The gap that Matilda will bridge: a look at the Colombian case.

Objective: To determine gender gaps in Emeritus researchers in Colombia. Methods: Oaxaca-Blinder-Kitakagwa decomposition model, correcting the sample selection bias with the inclusion of Mills' inverse ratio (Heckman's Lambda) through an ordered probit model. Data: Information available in the ScienTI Platform - Colombia during the period 2015-2021. Results: The results show that the gender gap between female and male researchers is 5.8%. To achieve Emeritus status, one must be over 65 years old, and the possibility of achieving Emeritus status is 5.1% higher for female researchers than for their male counterparts. These differences can be explained by the time constraints that female researchers face in being productive, as they spend more time than male researchers on caregiving responsibilities, either due to motherhood or the care of other dependent family members. Conclusions: The results obtained allow us to affirm that there is a gender gap in scientific research in Colombia in the Emeritus research category in the calls for proposals for the period 2015-2021. Moreover, the existing gap cannot be explained by factors associated with attributes of education and academic productivity that are part of the regulatory requirements, insofar as not being explained by them, it evidences the existence of discrimination against women researchers to access the highest research category.

Impact of environmental sustainability on open innovation in SMEs: An empirical study considering the moderating effect of gender.

Sustainable development has emerged as a crucial factor enhancing the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in light of societal expectations and government regulations. Within this context, innovation assumes a significant role in this challenge, particularly for smaller companies facing greater obstacles in fostering innovation. These constraints have prompted both internal and external innovation initiatives, commonly referred to as open innovation. In this article, we scrutinize the influence of environmental practices on innovation endeavors, specifically examining whether the innovation strategy and its implementation facilitate the advancement of open innovation within SMEs. Furthermore, we explore the potential moderating effect of firm owners' gender on these relationships. The research model is validated using data from 543 companies in Ecuador, employing the partial least squares (PLS) method. The findings elucidate how environmental sustainability can promote the adoption of open innovation practices, with the innovation strategy and its implementation acting as mediators in this relationship. The impact of gender only manifests in the innovation strategy pertaining to environmental sustainability. In conclusion, open innovation stemming from the pivotal role of environmental sustainability emerges as a critical driver in augmenting innovation performance across various dimensions, such as quality, growth, efficiency, process enhancement, organizational practices, employee motivation, and acquisition of new product/service skills.

Metaresearch study highlights the gender gap in randomized controlled trials in dentistry.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the gender gap in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in dentistry in terms of authorship, collaborations, metrics, funding and reporting of good research practice and transparecy. METHODS: The search was performed in PubMed for RCTs restricted to English texts in the dental field, indexed from 12/31/2016 to 12/31/2021. Two reviewers screened the studies in line with the eligibility criteria. A total of 844 articles were included. The name and gender of authors, citation metrics, funding, reporting of characteristics of good research practice and transparency were extracted. We considered "collaboration between authors" when the corresponding author was different from the first author. RESULTS: The proportion of women as first authors was 46.56% and 40.12% for corresponding authors. The analysis showed that when a woman is the corresponding author, the probability of the first author also being a woman is 57% higher compared to the first author being a man. For "protocol registration" and "data sharing," the prevalence of reporting was higher when women were first authors. CONCLUSION: A gender gap in dentistry RCTs was identified and related to the participation of women as first and corresponding authors and the collaboration between authors.

El papel del cirujano moderno como líder de los equipos de atención sanitaria: una revisión narrativa sobre una facultad ubicua, pero poco definida.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to describe the role of leadership in the training of the general surgeon and to point out its relevance. METHOD: A search of the medical literature was carried out to identify studies that reported on topics related to leadership in the context of medical education and surgery. We used the search engine of Medline/PubMed databases including related terms such as "leadership" AND "medicine" OR "surgery". RESULTS: Leadership is a valued characteristic in surgery, it implies professionalism, technical competence, motivation, innovation, teamwork, communication skills, decision making, emotional competence, resilience, and effective teaching. Leadership is measurable and can be developed through experience, observation, and education. CONCLUSIONS: Priority must be given to actions that improve leader traits. This has been shown to create a work environment where efficient work is performed, and failures are minimized. The current vision of the leader must be expanded to reduce the gender gap between the positions as leader occupy in this moment.

