Caracterización de la identidad digital en estudiantes chilenos de ciencias de la salud. Un estudio de caso según género / Characteristics of the current digital identity in Chilean students. A case study by gender in the area of Health Sciences

Resumen Las huellas digitales que se dejan al participar de un mundo altamente digitalizado e hiperconectado acompañan a los individuos durante toda su vida y son elementos constitutivos de la identidad digital. Este estudio de caso de tipo descriptivo, no experimental, de corte transversal basado en el paradigma cuantitativo tiene por objetivo describir el yo físico en medios digitales,considerando las diferencias prresentes según el género bajo su conceptualización binaria de hombre y mujer, de manera de identificar conductas estereotípicas que debiesen ser consideradas en el proceso formativo en estudiantes del área de ciencias de la salud chilenos. Se evaluó a 224 estudiantes universitarios a través de una encuesta, para identificar el tipo de información de su yo físico compartido en la red y cuáles son los medios de conectividad que utilizan para ingresar a la red. En términos generales, se concluyó que los universitarios utilizan preferentemente el celular como dispositivo de acceso a internet, son altamente transparentes y veraces al momento de autentificarse en plataformas y redes sociales, pero son las mujeres las más proclives a autentificarse con datos personales fidedignos. Este hecho abre la necesidad de incluir en el proceso formativo de los futuros profesionales de la salud competencias digitales relativas al autocuidado y la gestión identitaria.

Abstract The fingerprints left by participating in a highly digitized and hyper-connected world accompany individuals throughout their lives and are constitutive elements of their digital identity. This descriptive, non-experimental, cross-sectional case study based on the quantitative paradigm aims to describe the physical self in digital media, according to gender under its binary conceptualization of man and woman, in order to identify stereotypical gender behaviors that should be considered in the training process in students of the Chilean Health Sciences area. From the perspective of the participants, this research considered a non-probabilistic sample of 224 university students (164 women and 60 men) who participated voluntarily. Nonparametric tests were used since the data is ordinal and one of the advantages of these tests is that they should not fit any distribution and can be applied even if the parametric validity conditions are not met. To look for differences by gender, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U test was applied (95 %; .05). Among the relevant results is the fact that men preferably use the internet connection available at home, women choose the one provided by their cell phone (p = .0469 and p = .0404, respectively). Likewise, the cellphone is the main technological device from which both prefer to access the network. From the sample, 79.88 % of women and 76.67 % of men state that they are, at least, 3 hours a day connected to the network. Women tend to identify themselves on digital platforms more frequently than men, using their real name and surname. Meanwhile, men tend to use nicknames more often than women. In this research it was concluded that students in the Health Sciences area are highly truthful in relation to the information they share in digital media, leaving data available that allows for a clear identification of their physical self on the internet. In addition, their main means of connection are their cellphones and the data networks that they provide through the use of their phone plans. There is a clear reflection of correspondence between their face-to-face and digital life, maintaining certain behaviors that can be attributed to gender stereotypes, but to a low degree. Finally, there is a clear need to include aspects related to digital competences in the training process that address the importance and proper management of communications in digital media, as well as the development and management of digital identity from a professional ethics perspective, since their actions on the network can involve and affect not only the construction of their own personal and professional digital identity, but also the personal lives of their patients and colleagues. It is important to note that these conclusions have some limitations, since this research is a cross-sectional study, and the sample was intentional per volunteer subject and not random. This implies that the results obtained are limited to the sample studied and describe its behavior at a given time. However, according to the purpose of the study, this type of sample manages to build a theoretical body that describes the common elements and the differences inherent in a collective case study, so it can be considered a good approximation to the Chilean reality. From a practical point of view, the conclusions of this research provide higher education institutions with evidence that allows progress towards a comprehensive, solid, and coherent training regarding the digital skills required by a university professional graduating in a highly digitized world. Considering the above, it would be advisable to advance in future studies that consider knowing what digital protection measures are incorporated in the training of university students.

Is Support for Feminism Enough for Change? How Sexism and Gender Stereotypes Might Hinder Gender Justice.

Even though formal processes (i.e., gender quotes) are necessary to achieve gender justice, attitudinal changes (i.e., support of egalitarian social norms) are also essential. The endorsement of sexism and gender stereotypes perpetuate inequality on a daily basis, and can be seen as barriers that prevent societies from reaching social justice. Therefore, changing sexist social norms can be understood as a fundamental step in accomplishing gender justice. With the aim of studying Chileans' sexist norms, we conducted a survey with a representative sample (N = 490) exploring levels of sexism and gender stereotypes, as well as support for the feminist movement. Using Latent Profile Analysis, we identified four groups of citizens: (1) a first group that shows high levels of sexism and low support for the feminist movement (9%); (2) a second group, with low levels of sexism and high support for the feminist movement (20%); (3) a third group with high levels of sexism and high support for the feminist movement (65%); and (4) a fourth group with mid-levels of sexism and support of the feminist movement (6%). We called these groups the Sexist, Feminist, Inconsistent, and Moderate Group, respectively. The four groups showed similar high endorsement of gender stereotypes. These results are twofold. First, they hint that although nowadays gender equality seems to be generally accepted, this coexists with a high prevalence of sexist social norms, represented by the inconsistent group being the most prevalent. Second, gender stereotypes are still deeply rooted in Chilean culture, surprisingly even among feminist citizens.

