ABSTRACT
Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es presentar y aplicar una herramienta metodológica para identificar las zonas en las cuales el acceso a los servicios de salud pudiera resultar difícil para la población debido a la barrera geográfica, tanto por su distancia al centro médico, como por su capacidad de desplazamiento, específicamente en los cantones de Curridabat, Escazú y Desamparados. Métodos: a partir de la división geográfica del país en unidades geoestadísticas mínimas realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, se calculó, por cada unidad, la distancia en minutos que se tardaría en recorrer caminando, por la ruta real más rápida, desde la unidad geoestadística mínima hasta la sede de su equipo básico de atención en salud asignado. Resultados: el 3,4% de la población estudiada vivía en una unidad geoestadística mínima clasificada como con dificultad importante de acceso a los servicios de salud, pues presentaba tanto la barrera física de la distancia, como poco desplazamiento en automotores y baja condición socioeconómica. Se identificaron 65 unidades geoestadísticas mínimas (sobre 2014 incluidas en el estudio) que se encontraban a más de 20 minutos caminando de la sede de su equipo básico de atención en salud y cuya población contaba con baja capacidad de desplazamiento y baja condición socioeconómica; la mayoría de ellas en el Área de Salud de Desamparados. Conclusión: este estudio presenta una herramienta metodológica para aplicar en la identificación de zonas a cuya población le pudiera resultar difícil el acceso geográfico a los servicios de salud, tanto por su distancia a un centro médico, como por su capacidad de desplazamiento, específicamente en los cantones de Curridabat, Escazú y Desamparados.
Aim: The objective of this study is to present and apply a methodological tool to identify the areas in which the inhabitants could have geographic access difficulties as a barrier to access to health services, both because of its distance from the health center and its mobility capacity, specifically in the cantons of Curridabat, Escazú and Desamparados. Methods: Based on the geographical division of the country into minimum geostatistical units carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, the distance in minutes that it would take to walk it was calculated for each unit, based on the actual fastest route between the minimum geostatistical unit and the headquarters of its assigned basic health care team. Results: An 3.4% of the studied population lived in a minimum geostatistical unit classified as having significant difficulty accessing health services since they accumulated both the physical barrier of distance and little mobility in automobiles. 65 minimum geostatistical units were identified (out of 2014 included in the study) as being at more than 20 minutes walking from the basic health care team, with a population with low mobility capacity, and consequently low socioeconomic status. Most of these were found in the Desamparados Health Area. Conclusion: This study presents and applies a methodological tool to identify the areas in which the inhabitants could have geographic access difficulties as a barrier to access to health services, both due to their distance from the health center and their mobility capacity, in Curridabat, Escazú and Desamparados.
Subject(s)
Socioeconomic Factors , Geographic Locations , Health Services Accessibility , Costa Rica , Delivery of Health CareABSTRACT
RESUMEN En este trabajo se zonifica el riesgo de fiebre amarilla en La Macarena (departamento del Meta, Colombia), en función de amenazas ambientales y vulnerabilidades socioeconómicas. Se realizó un estudio ecológico en el que se integraron, en un sistema de información geográfica, datos publicados entre 2007 y 2013 sobre las condiciones del municipio. A través de superposición de capas cartográficas se obtuvieron magnitudes de amenaza y vulnerabilidad proporcionales al grado de severidad. Como resultado se describe la heterogeneidad espacial del riesgo de fiebre amarilla, la cual sugiere que las áreas circundantes a centros poblados, vías y ríos presentan la mayor probabilidad de transmisión. Se concluye que la representación cartográfica de la distribución espacial del riesgo en el municipio constituye un aporte metodológico a la zonificación de riesgos en salud, en espacios geográficos concretos y en función de amenazas y vulnerabilidades, lo cual facilita la toma de decisiones en salud pública.