OBJETIVO: Describir el papel de liderazgo en la formación del cirujano general y puntualizar su relevancia en nuestro entorno. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda en la literatura médica para identificar estudios que informaran sobre temas relacionados al liderazgo en el contexto de la enseñanza médica y en cirugía. Se utilizó el motor de búsqueda de las bases de datos Medline/PubMed incluyendo términos relacionados como "leadership" AND "medicine" OR "surgery". RESULTADOS: El liderazgo es una característica valorada en cirugía, que implica profesionalismo, competencia técnica, motivación, innovación, trabajo en equipo, habilidades comunicativas, toma de decisiones, competencia emocional, resiliencia y enseñanza eficaz. Es medible y susceptible de desarrollarse a través de la experiencia, la observación y la educación. CONCLUSIONES: En la formación del cirujano general se deben priorizar las acciones que mejoren los rasgos de líder. Se ha demostrado que esto genera un ambiente de trabajo donde se realiza una labor eficiente y se minimizan las fallas. Se debe expandir la visión actual que se tiene de líder y permitir que se disminuya la brecha de género entre los puestos que hoy se ocupan.

Gender disparities in multiple sclerosis research and leadership: A Colombian perspective.

Background: The neurological academic field is an illustrative example of persistent gender-related disparities reflected in compensation, funding, leadership, promotion, publishing, and recognition. Several studies indicate that neurology is one of the most underrepresented specialties with female physicians as first authors, but also has one of the highest gender payment gaps. Neglecting the role of women in academic leadership positions hinders the visibility and recognition of research and leadership in multiple sclerosis (MS). Increasing diversity within academia has positive effects, such as widening focus and expanding the plurality of research outputs. The gender gap and visibility of female MS clinicians and researchers remains an unexplored research topic in our country despite the rising number of female neurologists. Objective: This study aims to establish the gender distribution between researchers and clinical neurologists in multiple sclerosis in Colombia and raise awareness about gender disparities in this area. Methods: We applied a cross-sectional survey study of Colombian neurologists and neurology residents currently members of the Colombian Neurology Association. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were used for quantitative variables and frequency for qualitative variables. To evaluate the influence of gender, logarithmic regression was used. Data were analyzed in SPSS 26. Results: A total of 201 participants agreed to complete the survey, most of whom were female (n = 135, 67.2%). All the Colombian regions were represented in the survey. Of those surveyed, 31.5% (n = 64) had an interest in demyelinating diseases and MS, of which 46.8% (n = 30) were female. Of the women with MS training, only 50% (n =5) had more than three publications as the first author of a scientific article compared to men (n = 5, 83%). After adjusting the number of publications by gender, there were no significant differences between men and women (median 2.0[2, 1.21] vs. 2[2, 0.5], p = 0.904). However, only 16.6% (n = 5) of women had a visible academic, leadership, or teaching position compared with men 75.7% (n = 25). When adjusting the salary income by gender, we found a statistically significant difference between women and men (median 2.0 [5, 1.47] vs. 3 [5, 1.65], p = 0.006). Women in MS earned between USD 2,500 and 3,800 per month; while men earned between USD 3,800 to 5,070. Conclusion: Despite a higher number of female neurologists trained in MS in Colombia, our data suggest considerable differences and gender gaps with regard to diverse opportunities at the academic, salary promotion, leadership, teaching, and recognition levels between male and female MS neurologists.

Principales problemáticas de las publicaciones científicas: un análisis en perspectiva latinoamericana / Central problems in scientific research publications: analysis through a latin american perspective