O efeito do tipo de mulher na categorização social inicial e na atribuição de características estereotípicas / The Effect of Woman's Type on Initial Social Categorization and the Attribution of Stereotypical Characteristics

Resumo Introdução: Os estereótipos de género dizem respeito a crenças partilhadas sobre os atributos físicos, psicológicos e comportamentais de homens e mulheres. De acordo com a literatura, observa-se alguma variabilidade nos estereótipos para a categoria mulher, em função de serem associadas a uma de três subcategorias: mulher tradicional, mulher independente e mulher sexy. Este estudo pretendeu observar os estereótipos predominantes e diferenciadores de cada tipo de mulher e a formação de impressões numa amostra portuguesa. Método: Os participantes (N = 78), distribuídos em 6 condições de acordo com o design experimental 3 (tipo de mulher: tradicional, independente vs. sexy) x 2 (sexo do participante: homem vs. mulher), deveriam, com base numa descrição prévia, indicar a área profissional, aparência física e modo de vestir da mulher alvo e formar uma impressão em termos dos atributos calorosa e competente. Resultados: Os resultados indicam maiores avaliações de calor para a mulher tradicional, pouca variabilidade nas avaliações de competência e as respostas obtidas através da análise semântica conferem diferentes imagens para os três subgrupos de mulher. Conclusões: Os resultados confirmam parcialmente as hipóteses e são discutidos com base nas implicações para a literatura dos estereótipos de género.

Abstract Introduction: Gender stereotypes are beliefs about the physical, psychological, and behavioral attributes of men and women. According to the literature, there is some variability in stereotypes for the woman category, as they are associated with one of three subcategories: traditional woman, independent woman, and sexy woman. This study aimed to observe the predominant and differentiating stereotypes of each type of woman and the formation of impressions in a Portuguese sample. Method: Participants (N = 78), distributed in 6 conditions according to the experimental design 3 (woman type: traditional, independent vs. sexy) x 2 (participant's gender: male vs. female), should base on a previous description indicate the professional field, physical appearance and dress of the target woman and form an impression in terms of warm and competent attributes. Results: The results indicate higher warmth ratings for traditional women, little variability in competency ratings, and the responses obtained through semantic analysis provide different images for the three subgroups of women. Conclusions: The results partially confirm the hypotheses and are discussed based on the implications for the gender stereotypes` literature.

Ladies First: Gender Stereotypes Drive Anticipatory Eye-Movements During Incremental Sentence Interpretation.

Immediate contextual information and world knowledge allow comprehenders to anticipate incoming language in real time. The cognitive mechanisms that underlie such behavior are, however, still only partially understood. We examined the novel idea that gender attitudes may influence how people make predictions during sentence processing. To this end, we conducted an eye-tracking experiment where participants listened to passive-voice sentences expressing gender-stereotypical actions (e.g., "The wood is being painted by the florist") while observing displays containing both female and male characters representing gender-stereotypical professions (e.g., florists, soldiers). In addition, we assessed participants' explicit gender-related attitudes to explore whether they might predict potential effects of gender-stereotypical information on anticipatory eye movements. The observed gaze pattern reflected that participants used gendered information to predict who was agent of the action. These effects were larger for female- vs. male-stereotypical contextual information but were not related to participants' gender-related attitudes. Our results showed that predictive language processing can be moderated by gender stereotypes, and that anticipation is stronger for female (vs. male) depicted characters. Further research should test the direct relation between gender-stereotypical sentence processing and implicit gender attitudes. These findings contribute to both social psychology and psycholinguistics research, as they extend our understanding of stereotype processing in multimodal contexts and regarding the role of attitudes (on top of world knowledge) in language prediction.

Gender-based eating norms, the family environment and food intake among Costa Rican adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between family environment variables (parenting styles, family meal atmosphere), gender-based stereotypes and food intake in Latin American adolescents. DESIGN: Structural equation modelling applied to cross-sectional data, 2017. SETTING: Urban and rural sites of San José, Costa Rica. PARTICIPANTS: n 813; 13-18 years old. RESULTS: Data suggest direct associations between gender-based stereotypes and intake of fruits and vegetables (FV) (ß = 0·20, P < 0·05), unhealthy foods (fast food (FF)) (ß = -0·24, P < 0·01) and ultra-processed foods (ß = -0·15, P < 0·05) among urban girls; intake of legumes among rural girls (ß = 0·16, P < 0·05) and intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among rural boys (ß = 0·22, P < 0·05). Family meal atmosphere was associated with legume intake (ß = 0·19, P <·05) among rural girls. Authoritative parenting style was associated with FV intake (ß = 0·23, P < 0·05) among urban boys and FF intake (ß = 0·17, P < 0·05) among urban girls. Authoritarian parenting style was associated with FV consumption (ß = 0·19, P < 0·05) among rural boys, and with SSB and FF consumption (ß = 0·21, P < 0·05; ß = 0·14, P < 0·05, respectively) among urban girls. CONCLUSIONS: Findings are the first to describe the complex family environment and gender-based stereotypes within the context of a Latin American country. They emphasise the need for culturally relevant measurements to characterise the sociocultural context in which parent-adolescent dyads socialise and influence food consumption.

