Study of Gender.

Integrating sex- and gender-related aspects into research and innovation content has become an urgent requirement of major science funding bodies as f.e. the European Commission, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the US NIH/Office of Women's Health Research.It was the only right response in reaction to the documented failure of the 'one size fits all' approach in traditional biomedical research practices. Attention to sex differences seems to be taken up by researchers quite well, however integrating a gender analysis has met with difficulties. Of prime importance here is to consider gender as a multidimensional concept, covering gender norms, gender identities and gender relations. A research design should clarify from the outset whether gender norms, identities or relations are of relevance to the research question at hand. This chapter provides an overview of international policies insisting on integrating a sex, gender and intersectional analysis into research and innovation with a focus on the the gender equality policy of the European Union. Next, more in depth, a collection of best practices, to be understood as a coherent set of processes and activities, corresponding to the starting points, theories and evidence of the field concerned of which it can be expected to contribute to the intended results in a particular context is described. Finally some challenges ahead are identified.

Obesidade e interseccionalidade: análise crítica de narrativas no âmbito das políticas públicas de saúde no Brasil (2004-2021) / Obesity and intersectionality: critical analysis of narratives within public health policies in Brazil (2004-2021) / Obesidad e interseccionalidad: análisis crítico de narrativas en el ámbito de las políticas públicas de salud en Brasil (2004-2021)

Resumo: Objetivou-se realizar uma análise crítica da narrativa das políticas públicas de saúde brasileiras no cuidado da obesidade a partir de uma perspectiva interseccional. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo exploratório, documental e analítico, baseado na abordagem "What's the problem represented to be?" ["Qual é o problema representado para ser?"], conhecida como WPR. Tal abordagem se configura como uma ferramenta metodológica de análise crítica de políticas públicas a partir de seis perguntas norteadoras. Foram selecionados dez documentos, publicados entre 2004 a 2021 pelo governo brasileiro. A análise crítica resultou em três categorias: (i) causas da obesidade e narrativa dominante: quais são os problemas representados?; (ii) narrativa dominante e cuidado em saúde: quais são os efeitos para as pessoas com obesidade?; e (iii) obesidade e interseccionalidade: onde estão os silêncios? O consumo de alimentos e o sedentarismo foram a narrativa dominante como causas da obesidade. A interseccionalidade, mediada pelas categorias de gênero/sexo, raça/cor e classe social, foi identificada como um silêncio na narrativa das políticas públicas de saúde. Tais categorias não foram consideradas como causas atreladas à obesidade, tampouco foram incluídas de forma efetiva nas ações propostas pelas políticas públicas de saúde. Os silêncios encontrados no estudo destacam a necessidade de inclusão da interseccionalidade na elaboração e execução de políticas públicas de saúde e no cuidado das pessoas com obesidade. Tendo em vista as intersecções de gênero/sexo, raça/cor e classe social e suas formas de opressão com o surgimento e agravo da obesidade, são de extrema relevância análises críticas sobre as narrativas simplistas nas políticas públicas de saúde para problematização das lacunas que repercutem no cuidado dos usuários com obesidade.

Abstract: This study aimed to critically analyze the narrative of Brazilian public health policies in obesity care based on an intersectional approach. This is a qualitative exploratory, documentary, and analytical study based on the "What's the problem represented to be?" approach (WPR). This approach constitutes a methodological instrument for critical analysis of public policies based on six guiding questions. A total of ten documents were selected, published from 2004 to 2021 by the Brazilian government. The critical analysis resulted in three categories: (i) obesity causes and the dominant narrative: what problems are represented?; (ii) dominant narrative and health care: what are the effects for people with obesity?; (iii) obesity and intersectionality: where are silences? The consumption of food and sedentary lifestyle were the dominant narrative as causes of obesity. Intersectionality, mediated by the categories of gender/sex, race/skin-color, and social class, was identified as silenced in the narrative of public health policies, not being associated as linked causes of obesity, nor effectively included in the proposed actions of the policies. The silences found in the study highlight the need to include intersectionality in the elaboration and execution of public health policies and in the care of people with obesity. Considering the intersections of gender/sex, race/skin-color, and social class and their forms of oppression in the emergence and aggravation of obesity, critical analyses of simplistic narratives in public health policies are extremely relevant to problematize gaps affect the care of users with obesity.