Resumen Se identifican y analizan las principales problemáticas de las publicaciones científicas, estudiando los diferentes componentes del ecosistema en el que se producen, con énfasis en la realidad latinoamericana. A través del relevamiento y análisis bibliográfico, se identifican como problemáticas la forma de acceso, los criterios de calidad y evaluación utilizados, la visibilidad, la barrera de la lengua y la brecha de género. Al mismo tiempo que se conceptualizan, se establecen vínculos entre dichos componentes lo que agrega complejidad al fenómeno y permite visualizar los modelos de comunicación científica vigentes. Dicha identificación pretende abrir espacios para la proposición de propuestas a futuro, que aporten en el sentido de brindar mayor acceso y reducir las inequidades observadas. Al mismo tiempo, la exposición del tema permite a los investigadores contar con mayores elementos a la hora de pensar y hacer visibles sus publicaciones. Desde la perspectiva latinoamericana se observaron ciertas particularidades en relación al crecimiento del movimiento de acceso abierto, sostenido muchas veces por instituciones y editoriales que pugnan por mejorar las formas de circulación, distribución, visibilidad y acceso, aunque cuenten con recursos limitados. Finalmente, se insiste en la necesidad de defender y potenciar el modelo de información científica basado en acceso abierto, como uno de los objetivos a promover para hacer frente a la privatización y comercialización del conocimiento producido por las comunidades científicas.

Abstract Identification and analysis of the main problems of scientific researches by studying the different components of the ecosystems they are produced, emphasising in Latin America's reality. Through surveying and bibliographical analysis, problems such as access ways, quality and evaluation criteria, visibility, language barriers and gender gap are identified. As they are defined, these concepts are also threaded, adding complexity to the matter and allowing to visualize scientific media current's state. Its purpose is to open the field for future proposals regarding greater access and narrowing the inequality gap. Besides, the topic's exposure provides researchers with a wider group of elements when thinking about their work and how to publish it. From a latin american perspective, there is observance of certain aspects linked to the growth of the open access movement, which is mainly sustained by insitutions and publishers that try to improve ways of distribution, circulation, visibilty and access, despite limited resources. Finally, the importance of defending and boosting the scientific information access model based on open access is strongly outlined, as one of the main policies that will allow to keep corporate interests apart from the knowledge scientific communities produce.

COVID-19 and heterogeneous vulnerabilities in the Peruvian labor market: implications for social inequalities and for gender gaps.

Using quarterly data from the 2020 Peruvian National Household Survey (ENAHO), this paper estimates the differentiated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on a set of labor market indicators, such as labor participation, occupational categories, informality, and number of hours worked. The impacts are calculated from an individual perspective (effects on the activities of the heads of household and their spouses, distinguishing them according to sex) and also from a joint strategy perspective among the partners. The results indicate that the intersectionalities of vulnerability considered (rural/urban area, and those contained in the type of households and in the situation of single-parenting or two-parenting of household heads and their spouses) determine that women, who live in rural areas, have children and do not have a partner were the most affected by the global health crisis.

Gender-biased evaluation or actual differences? Fairness in the evaluation of faculty teaching.

How do we know if a faculty teaching evaluation is biased? Biasing factors studies are an influential source of evidence for arguing about biased teaching evaluations. These studies examine existing evaluation data and compare the results by gender, race, or ethnicity, interpreting a significant difference between subgroups as evidence of bias. However, only a difference explained by irrelevant aspects embedded in the evaluation would compromise its fairness. The study aims to amend how practitioners and researchers address gender bias concerns in faculty teaching evaluations by defining fairness, disparate impact, and statistical bias from an educational measurement standpoint. The study illustrates the use of differential item functioning (DIF) analysis, a strategy to examine whether the meaning of an item changes depending on the gender of the instructor. The study examines instructor's gender bias using responses to a course evaluation questionnaire from education graduate students from two academic departments within the same institution. In one of the departments, the analysis suggested a fair evaluation and no gender gap. In the other department, four of the eight items in the rating scale were easier for women than men with similar teaching ability, and women achieved better evaluations than men. The discussion addresses the conceptual and methodological advantages of adopting an educational measurement perspective on fairness in faculty teaching evaluation. Findings encourage practitioners and administrators to use the best available tools to strengthen the credibility of faculty teaching evaluations and prevent unfair personnel decisions affecting underrepresented subgroups in academia by gender, race, or ethnicity.

Opportunities and Challenges to Improve a Public Research Program in Plant Breeding and Enhance Underutilized Plant Genetic Resources in the Tropics.