Egalitarian men: stereotypes and discrimination / Hombres igualitarios: estereotipos y discriminación en el mercado laboral

Abstract This article aimed to analyze the stereotypes attributed to "egalitarian men", understood here as men who support gender equality in relation to domestic and family responsibilities as well as inclusion in the workforce. To do so, two studies were carried out. The first study investigated the attribution of stereotypes to egalitarian men through a single open question. A total of 250 university students participated in this study, of which 51.1% were male, and their average age was 21.5 years (SD = 4.39). The second study analyzed the attribution of stereotypes to egalitarian or traditional men and women in a work context considered masculine. Participants included 221 university students with a mean age of 21.9 years (SD = 4.19), the majority (54.3%) being male. Taken together, the results of the two studies indicate that the egalitarian man is perceived as fragile and possibly homosexual. On the other hand, he is also seen as being more competent than traditional men.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo analizar los estereotipos atribuidos a los "hombres igualitarios", aquí entendidos como hombres que defienden la igualdad de género en lo que refiere a las responsabilidades domésticas y familiares, así como en la inserción laboral. Para ello, se realizaron dos estudios: el primero para investigar la atribución de estereotipos sobre los hombres igualitarios por medio de una única pregunta abierta, en el que participaron 250 estudiantes universitarios con edad media de 21.5 años (DE = 4.39), de los cuales el 51.1 % era del sexo masculino; y el segundo para analizar la atribución de estereotipos a hombres y mujeres igualitarios o tradicionales en un contexto laboral considerado masculino, que contó con la participación de 221 universitarios con edad media de 21.9 años (DE = 4.19), siendo la mayoría (54.3 %) del sexo masculino. En conjunto, los resultados de los dos estudios indican que el hombre igualitario es percibido como frágil y posiblemente homosexual; aunque, por otro lado, también es visto como más competente que los hombres tradicionales

Processo de transição para uma posição de liderança: um estudo com mulheres / Transitioning process to an organizational leardership position: a study with women

Parecem ser vários os desafios, emoções e constrangimentos com os quais as mulheres se deparam para alcançarem posições de liderança nas organizações. Nesse seguimento, este estudo tem como objetivos descrever o processo de transição de mulheres para uma posição de liderança em contexto organizacional e as representações de jovens mulheres sobre o mesmo. De forma a concretizar os objetivos definidos foram realizados dois estudos. O estudo 1 recorreu a entrevistas semiestruturadas a mulheres que viveram recentemente o processo de transição. No estudo 2 aplicou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas a 30 jovens mulheres universitárias. Os dados foram sujeitos a análise de conteúdo categorial. Os resultados permitiram identificar três fases no processo de transição para uma posição de liderança - Aprendizagem, Autonomização e Consolidação. Permitiu ainda identificar que ao longo do processo de transição as mulheres experienciam dificuldades a nível do assumir as novas funções, obter reconhecimento do papel de líder e mudanças nas relações. As representações das jovens mulheres vão ao encontro das vivências das mulheres, revelando-se conscientes do papel dos estereótipos de gênero na liderança feminina.

Women face challenges and constraints in reaching leadership positions in organizations. This research aims to describe the process of transition of women to a leadership position in an organizational context and the representations of young women regarding that process. In order to achieve this, two studies were conducted. Study 1 used semi-structured interviews with women who recently experienced the transition process. In study 2, a questionnaire with open questions was applied to 30 young university women. Data were subjected to categorical content analysis. The results allowed us to identify three phases in the process of transition to a leadership position - Learning, Empowerment and Consolidation. It was also identified that throughout the transition process women experience difficulties assuming the new role, gaining recognition of the leading role and changes in relationships. Representations of young women meet these women's experiences and we see they are aware of the role of gender stereotypes in female leadership.

