Enteric parasites Cyclospora cayetanensis and Cryptosporidium hominis in domestic and wildlife animals in Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Enteric parasitic infections remain a major public health problem globally. Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. and Giardia spp. are parasites that cause diarrhea in the general populations of both developed and developing countries. Information from molecular genetic studies on the speciation of these parasites and on the role of animals as vectors in disease transmission is lacking in Ghana. This study therefore investigated these diarrhea-causing parasites in humans, domestic rats and wildlife animals in Ghana using molecular tools. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from asymptomatic school children aged 9-12 years living around the Shai Hills Resource Reserve (tourist site), from wildlife (zebras, kobs, baboons, ostriches, bush rats and bush bucks) at the same site, from warthogs at the Mole National Park (tourist site) and from rats at the Madina Market (a popular vegetable market in Accra, Ghana. The 18S rRNA gene (18S rRNA) and 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60) for Cryptosporidium spp., the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) for Giardia spp. and the 18S rDNA for Cyclospora spp. were analyzed in all samples by PCR and Sanger sequencing as markers of speciation and genetic diversity. RESULTS: The parasite species identified in the fecal samples collected from humans and animals included the Cryptosporidium species C. hominis, C. muris, C. parvum, C. tyzzeri, C. meleagridis and C. andersoni; the Cyclopora species C. cayetanensis; and the Gardia species, G. lamblia and G. muris. For Cryptosporidium, the presence of the gp60 gene confirmed the finding of C. parvum (41%, 35/85 samples) and C. hominis (29%, 27/85 samples) in animal samples. Cyclospora cayetanensis was found in animal samples for the first time in Ghana. Only one human sample (5%, 1/20) but the majority of animal samples (58%, 51/88) had all three parasite species in the samples tested. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results of fecal sample testing for parasites, we conclude that animals and human share species of the three genera (Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora, Giardia), with the parasitic species mostly found in animals also found in human samples, and vice-versa. The presence of enteric parasites as mixed infections in asymptomatic humans and animal species indicates that they are reservoirs of infections. This is the first study to report the presence of C. cayetanensis and C. hominis in animals from Ghana. Our findings highlight the need for a detailed description of these parasites using high-throughput genetic tools to further understand these parasites and the neglected tropical diseases they cause in Ghana where such information is scanty.

Frecuencia de parasitismo intestinal en niños con diarrea persistente en el Área Sanitaria Sur de Sevilla

RESUMEN Introducción: La diarrea persistente está incluida en una gran categoría denominada síndrome de diarrea crónica, problema relativamente común de consulta médica en la edad pediátrica. La importancia y prevalencia de la diarrea persistente de etiología parasitaria es poco conocida en España. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal en niños con síndrome de diarrea persistente, así como las características clínicas asociadas a la etiología parasitaria en el Área Sanitaria Sur de Sevilla (España). Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y de corte transversal realizado en un año (mayo de 2017-mayo de 2018). Se incluyeron a pacientes en edad pediátrica que consultaban por cuadro diarreico superior a 2 semanas y/o dolor abdominal. El estudio de laboratorio incluyó la determinación de sustancias reductoras, leucocitos fecales y grasas, además del estudio de la etiología infecciosa (bacterias, virus o parásitos). Resultados: De los 777 niños incluidos, 406 (52,3 %) correspondían al sexo masculino y 37 (147,7 %) al sexo femenino, con edades entre 1 mes y 14 años (mediana= 6 años). La presencia de parásitos fue detectada en el 6,9 % (54/777) de las muestras. Cuando se estratificaron los resultados por tipo de parasito, se observó que el 24,1% (13 casos) correspondía a Giardia sp., 14,8 % (8 casos) a Cryptosporidium sp., 55,6 % (30 casos) a Blastocystis sp., 3,6 % (2 casos) a Dientamoeba sp. y 1,9 % (1 caso) a Endolimax sp. Conclusiones: Los resultados revelan un escenario en el que la prevalencia de parásitos con valor clínico demostrado fue del 2,7 %. Esto lleva a considerar la conveniencia de incluir el estudio de parásitos en una segunda fase, después de descartar otras condiciones clínicas más prevalentes en niños con diarrea persistente, además de limitar el estudio de parásitos a la detección de Giardia sp. y Cryptosporidium sp.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Persistent diarrhea belongs in a large category known as chronic diarrhea syndrome, a relatively common concern in children's medical consultation. The importance and prevalence of persistent diarrhea of parasitic etiology are not sufficiently known in Spain. Objective: Determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite infection in children with persistent diarrhea syndrome and the clinical characteristics associated to its parasitic etiology in Seville South Health Area (Spain). Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted during one year (May 2017 to May 2018) of patients in pediatric ages who attended consultation for a diarrhea picture of more than two weeks' evolution and/or abdominal pain. Laboratory testing included determination of reducing substances, fecal leukocytes and fats, as well as of the causative agents of the infection (bacteria, viruses or parasites). Results: Of the 777 children included in the study, 406 (52.3%) were male and 37 (147.7%) were female; mean age was six years (1 month to 14 years). Parasites were detected in 6.9% (54/777) of the samples. Stratification of results by parasite type showed that 24.1% (13 cases) corresponded to Giardia sp., 14.8 % (8 cases) to Cryptosporidium sp., 55.6 % (30 cases) to Blastocystis sp., 3.6 % (2 cases) to Dientamoeba sp. y 1.9 % (1 case) to Endolimax sp. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, the prevalence of parasites with demonstrated clinical value is 2.7%. It is therefore advisable to include the study of parasites in a second stage, after ruling out other clinical conditions which are more prevalent in children with persistent diarrhea, and limit the study to the detection of Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp.