The American tropics are hotspots of wild and domesticated plant biodiversity, which is still underutilized by breeding programs despite being conserved at regional gene banks. The improvement of those programs depends on long-term public funds and the maintenance of specialized staff. Unfortunately, financial ups and downs complicate staff connectivity and their research impact. Between 2000 and 2010, Agrosavia (Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria) dramatically decreased its public financial support. In 2017, we surveyed all 52 researchers from Agrosavia involved in plant breeding and plant genetic resource programs to examine the effect of decimating funds in the last ten years. We hypothesized that the staff dedicated to plant breeding still suffer a strong fragmentation and low connectivity. As we expected, the social network among researchers is weak. The top ten central leaders are predominantly males with an M.Sc. degree but have significant experience in the area. The staff has experience in 31 tropical crops, and 17 are on the list of underutilized species. Moreover, although 26 of these crops are in the national germplasm bank, this has not been the primary source for their breeding programs. We proposed five principles to improve connectivity among teams and research impact: (1) The promotion of internal discussion about gender gaps and generation shifts to design indicators to monitor and decrease this disparity over time. (2) The construction of long-term initiatives and synergies with the Colombian government to support the local production of food security crops independent of market trends. (3) Better collaboration between the National Plant Germplasm Bank and plant breeding researchers. (4) A concerted priority list of species (especially those neglected or underutilized) and external institutions to better focus the collaborative efforts in research using public funds. (5) Better spaces for the design of projects among researchers and training programs in new technologies. These principles could also apply in other tropical countries with public plant breeding research programs facing similar challenges.

Disasters, Gender, and HIV Infection: The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake.

Although disasters threaten all people who experience them, they do not affect all members of society in the same way. Its effects are not solely restricted to the economic sphere; they also affect the physical and mental health of those who suffer from them, having a particular impact on women and limiting their life chances. The aim of this study was to examine the impact the 2010 Haiti earthquake had on the seropositivity of female survivors. METHOD: Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines the impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on gender relations associated with the probability of being HIV positive through the differences-in-differences strategy. RESULTS: A differential of four percentage points is observed in the probability of HIV seropositivity between men and women, favoring men. Additionally, it is observed that the probability of seropositivity intensifies when the cohabitation household is headed by a woman. CONCLUSION: Disasters are not indifferent to the gender of the people affected. In the second decade of the 21st century, the conclusions obtained show, once again, the need for incorporating the gender perspective into the management of natural hazards in the field of health. This is the case of the differential exposure to HIV after the earthquake in Haiti.

Gender, Race and Parenthood Impact Academic Productivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: From Survey to Action.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is altering dynamics in academia, and people juggling remote work and domestic demands - including childcare - have felt impacts on their productivity. Female authors have faced a decrease in paper submission rates since the beginning of the pandemic period. The reasons for this decline in women's productivity need to be further investigated. Here, we analyzed the influence of gender, parenthood and race on academic productivity during the pandemic period based on a survey answered by 3,345 Brazilian academics from various knowledge areas and research institutions. Productivity was assessed by the ability to submit papers as planned and to meet deadlines during the initial period of social isolation in Brazil. The findings revealed that male academics - especially those without children - are the least affected group, whereas Black women and mothers are the most impacted groups. These impacts are likely a consequence of the well-known unequal division of domestic labor between men and women, which has been exacerbated during the pandemic. Additionally, our results highlight that racism strongly persists in academia, especially against Black women. The pandemic will have long-term effects on the career progression of the most affected groups. The results presented here are crucial for the development of actions and policies that aim to avoid further deepening the gender gap in academia.

The gender gap in the biological living standard in Spain. A study based on the heights of an elite migration to Mexico, 1840-1930.

This paper examines the evolution of the statures of Spanish male and female migrants who entered Mexico between the mid-nineteenth and the mid-twentieth century. Using the information contained in the National Registry of Foreigners created by the Mexican government, the paper also estimates the evolution of the gap between male and female migrants' heights. The inclusion of women and their heights in the registry allows the estimation of both male and female heights and the analysis of their evolution for a group of comparable individuals. The results show that Spanish migrants to Mexico grew taller between 1840 and 1930, and also reveal their character as a highly qualified group, with heights similar to those of the Latin-American elites and considerably higher than the statures of those who remained in Spain. In the long term, the differences between men and women decreased from more than 10 cm in the cohorts born in the mid-nineteenth century, to around 8-9 centimetres in the early twentieth century, coinciding with a period of profound economic and social transformations.