Resumen: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis crítico de la narrativa de las políticas públicas de salud brasileñas en el cuidado de la obesidad con base en un enfoque interseccional. Estudio cualitativo exploratorio, documental y analítico. Basado en el enfoque "Whats the problem represent to be?" [¿Cuál es el problema representado?], conocido como WPR. Tal enfoque se configura como una herramienta metodológica para el análisis crítico de las políticas públicas con base en seis preguntas rectoras. Se seleccionaron 10 documentos, publicados entre el 2004 y el 2021 por el gobierno brasileño. El análisis crítico resultó en tres categorías: (i) causas de la obesidad y la narrativa dominante: ¿Qué problemas se representan?; (ii) narrativa dominante y el cuidado en salud ¿Cuáles son los efectos para las personas con obesidad?; (iii) obesidad e interseccionalidad ¿Dónde están los silencios?. El consumo de alimentos y el sedentarismo fueron la narrativa dominante como causas de la obesidad. La interseccionalidad, mediada por las categorías de género/sexo, raza/color y clase social fue identificada como un silencio en la narrativa de las PPS, sin asociarlas como causas vinculadas a la obesidad ni incluirlas de forma efectiva en las acciones propuestas por las políticas públicas de salud. Los silencios encontrados en el estudio resaltan la necesidad de incluir la interseccionalidad en la elaboración y ejecución de las políticas públicas de salud y en el cuidado de las personas con obesidad. Considerando las intersecciones de género/sexo, raza/color y clase social y sus formas de opresión con el surgimiento y agravamiento de la obesidad, es sumamente relevante realizar análisis críticos sobre las narrativas simplistas en las políticas públicas de salud, para problematizar las brechas que repercuten en el cuidado de los usuarios con obesidad.

Disparidade de Gênero na Autoria Principal e Sênior em Periódicos Brasileiros de Cardiologia / Gender Disparity in First and Senior Authorship in Brazilian Cardiology Journals

Resumo Fundamento: Apesar da importância das mulheres na pesquisa clínica, não existe uma avaliação da fração de mulheres em posições de autoria nos periódicos de cardiologia da SBC. Objetivos: Avaliar a fração de mulheres autoras na International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) e nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol) nas últimas décadas. Métodos: Realizamos busca dos artigos originais dos ABC Cardiol, entre 2000 e 2019, e da IJCS, entre 2010 e 2019. Foi feito levantamento do número de primeiras e últimas autoras e do total de artigos originais de 2010 a 2019. Calculamos as proporções totais de autorias femininas e comparamos o primeiro quinquênio com o segundo. Para avaliar a evolução temporal das duas décadas, analisamos apenas dados dos ABC Cardiol. Utilizamos o teste Qui-quadrado para analisar as diferenças dentro de cada revista e entre ambas. O software IBM® SPSS® foi utilizado nas análises. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: De 2010 a 2019, foram publicados 1157 artigos originais nos ABC Cardiol e 398 na IJCS. Observamos que as mulheres têm maior predominância como primeiras autoras na IJCS em relação aos ABC Cardiol, mas os homens predominam como últimos autores em ambos. De 2010 a 2019, não houve modificação significativa na proporção de autorias femininas. Ao longo das décadas analisadas para os ABC Cardiol, houve projeção de crescimento linear de autorias femininas, sendo que a inclinação da reta é maior na projeção da primeira autoria que na autoria sênior. Conclusões: Há disparidade de gênero com menor representatividade feminina nas autorias dos artigos dos periódicos cardiológicos brasileiros analisados: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia e International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. Acreditamos que a partir destes resultados mais esforços devam ser implementados em busca de equidade de gênero na produção científica cardiológica veiculada por estes periódicos.

Abstract Background: Despite the importance of women in clinical research, no assessment has been made of the fraction of women in a leadership positions in the Cardiology journals of the SBC. Objectives: To assess the fraction of female authors in the International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences (IJCS) and the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia (ABC Cardiol) over the last decades. Methods: We searched the original articles of the ABC Cardiol, from 2000 to 2019, and of the IJCS, from 2010 to 2019. We surveyed the number of first and senior female authors and the total number of original articles from 2010 to 2019. We calculated the total proportion of female authorship and compared the first quinquennium with the second. Only data from the ABC Cardiol were analyzed to assess the temporal evolution of the two decades. We used the chi-square test to assess the differences within each journal and between them. The IBM® SPSS® software was used in the analyses. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: From 2010 to 2019, 1,157 original articles were published in the ABC Cardiol and 398 in the IJCS. We observed that women are more prevalent as first authors in the IJCS compared to the ABC Cardiol, but men prevail as senior authors in both journals. From 2010 to 2019, there was no significant change in the proportion of female authorship. Throughout the decades analyzed for the ABC Cardiol, there was a projection of linear growth of female authorship, with the slope of the line being greater in the first authorship than in senior authorship. Conclusions: There is gender disparity, with lower female representativeness in authorship in the articles from the Brazilian Cardiology journals analyzed: Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia and International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. We believe that based on these results, more efforts should be implemented in the search for gender equity in the cardiology scientific production published by these journals.

Impact of Drinking Water Source and Sanitation Facility on Malnutrition Prevalence in Children under Three: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis Using PDHS 2017-18.