ABSTRACT This paper attempts to zone yellow fever risk in La Macarena (department of Meta, Colombia) in terms of environmental hazards and socio-economic vulnerabilities. An ecological study was carried out, in which data published from 2007 to 2013 on conditions of the municipality were integrated into a geographic information system. Through a superposition of map layers, magnitudes of hazard and vulnerability proportional to the degree of severity were obtained. As a result the spatial heterogeneity of the risk of yellow fever was described, suggesting that the areas surrounding populated centers, roads and rivers present the highest probability of transmission. It is concluded that the cartographic representation of the spatial distribution of risk in the municipality constitutes a methodological contribution to health risk zoning - in concrete geographical areas and based on hazards and vulnerabilities - which facilitates decision-making in public health.
Subject(s)
Humans , Yellow Fever/epidemiology , Geographic Mapping , Yellow Fever/etiology , Risk Factors , Colombia/epidemiology , Risk Assessment , Geographic Information SystemsABSTRACT
Abstract: The medical-dermatological demographics favors health planning and guides expansion of the specialty. We conducted an ecological study of dermatologists members of the Brazilian Society of Dermatology (SBD). We evaluated: gender, age, address; which were compared with population and human development index indicators of municipalities. We evaluated 8384 members, distributed in 527 (9.5%) municipalities throughout Brazil. The female sex represented 78.4% of the members and the median age was 43 (36-54) years. The median density of dermatologists was 0.35 (0.21-0.37) per 10,000 inhabitants. The correlation (Spearman's rho) between density of dermatologists and human development index was 0.39 (p <0.01). The Brazilian dermatologist is characterized as: female, age <50 years and presenting an heterogeneous distribution throught the country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Population Density , Dermatologists/supply & distribution , Societies, Medical/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Cities/statistics & numerical data , Sex Distribution , Age DistributionABSTRACT
Resumen Estudio de corte trasversal cuyo objetivo fue identificar presencia de barreras geográficas de acceso a salud y elaborar un inventario de prestadores de salud oral del departamento de Nariño, con información de 64 municipios. Metodología: se desarrolló un sistema de medida de distancia y tiempo, identificando el tiempo de viaje que toma el desplazamiento de un municipio hasta la capital en diferentes medios de transporte. Como determinante de barrera de acceso: tiempo de viaje mayor a cuatro horas y distancia mayor a 25 km. Resultados: se identificaron 305 prestadores públicos, 1062 privados; en salud oral 670 prestadores. Nariño cuenta con primer nivel de atención en todos los municipios, segundo en cuatro y tercero en Pasto. De los 64 municipios tres no tienen barrera de acceso. Conclusiones: el tiempo de viaje y el medio de transporte son determinantes de barrera de acceso a salud, especialmente en las áreas del Pacífico de Nariño.
Abstract A cross-sectional study aimed to identify the existence of geographic barriers to health care and to conduct an inventory of health care institutions in Narino with information from the sixty- four municipalities in the state. Methods: A measurement system was developed to identify the travel time from a municipality to Pasto in different means of transportation. A travel time of more than 4 hours or a distance longer than 25 km were considered access barriers. Results: Narino has 305 providers in public sector, 1062 in private sector; 670 oral health providers was identify. Narino has primary health care providers in the entire state, second level in four and third level only in Pasto. From the 64 municipalities analyzed, 3 did not have access barriers in terms of travel time or distance. Conclusions: The travel time and the means of transportation generate access barriers to health care services in Narino, accentuated in pacific area.
Resumo Estudo transversal teve como objetivo identificar a presença de barreiras geográficas ao acesso à saúde e desenvolver um inventário dos provedores de saúde departamento de Nariño oral, com informações de 64 municípios. Metodologia: Um sistema de medição foi desenvolvido distância e tempo, identificando o tempo de viagem leva o deslocamento de um município à capital em diferentes meios de transporte. Como determinante da barreira de acesso: mais tempo de viagem para quatro horas e superior a 25 km de distância. Resultados: 305 prestadores públicos, privados de 1062 foram identificados; 670 provedores de saúde bucal. Nariño tem primeiro nível de atenção em todos os municípios, quatro segundo e terceiro em Pasto. Dos 64 municípios de três não têm barreira de acesso. Conclusões: o tempo de viagem e os meios de transporte são o acesso barreira decisiva para a saúde, especialmente nas áreas de Nariño Pacífico.