Why we shouldn’t blame women for gender disparity in academia: perspectives of women in zoology

The following letter, from a network of women zoologists, is a reply to the article of AlShebli et al. (2020), which suggests that female protégés reap more benefits when mentored by men and concludes that female mentors hinder the success of their female protégés and the quality of their impact. This contribution has two parts. First, we highlight the most relevant methodological flaws which, in our opinion, may have impacted the conclusions of AlShebli et al. (2020). Second, we discuss issues pertaining to women in science, bring a perspective of Women in Zoology and discuss how current diversity policies are positively changing our field.

Why we shouldnt blame women for gender disparity in academia: perspectives of women in zoology

ABSTRACT The following letter, from a network of women zoologists, is a reply to the article of AlShebli et al. (2020), which suggests that female protégés reap more benefits when mentored by men and concludes that female mentors hinder the success of their female protégés and the quality of their impact. This contribution has two parts. First, we highlight the most relevant methodological flaws which, in our opinion, may have impacted the conclusions of AlShebli et al. (2020). Second, we discuss issues pertaining to women in science, bring a perspective of Women in Zoology and discuss how current diversity policies are positively changing our field.

Why we shouldnt blame women for gender disparity in academia: perspectives of women in zoology

The following letter, from a network of women zoologists, is a reply to the article of AlShebli et al. (2020), which suggests that female protégés reap more benefits when mentored by men and concludes that female mentors hinder the success of their female protégés and the quality of their impact. This contribution has two parts. First, we highlight the most relevant methodological flaws which, in our opinion, may have impacted the conclusions of AlShebli et al. (2020). Second, we discuss issues pertaining to women in science, bring a perspective of Women in Zoology and discuss how current diversity policies are positively changing our field.(AU)

A longitudinal study of height gaps among Mexican children: Disparities and social inequity.

RATIONALE: Health outcomes such as height are important determinants of social inequities. OBJECTIVE: We assess height gaps in Mexico among boys and girls from distinct subpopulation groups over time. METHOD: We use longitudinal data from the first three waves of the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS) to analyze children's height differentials by gender and by indigenous and poverty status over 7-10 years. We control for children's characteristics, household factors, and mother's height and use the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition method to explain disparities in children's height across the three waves of the MxFLS. RESULTS: The main findings suggest that height inequalities among indigenous and extremely poor boys and girls, compared with their non-indigenous and less socioeconomically disadvantaged counterparts, are persistent. The results also reveal that height disparities among girls are consistently greater than those among boys in similar population groups and that height gaps increase over time for girls. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the relevance of social and economic determinants on children's growth potential and the need to examine the association of social determinants on health outcomes. They also underscore the necessity to design and implement public policies that consider a gender perspective.

Social, economic, and political events affect gender equity in China, Nepal, and Nicaragua: a matched, interrupted time-series study.

Background: Progress in gender equity can improve health at the individual and country levels.Objectives: This study's objective was to analyze recent trends in gender equity and identify historical and contextual factors that contributed to changes in gender equity in three countries: China, Nepal, and Nicaragua.Methods: To assess gender equity trends, we used the Gender Gap Index (GGI) from the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report (2006-2017). The GGI incorporated data on economic participation, educational attainment, health, and political empowerment for almost 150 countries. We selected China, Nepal, and Nicaragua because of their major changes in GGI and diversity in geographical location and economic status. We reviewed major social, economic, and political events during 2006-2017, and identified key events in each country. We compared countries' GGI with matched controls average using interrupted time-series analysis.Results: Nepal and Nicaragua both had dramatic increases in GGI (improvement in equity), Nepal (ß = 0.029; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.056) and Nicaragua (ß = 0.035; 95% CI: 0.005, 0.065). This was strongly influenced by political empowerment, which likely impacted access to education and employment opportunities. Despite major economic growth and new policies to address gender inequities (e.g. the One-Child Policy), China saw a significant decline in GGI between 2010 and 2017 (ß = -0.014; 95% CI: -0.024, -0.004), largely resulting from decreased gender equity in educational attainment, economic participation, and health/survival sub-indices.Conclusions: Key social, economic, and political events helped explain trends in countries' gender equity. Our study suggested that supportive social and political environments would play important roles in empowering women, which would advance human rights and promote health and well-being of individuals, households, communities, and countries.