Evidência psicométrica da estrutura fatorial do sexismo ambivalente em profissionais de psicologia do Brasil / Psychometric Evidence of Factorial Structure of Ambivalent Sexism in Brazilian Psychologists

Resumo Uma perspectiva de avaliação do preconceito frente às mulheres pode ser obtida por meio do Inventário de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA). O sexismo ambivalente é composto por duas formas de manifestação: hostil e benévola. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar a estrutura fatorial do sexismo ambivalente em uma amostra de psicólogos/as no Brasil. Além disso, também se avaliou o sexismo ambivalente em relação à idade, ao tempo de atuação e ao quanto o profissional se identificava com uma lista de áreas de atuação. Responderam a um questionário online 497 profissionais, entre 22 e 69 anos (M = 34.52; DP = 9.57), de todas as regiões do país. A análise fatorial confirmatória foi realizada por meio de diversos índices de qualidade de ajuste do modelo aos dados e as associações foram calculadas com correlações de Pearson. Os resultados mostraram indicadores psicométricos confiáveis para a estrutura bifatorial do sexismo ambivalente (hostil e benévolo) na amostra estudada. O sexismo esteve positivamente correlacionado com idade e não apresentou correlação com tempo de profissão. Quanto à identificação com a área de atuação, esteve negativamente correlacionado à Psicologia Social e Comunitária e positivamente correlacionado com Avaliação Psicológica, Neuropsicologia e Neurociência do Comportamento, Psicologia do Esporte, Psicologia do Trânsito, Psicologia Experimental e Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho.

Abstract A perspective to assess prejudice against women can be obtained through the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). Ambivalent sexism consists of two forms of manifestation: hostile and benevolent. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the factorial structure of ambivalent sexism in a sample of Brazilian psychologists. In addition, ambivalent sexism was also evaluated in relation to age, time served and how much the professional identified with a list of psychology fields. A total of 497 psychologists, between the ages of 22 and 69 (M = 34.52; SD = 9.57) from all regions of the country responded to an online survey. In addition to descriptive statistical analysis, the confirmatory factor analysis was carried out using several quality indices to adjust the model to the data, and the associations were calculated with Pearson's correlations. Results showed reliable psychometric scores for the bifactorial structure of ambivalent sexism (hostile and benevolent). Sexism was positively correlated with age and showed no correlations with time of occupation. As far as the identification with psychology fields, sexism was negatively correlated with Social and Community Psychology, and positively correlated with Psychological Evaluation, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurosciences, Sport Psychology, Traffic Psychology, Experimental Psychology and Organizational Psychology.

Gender and Same-Sex Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Literature Review / Gênero e Violência na Intimidade entre Pessoas do Mesmo Sexo - Uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura / Género y Violencia en la Intimidad entre Personas del Mismo Sexo - Una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura

Abstract The influence of gender on intimate partner violence (IPV) has been predominantly studied in opposite sex relationships. This article presents the results of a systematic literature review in which the aim was to understand how gender may affect not only the violence in same-sex IPV but also, and mostly, each element of the couple and third-party responses. The search was conducted in four electronic databases: B-on, PubMed, Sage and PsycINFO. From the analysis of seven articles selected, four major domains were identified in which gender affects these relationships: normalizing violence; difficulty in recognizing violence; difficulty in seeking help; and social isolation. It was concluded that gender, or gender role expectations, cannot be ignored while studying this phenomenon. More than influencing violence per se, gender shapes the way each element of the couple perceives their experiences and third-party perceptions (e.g., family, friends, justice system, and victims support services professionals), preventing an adequate social response to this form of violence.

Resumo A importância do gênero na violência na intimidade (VI) tem sido estudada, maioritariamente, nas relações entre pessoas de sexos diferentes. Este artigo é o resultado de uma revisão sistemática da literatura em que se procurou perceber a importância do gênero para a VI entre pessoas do mesmo sexo. Não só na violência em si, mas também e sobretudo nos elementos do casal e na forma como a sociedade responde a este problema. A pesquisa foi feita em quatro bases de dados eletrônicas: B-On, Pub-Med, Sage e PsycInfo. Da análise de sete artigos selecionados, resultaram quatro grandes domínios em que o gênero tem um peso importante nestas relações: normalização da violência; dificuldade em reconhecer a violência; dificuldade em pedir ajuda; e isolamento social. Concluiu-se que o gênero ou as expectativas sociais a si associadas não podem ser ignorados no estudo deste fenômeno. Mais do que influenciar diretamente a violência em si, molda não só a forma como os elementos do casal vivenciam a experiência, mas também as percepções sociais de terceiros (e.g. familiares, amigos/as, profissionais do sistema de justiça e dos serviços de apoio a vítimas), impedindo que haja uma resposta social adequada para este problema.

Resumen La importancia del género en la violencia en la intimidad (VI) ha sido estudiada, sobre todo, en las relaciones entre personas de distintos sexos. Este artículo resulta de una revisión sistemática de la literatura en la que buscamos comprender la importancia del género para la VI entre personas del mismo sexo, no solamente en la propia violencia, sino también, y sobre todo, en los elementos de la pareja y en la forma en cómo la sociedad responde a este problema. La búsqueda se hizo en cuatro bases de datos electrónicas: B-On, Pub-Med, Sage y PsycInfo. Del análisis de siete artículos seleccionados surgieron cuatro grandes dominios en los que el género tiene un peso importante en estas relaciones: normalización de la violencia; dificultad en reconocer la violencia; dificultad en pedir ayuda; y aislamiento social. Se concluyó que el género o las expectativas sociales con él relacionadas no pueden ser ignorados en el estudio de este fenómeno. Más que influir directamente a la propia violencia, él moldea no sólo el modo cómo los elementos de la pareja la viven, sino también las percepciones sociales de terceros (ej. familia, amigos/as, profesionales del sistema de justicia y de los servicios de apoyo a víctimas), impidiendo que se produzca una respuesta social adecuada a este problema.