OBJECTIVES: The proposed research studied the determinants of male and female child malnutrition in Pakistan. More specifically, it observed the role of the sanitation facility and drinking water source as important determinants of malnutrition in a gender analysis. METHODS: Novel data of 1010 children under three years of age from PDHS 2017-18 were used. A CIAF (Cumulative Index for Anthropometric Failure) was established to assess malnourishment in the children. Discrete-choice logistic methodology was applied in this empirical research to study the likelihood of malnourishment in children. RESULTS: The logistic regression results depicted that factors such as a child belonging to a deprived area, the status of home wealth, and the education of the mother were common determinants of malnutrition in children. Factors such as a child having diarrhea (OR = 1.55, CI = 0.96-2.50) and the drinking water source (OR = 0.62, CI = 0.37-1.03) were separate prominent predictors of malnutrition in male children whereas the sanitation facility was the main determinant of malnutrition in female children (OR = 0.64, CI = 0.43-0.95). CONCLUSION: This study concludes that important links exist between the drinking water source and male child malnutrition and between sanitation facilities and female child malnutrition.

Multilevel barriers to using assistive technology devices among older hispanics from poor and disadvantaged communities: the relevance of a gender analysis.

PURPOSE: To get a rich description of the barriers to using assistive technology (AT) among men and women ≥65 years living in poor and disadvantaged communities in Puerto Rico, an issue not well described among older people. METHODS: We conducted qualitative interviews assisted by videos of AT and guided by the Matching Person and Technology Model and the Gender Analysis Framework with a purposive sample of 23 men and women. Participants were asked questions regarding reasons for not using AT, willingness for using AT, their identified gender roles and gender-related activities, and bargaining positions. They were also asked about their access to resources to acquire AT, bargaining positions, the stigma associated with AT use, and the characteristics of AT. Directed content analysis with input from a Community Advisory Board was used for the interpretation of the results. RESULTS: The predominant barrier (for both men and women) to using AT devices were: lack of information about AT s and access to money for their purchase, lack of availability and cost of such devices, and (self)-stigma. More women than men experienced limited access to AT services, limited access to and control of money, limited skills for using AT, and less bargaining power for making independent decisions. More men than women expressed a lack of functional need and personal preferences other than using AT devices for managing difficulties in activities. CONCLUSION: There are gender differences concerning the multilevel barriers to using AT devices among older Hispanics residing in low-income communities.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONOlder Hispanic men and women in this study experienced different obstacles to using assistive technology (AT) they need for compensating their functional disabilities in daily living activities.Women in this study reported having less access to money and AT services, diminished skills for using AT devices, and less power to make independent decisions to access AT devices compared to men.To ensure the equitable provision of AT, cultural as well as gender-related factors concerning AT use need to be considered.Future research should focus on women's functional health, also should focus on the development of gender-sensitive and culturally competent AT interventions to improve older Hispanics from poor communities function and opportunities for ageing at their homes and in their communities.

Increase in use of psychiatric sick leave during COVID-19 pandemic by healthcare workers in a municipality in Argentina.

Introduction: The severe respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus has resulted in worldwide pressure on the healthcare workers attempting to treat millions of individuals ill with COVID-19, in addition to their regular duties. Objectives: To examine use of psychiatric leave by Argentinian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, including exploring potential differences by sex. Methods: We analyzed psychiatric sick leave taken by municipal level healthcare workers in the Province of Buenos Aires, January - October 2020. We compared historical cases of psychiatric sick leave from 2015-2019 to leave requested in 2020. Results: Healthcare workers utilized 161.9% more psychiatric sick leave in 2020, with significantly more leave taken by women. Conclusions: Healthcare workers in the Argentinian municipality of Vicente Lopez took a significantly greater amount of psychiatric sick leave during the pandemic. The higher rates of psychiatric sick leave taken by women replicates other findings of higher rates of psychological symptoms in female healthcare workers.

Job Motivation, Burnout and Turnover Intention during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Differences between Female and Male Workers?

The working conditions during COVID-19 highlight the relevance of workers and their occupational health and well-being. The pandemic has caused adverse effects on workers and sharpened social and economic problems, such as a gender gap. In this study, with a multisector sample of 1044 Ecuadorian workers, we present a gender analysis where we evaluate how burnout can mediate the relationship between motivation and workers' intention to leave their jobs in the COVID-19 context. To test the proposed hypothesis, structural equation model (SEM) was used. In the proposed conceptual model, turnover intention was considered as the dependent variable, the two dimensions of motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) were the independent variables and burnout was tested as a mediating variable. Consistent with pre-COVID-19 research, our findings confirm the incidence of job motivation on burnout and turnover intention. Additionally, through Sobel's criteria, we determine that burnout has a mediating effect between job motivation and turnover intention. In terms of gender, we find different results for female and male workers through critical ratios. Our study indicates that female and male workers' burnout and turnover intentions levels are different when intrinsic motivation is present. In contrast to pre-COVID-19 studies that indicated no gender differences on these variables, we associate these results to gender roles in lockdown conditions during the pandemic.