Where are the female experts? Perceptions about the absence of female presenters at a Digital Health Conference in Bolivia.

BACKGROUND: Gender disparities exist worldwide related to female representation in digital health initiatives especially in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Upstream approaches and policy implementation has been effective in some countries to reduce the gender gap in the areas of political and sector leadership. At an international digital health conference in Bolivia, all-male expert panels presented their research and innovations to audiences from the Bolivian national and regional health departments and private and non-governmental organization heath leaders. METHODS: An in-depth qualitative analysis of participant perspectives related to the absence of female presenters at this digital health conference in Bolivia was performed. Using a cross-sectional research design, the questionnaire rated the respondents' satisfaction using Likert scales and their perspectives using open-ended questions. A multidisciplinary team of coders reviewed the respondents' responses in detail and developed general themes. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 80 respondents who completed the questionnaire from the 115 people attending the conference, giving a 70% response rate (80/115). Respondents were broadly represented in terms of gender, age, occupation and experience using digital health tools. The code structure contained five primary codes each reflecting sets of ideas and possible solutions for gender equality in science and health technology in Bolivia. The five recurrent themes, ranked from the most common mentioned to the least common, were: (I) opportunities and incentives (38%); (II) indifference (23%); (III) role models (18%); (IV) capacity strengthening and empowerment (15%); (V) norms and policies (7%). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study can be useful for preparing a more representative digital health field in Bolivia overtime. Conference respondents provide key recommendations to reduce gender inequality at digital health conferences and in the field. This study provides evidence from Bolivian health workers and officials on their perspectives related to the absence of female presenters at an international digital health conference and their suggestions for optimizing female participation and leadership at conferences and in the digital health field going forward.

Gender disparity in ICU staffing in Argentina.

PURPOSE: Gender disparities in healthcare are striking, notwithstanding an increase in female students and physicians. Underrepresentation of women in leadership positions is well-documented; however, information from low and middle-income countries (LMICs) is still sparse. The Argentinian Society of Intensive Care Medicine (SATI) aimed to characterize the gender composition in Argentine ICUs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between 8/1/2018 and 1/1/2019, 131 questionnaires were submitted to ICU Department Chairs of SATI research networks. Gender distribution of the different staffing levels, board certification and hospital characteristics were recorded. One-hundred and four were completed, including 2186 physicians; 44% were female. Female participation decreased with highest responsibility: only 23% of Department Chairs were female (P = .002 vs. the rest of the staffing categories, adjusted for multiple comparisons). Residents exhibited the highest proportion of female physicians (47%). Board certification was similar for both sexes (62.3% vs. 62.2%, P = .97). Female/male distribution in public and private hospitals was 47%/53% and 40/60% (P < .01), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data provide evidence of an important gender gap in ICU management in a LMIC. Women were poorly represented in the leadership positions, although qualifications were similar to men. Moreover, female physicians worked more frequently in the public health subsector, usually underfinanced in LMICs-a surrogate of a gender pay gap.

Household wealth and gender gap widening in height: Evidence from adolescents in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam.

This study investigates the relationship between household wealth and child height utilizing longitudinal data on 7150 children from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. The concept of conditional wealth is applied to separate the influence of wealth in early childhood. Conditional wealth is the change in wealth that was unpredicted at the age of 5 years. This study finds two dimensions of heterogeneity in the wealth-gradient of adolescent height: gender and stunting status at the age of 5 years. For all four countries in the study, the effect of conditional wealth on adolescent height is stronger for boys than for girls. The estimates for the pooled sample indicate that after the age of 5 years, the growth of children who were stunted at that age is significantly more responsive to conditional wealth than the growth of non-stunted children. The analysis results show that for boys in Ethiopia, a one-standard-deviation increase in preadolescence wealth is associated with an increase of 1 cm (standard error [SE]: 0.3) in height at the age of 15 years. For boys in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, Peru, and Vietnam, the corresponding figures are 1.1 cm (SE: 0.4), 1.8 cm (SE: 0.4), and 1.2 cm (SE: 0.4), respectively. The effect of preadolescence wealth on adolescent height is not statistically significant for girls, except in some regions. Overall, the results suggest that household wealth in preadolescence disproportionately benefits the male population in these countries when using height as a proxy for health.