Effectiveness of a Prevention Program for Gender-Based Intimate Partner Violence at a Colombian Primary School.

Intimate partner violence, particularly against women, is widely studied owing to its high rates, based on transnational data. Colombia, where this form of violence is considerably common, is no exception, and such violence is occurring more and more often in increasingly younger couples (10-14 years old). Further, risk factors such as wide acceptance, the justification of intimate partner violence, extremely rigid traditional gender roles, and poor socio-emotional skills play a crucial role. In accordance with this reality, a gender-based intimate partner violence prevention program was designed, implemented, and evaluated for primary school children in Colombia based on a review of successful preventive programs and an identification of the main predictors of intimate partner violence. The program was evaluated using a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design that included an experimental and a control group. In total, 344 participants were involved in the study: 195 boys (56.7%) and 149 girls (43.4%) from the second and third grades of a primary school (average age: 7.8 years) at a Colombian educational institution. The experimental group consisted of 200 participants and the control group of 144 participants. The program's effectiveness was evaluated by measuring three groups of variables (gender stereotypes, the acceptance of violence, and socio-emotional skills) using reliable scales. To analyze the program's effectiveness, mixed ANOVAs with a within-subjects factor (when the group was measured), two between-subjects factors (group and gender), and a covariate (age) were used. The results showed that the participants in the experimental group had lower scores in gender stereotypes, acceptance of peer aggression, and acceptance of physical violence against women compared to the control group. Conversely, they had higher scores in affective empathy after the intervention; both groups showed no significant differences before the intervention. This program is highly relevant because it has proven to have a positive impact on the participants and is innovative due to the lack of preventive programs that have been implemented in primary education and evaluated within the Colombian context.

Representaciones de género en comentarios digitales en dos Fan Page de Facebook / Gender representations in Facebook Fan Page's digital comments / Representações do gênero nos comentários digitais em dois Fan Page de Facebook

Resumen (analítico): Este trabajo tiene como objetivo examinar las representaciones discursivas en torno a estereotipos de género en comentarios digitales producidos por jóvenes en Facebook. Partimos del supuesto de que se mantienen con vigencia las representaciones tradicionales en torno a tales estereotipos. Seleccionamos seis fotos publicadas en los últimos doce meses en dos Fan Page de personalidades mediáticas juveniles argentinas. Extrajimos de cada publicación los comentarios realizados por sus seguidores/as, que fueron, en total, 1646. Realizamos un análisis de las estrategias discursivas de nominación y predicación en dichos comentarios. Este trabajo nos permitió constatar que la exhibición de la intimidad es una de las estrategias de construcción de identidades más comunes, volviendo necesaria la categoría de extimidad para el análisis de las producciones ciberdiscursivas juveniles.

Abstract (analytical): This paper aims examining discursive representations about gender stereotypes in digital comments posted by young people in Facebook. We assume that traditional gender stereotypes representations remain in force. We chose the comments made by young people in six different pictures posted on two Fan Pages from two Media young personalities in the last year. We chose the pictures under the criteria of spontaneity. We collected the comments made by followers, obtaining 1646 comments. We analyzed the discursive strategies of nomination and predication on such comments. The analysis revealed that building up identities upon the exposition of the intimacy is a common resource, which implies that the category of extimacy is necessary for understanding ciber-discursive productions made by young people.

Resumo (analítico): Este trabalho tem como objetivo examinar as representações discursivas ao redor do estereótipos do gênero nos comentários digitais produzidos pelos jovens. Vamos partir do suposto de que as representações tradicionais em torno dos estereótipos de gênero permanecem em vigor. Para isto, selecionamos, seis fotografias publicadas em dois Fan Page das personalidades mediáticas nos últimos doze meses. Estas imagens foram escolhidas ao partir do critério de espontaneidade, extraímos de cada publicação os comentários que foram no total de 1646. Realizamos um analises das estratégias discursivas da nomeação e predicação nos mencionados comentários. Este trabalho revelou que a exibição das intimidades é uma estrategia comum na construção das identidades, voltando necessária a categoria de extimidade para o analises das produções ciberdiscursivas juvenis.

Estereotipos de género y evaluación de candidatos en Estados Unidos: evidencia de una encuesta-experimento / Gender stereotypes and candidate evaluation in the United States: evidence from a survey-experiment / Estereotipos de genero e evaluacao de candidatos nos Estados Unidos: evidencia de uma enquete-experimento

Resumen: Este artículo utiliza un diseño experimental para poner a prueba los efectos de estereotipos de género sobre la evaluación de candidatos. Aleatoriamente, le solicitamos a 826 residentes de EE.UU. leer la descripción de un candidato ficticio: 391 participantes recibieron la descripción de una candidata, mientras 435 leyeron la misma descripción pero de un hombre. Nuestros resultados muestran que los participantes se mostraron más proclives a votar por la mujer, creer que ella comparte sus preocupaciones y creer que ella estaba más capacitada para manejar asuntos como la educación y salud que el hombre. También encontramos que la afinidad partidaria es consistentemente el predictor más importante de la evaluación de candidatos. Interesantemente, los efectos de los estereotipos de género se debilitan solo parcialmente cuando se incluye la variable afinidad partidaria en el análisis.

Abstract: In this article, we use an experimental design to test the effects of gender stereotypes on candidate evaluation. We randomly assign 826 U.S. residents the task of reading a description of a fictional candidate: 391 participants received the script of a female candidate, whereas 435 read the same script but of a male candidate. Our results show that respondents are more likely to vote for the woman, to believe that she shares their concerns and to see her as more competent to deal with education and health care issues than the man. We also find that party affinity is consistently the strongest predictor of candidate evaluation. Interestingly, the effects of gender stereotypes partially weaken when partisanship is controlled for.

Resumo: Este artigo utiliza um desenho experimental para colocar a prova os efeitos de estereótipos de género sobre a avaliação de candidatos. Aleatoriamente, solicitamos a 826 residentes dos EUA ler a descrição de um candidato fictício: 391 participantes receberam a descrição de uma candidata, enquanto 435 leram a mesma descrição só que de um homem. Nossos resultados mostram que os participantes se mostraram mais inclinados a votar pela mulher, acreditar que ela compartilha suas preocupações e acreditar que ela estava mais capacitada para atender assuntos como a educação e saúde que o homem. Também encontramos que a afinidade partidária é consistentemente o previsor mais importante da avaliação de candidatos. Interessantemente, os efeitos dos estereótipos de género se debilitam apenas parcialmente quando se inclui a variável afinidade partidária no análise.

Hábitos físico-deportivos en adolescentes de Castilla y León / Hábitos físico-desportivos dos adolescentes de Castilla e León / Physical-sports habits in adolescents from Castile and Leon

Esta investigación pretende identificar los hábitos físico-deportivos de jóvenes adolescentes de Castilla y León (España), poniendo de relieve cómo las diferencias físicas -sobre las que se asienta la propia organización del deporte - son utilizadas para justificar la heteronormatividad y la estereotipia del deporte vinculada al sexo. Se analizó el nivel de práctica, motivaciones y preferencias por determinadas prácticas en función del sexo, así como la influencia ejercida por la familia y los medios de comunicación. La metodología es cuantitativa, utilizando como técnica de obtención de datos la encuesta, codificándolos y analizándolos con el programa estadístico SPSS. Los resultados muestran una menor práctica físico-deportiva por parte de las mujeres adolescentes, la reproducción de una serie de roles y estereotipos de género, así como una falta de referentes deportivos femeninos consolidados. Se concluye que continúan existiendo desigualdades entre sexos en el ámbito de la práctica físico-deportiva de jóvenes de Castilla y León

O objetivo da investigação é identificar os hábitos físico-desportivos de jovens adolescentes de Castilla e León (Espanha); contrastando como as diferenças físicas foram utilizadas para justificar a heteronormatividade e os estereótipos em função do sexo. Especificamente foi analisado o nível de prática, motivações e preferências por determinadas práticas em função do sexo, e a influência da família e dos meios de comunicação. Levou-se a cabo uma metodologia quantitativa utilizando com técnica de obtenção de dados por pesquisa e programa estatístico SPSS para posterior codificação e análise de dados. Os resultados mostram menor prática físico-desportiva por parte das mulheres adolescentes, a reprodução de papéis e estereótipos de gênero, assim como uma falta de referências esportivas femininas consolidadas. Tudo isso nos leva a concluir que continua havendo desigualdade entre ambos os sexos no âmbito da prática físicodesportiva entre os jovens de Castilla e León

This research aimed at identifying physical and sports habits in adolescents from Castile and Leon, Spain, looking into how physical differences were used to justify heteronormativity and stereotypes in sport, according to one sex or another. Sports practice level, motivations and preferences for certain practices were considered. A quantitative methodology was used, particularly survey as data collection tool; data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results indicate a lower number of physicalsports practices for women, lack of substantial female sports references, and women's relationship with social gender roles and gender stereotypes. The prevalence of gender inequality in sports practice between students in Castile and Leon is confirmed

The Palliative Function of Hostile Sexism among High and Low-Status Chilean Students.

Previous studies have demonstrated that justifying the social, economic, and political systems is associated with psychological well-being, which has been termed as the palliative function of ideology. However, little research has been conducted on gender stereotypes among children, comparing by socioeconomic status. This study aimed to fill this gap in the system justification literature. We present data from the Chilean version of the International Survey of Children Well-Being (ISCWeB), which was conducted in 2012. We found that the palliative function of gender stereotypes is present among this sample, being qualified by a socioeconomic status by hostile gender stereotype interaction. In other words, the effect on the psychological well-being was observed in low-status, but not in high-status students. These results extend the previous knowledge about the palliative function of the ideology, suggesting why the low-status members of a society actively engage in system justification.

Bem Sex Role Inventory Validation in the International Mobility in Aging Study.

This study investigated the measurement structure of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) with different factor analysis methods. Most previous studies on validity applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to examine the BSRI. We aimed to assess the psychometric properties and construct validity of the 12-item short-form BSRI in a sample administered to 1,995 older adults from wave 1 of the International Mobility in Aging Study (IMIAS). We used Cronbach's alpha to assess internal consistency reliability and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess psychometric properties. EFA revealed a three-factor model, further confirmed by CFA and compared with the original two-factor structure model. Results revealed that a two-factor solution (instrumentality-expressiveness) has satisfactory construct validity and superior fit to data compared to the three-factor solution. The two-factor solution confirms expected gender differences in older adults. The 12-item BSRI provides a brief, psychometrically sound, and reliable instrument in international samples of older adults.

Creencias sobre estereotipos de género de jóvenes universitarios del norte de México / Gender stereotypes of college students in northern Mexico

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las valoraciones sociales de género presentes en las creencias de la población estudiantil universitaria del norte de México, con el fin de conocer los cambios que se van produciendo en relación a este fenómeno. Se aplicó una escala de creencias estereotipadas de género a 1921 estudiantes de ambos sexos de dos universidades públicas del norte de México, localizadas en las ciudades de Hermosillo, Sonora y Saltillo, Coahuila. Se exploraron cinco dimensiones: feminidad/masculinidad, roles de maternidad/paternidad, sexualidad, competencias y capacidades y expresiones de emotividad/agresividad. Los resultados indican un mayor arraigo a posturas tradicionales en varones y en los estudiantes provenientes de la división académica de ingeniería. En general, los estudiantes de semestres avanzados tienen los mismos prejuicios de género que los de recién ingreso a la institución. Se recomienda transversalizar la perspectiva de género en las instituciones de educación superior a través de programas de sensibilización y capacitación.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the beliefs about social gender assessments in a college student population, in order to know the changes that these beliefs undergo. A sample of 1.921 students of both sexes of two public universities in northern Mexico, located in the cities of Hermosillo, Sonora and Saltillo, Coahuila, completed a scale of gender stereotyped beliefs. Five dimensions were explored: Femininity / masculinity, maternity / paternity roles, sexuality, skills and abilities, and expressions of emotion / aggression. The results indicate greater attachment to traditional positions in men and in Engineering students. In general, all students irrespective of semester have the same gender biases. It is recommended that the gender perspective be transversalised in higher education institutions through awareness and training programs.

Os papéis parentais nas famílias: analisando aspectos transgeracionais e de gênero / The parental roles in families: analyzing transgenerational and gender aspects

Na contemporaneidade, os estereótipos de gênero ainda estão presentes nos núcleos familiares, conferindo características sexistas e patriarcais ao relacionamento entre homens e mulheres. Objetivamos analisar como o exercício da paternidade e da maternidade é influenciado por estes estereótipos, e compreender a prática dos papéis parentais no cenário familiar de acordo com os aspectos de gênero. Para tanto, realizamos uma revisão de literatura, utilizando-nos da perspectiva dos estudos de gênero pós-estruturalistas para a análise e a discussão. Percebemos que os núcleos familiares contemporâneos sustentam a execução de relações que quebram com os padrões tradicionais de gendramento, ao passo que ainda perduram valores tradicionais e estereotipados sobre os papéis sociais adequados para homens e mulheres. Como consequência, a presença de estereótipos de gênero na educação de meninos e meninas gera retrocessos na prática de uma educação não-sexista e, também, na consolidação de uma sociedade mais justa e igualitária para homens e mulheres.(AU)

In contemporaneity, gender stereotyping is still present in nuclear families, providing sexists and patriarchal characteristics to the relationship between men and women. We aimed to analyze how the exercise of fatherhood and motherhood are influenced by those stereotypes, as well as understand the practice of parenting roles in the family background according to gender aspects. Therefore, we conducted a literature review using scientific materials about the research topic, using the perspective of post-structuralist gender studies for the analysis and the discussion. We found that contemporary's nucleus families support relations that break down traditional standards of gendering, while traditional and stereotyped values on suitable social roles to men and women are kept. Consequently, the presence of gender stereotypes on boys and girl’s education creates a regression in the non-sexist educational practicing and, also, on consolidation of a fair and equitable society to men and women.(AU)

The influence of gender stereotypes on eating habits among Costa Rican adolescents.

PURPOSE: To identify the influence of gender stereotypes on eating habits among Costa Rican adolescents. DESIGN: Qualitative, descriptive research was used in this study. SETTING: Adolescents and parents were recruited from socioeconomically diverse populations in rural and urban areas of San José, Costa Rica. SUBJECTS: Subjects were 92 adolescents (14 to 17 years old) and 48 parents. METHODS: Focus group data were transcribed and entered into the qualitative data analysis software Atlas.ti version 5.0. Analyses were grounded on the social cognitive theory. RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the focus group discussions: (1) Costa Rican adolescents associate the consumption of moderate quantities of healthy foods with femininity and male homosexuality. (2) The consumption of hearty portions of nonhealthy foods was associated with masculinity and male heterosexuality. (3) There is an emerging view that it is acceptable for heterosexual male adolescents to take care of their bodies through healthy eating. (4) Body care among female adolescents is an element of femininity and body image. (5) Parents reinforce their daughters' persistent concern with weight control because they perceive it as feminine behavior. CONCLUSION: Health promoters should be aware of the existing and changing food stereotypes around gender as an avenue for the promotion of healthy eating.

Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la valoración del incivismo laboral / Influence of gender stereotypes in the rating of workplace incivility

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo explorar cómo influyen los estereotipos de género en las valoraciones de jóvenes estudiantes sobre las formas de incivismo laboral. Basándonos en la Teoría del Incivismo Selectivo y la Teoría del Rol Social se exploró la existencia de diferencias de género en la detección y tolerancia hacia diferentes formas de incivismo y la percepción de sus consecuencias. Participaron 800 estudiantes españoles (452 mujeres y 348 varones) en un experimento con diseño factorial entre sujetos donde se manipularon las formas de incivismo, el contexto laboral y el género del participante. Los resultados indicaron que mujeres y varones tuvieron valoraciones diferentes. Las mujeres siempre detectaron incivismo, mientras que los varones sólo cuando fue excluyente en lugar de ofensivo, y ambos toleraron menos el incivismo excluyente. Incluso, las mujeres percibieron que el incivismo excluyente reducía la satisfacción laboral en ingeniería y el bienestar emocional en enfermería, mientras que no hubo efectos significativos en varones. En conclusión, el estudio contribuye aportando desarrollos específicos sobre los estereotipos de género, el incivismo laboral, su incidencia y la sensibilización hacia la problemática.(AU)

The goal was to explore how gender stereotypes influence young students' ratings of the forms of workplace incivility. Drawing from the theory of selective incivility and the social role theory, the existence of gender differences in the detection and tolerance of different forms of incivility and the perception of its consequences were explored. Participants were 800 Spanish high school and professional training students (452 females and 348 males) in a between-subjects factorial design in which forms of incivility, gender dominated work domain, and participants' gender were manipulated. The results indicated that females and males gave different ratings. Females always detected incivility whereas males only detected it when it was exclusive than offensive, and both genders tolerated exclusive incivility to a lesser extent. In fact, females perceived that exclusive incivility reduced job satisfaction in engineering and emotional well-being in nursing, whereas no significant effects were found in males. To conclude, the study contributes specific developments about gender stereotypes, workplace incivility, its incidence, and sensitization towards the problem.(AU)

Influencia de los estereotipos de género en la valoración del incivismo laboral / Influence of gender stereotypes in the rating of workplace incivility

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo explorar cómo influyen los estereotipos de género en las valoraciones de jóvenes estudiantes sobre las formas de incivismo laboral. Basándonos en la Teoría del Incivismo Selectivo y la Teoría del Rol Social se exploró la existencia de diferencias de género en la detección y tolerancia hacia diferentes formas de incivismo y la percepción de sus consecuencias. Participaron 800 estudiantes españoles (452 mujeres y 348 varones) en un experimento con diseño factorial entre sujetos donde se manipularon las formas de incivismo, el contexto laboral y el género del participante. Los resultados indicaron que mujeres y varones tuvieron valoraciones diferentes. Las mujeres siempre detectaron incivismo, mientras que los varones sólo cuando fue excluyente en lugar de ofensivo, y ambos toleraron menos el incivismo excluyente. Incluso, las mujeres percibieron que el incivismo excluyente reducía la satisfacción laboral en ingeniería y el bienestar emocional en enfermería, mientras que no hubo efectos significativos en varones. En conclusión, el estudio contribuye aportando desarrollos específicos sobre los estereotipos de género, el incivismo laboral, su incidencia y la sensibilización hacia la problemática.

The goal was to explore how gender stereotypes influence young students' ratings of the forms of workplace incivility. Drawing from the theory of selective incivility and the social role theory, the existence of gender differences in the detection and tolerance of different forms of incivility and the perception of its consequences were explored. Participants were 800 Spanish high school and professional training students (452 females and 348 males) in a between-subjects factorial design in which forms of incivility, gender dominated work domain, and participants' gender were manipulated. The results indicated that females and males gave different ratings. Females always detected incivility whereas males only detected it when it was exclusive than offensive, and both genders tolerated exclusive incivility to a lesser extent. In fact, females perceived that exclusive incivility reduced job satisfaction in engineering and emotional well-being in nursing, whereas no significant effects were found in males. To conclude, the study contributes specific developments about gender stereotypes, workplace incivility, its incidence, and sensitization towards the problem.