Uso de secnidazol y homeopatía para el control de giardiasis en perros / Use of secnidazole and homeopathy for giardiasis control in dogs

RESUMEN Los perros con infecciones por Giardia tienen diarrea que persiste durante días, incluso después del tratamiento. Manejamos la giardiasis canina usando dos enfoques distintos: tratamiento con el secnidazol antiprotozoario solo; y secnidazol más un producto homeopático indicado para el control de la diarrea en perros. Tratamiento I: Diez perros beagle mostraron signos clínicos de diarrea severa. Sus heces revelaron una gran cantidad de quistes compatibles con Giardia sp. Por lo tanto, tratamos a los perros con secnidazol (10 mg/kg, dosis única) por vía oral. Cinco días después del tratamiento, todos los perros fueron negativos para Giardia spp. Tratamiento II: Tres meses después, los mismos diez Beagles nuevamente presentaron diarrea. Se recogieron las heces, revelando Giardia sp. en todos los perros. Esta vez, los tratamos con un antiprotozoo (secnidazol, dosis de 10 mg/kg) combinado con un medicamento homeopático comercial para el control de la diarrea (dosis de 3 g/animal a intervalos de 12 h). Descubrimos que se necesitaban de tres a cinco dosis homeopáticas para lograr puntajes fecales normales en todos los perros. Después de 5 días de tratamiento, las muestras de heces tuvieron una consistencia normal y fueron negativas para Giardia. Este es el primer registro de uso de secnidazol para el control de la giardiasis canina asociado con homeopáticos para evitar la diarrea.

ABSTRACT Dogs with Giardia infections have diarrhea that persists for days, even after treatment. We managed canine giardiasis using two distinct approaches: treatment with the antiprotozoan secnidazole alone; and secnidazole plus a homeopathic product that is indicated for control of diarrhea in dogs. Treatment I: Ten beagle dogs showed clinical signs of severe diarrhea. Their feces revealed large numbers of cysts consistent with Giardia sp. Therefore, we treated the dogs with secnidazole (10 mg/kg, single dose) given orally. Five days after treatment, all dogs were negative for Giardia spp. Treatment II: Three months later, the same ten Beagles again presented with diarrhea. Feces were collected, revealing Giardia sp. in all dogs. This time, we treated them with an antiprotozoan (secnidazole, 10 mg/kg dose) combined with a commercial homeopathic drug for diarrhea control (3 g dose/animal at 12 h interval). We found that three to five homeopathic doses were needed to achieve normal fecal scores in all dogs. After 5 days of treatment, stool samples had normal consistency and were negative for Giardia. This is the first record of using secnidazole to control canine giardiasis associated with homeopathic drugs to prevent diarrhea.

Asymptomatic Effluent Protozoa Colonization in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.

Currently, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem. Considering the impaired immunity of CKD patients, the relevance of infection in peritoneal dialysis (PD), and the increased prevalence of parasites in CKD patients, protozoa colonization was evaluated in PD effluent from CKD patients undergoing PD. Overnight PD effluent was obtained from 49 asymptomatic stable PD patients. Protozoa analysis was performed microscopically by searching cysts and trophozoites in direct wet mount of PD effluent and after staining smears. Protozoa were found in PD effluent of 10.2% of evaluated PD patients, namely Blastocystis hominis, in 2 patients, and Entamoeba sp., Giardia sp., and Endolimax nana in the other 3 patients, respectively. None of these patients presented clinical signs or symptoms of peritonitis at the time of protozoa screening. Our results demonstrate that PD effluent may be susceptible to asymptomatic protozoa colonization. The clinical impact of this finding should be further investigated.

[Genetic profiling of Giardia intestinalis by polimerase chain in human and dogs samples of Colombian Caribean Coast]. / Caracterización genética por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de Giardia intestinalis en muestras de humanos y perros del Caribe colombiano.

INTRODUCTION: Giardia intestinalis (G. Intestinalis) is a protozoan that causes diarrheal disease and malabsorption syndrome in humans and other mammals. It presents a high genetic diversity evidenced in the recognition of 7 genotypes (A-G). Genotypes A and B are commonly associated to humans and domestic animals such as dogs. The aim of this study was to conduct a preliminary genetic characterization of G. intestinalis in humans and dogs from two cities on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. METHODS: Sampling areas were selected according to the highest numbers of acute diarrheal disease. Stool samples were collected from children under 7 years old, with positive medical tests for G. intestinalis. Cysts were purified by sucrose gradient and DNA samples were isolated by extraction with organic solvents. Molecular characterization was performed by amplifying the gene triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) by using a semi-nested PCR. RESULTS: A total of 202 samples of DNA were obtained; of these, 111 were positive in coproparasitological analysis (13 dogs and 98 children). Genotype distribution in positive samples was: 5.1% belonged to genotype A and 92.3% to genotype B. Genotype B was present in humans and animals. CONCLUSIONS: The most common genotype in both human and animal samples was genotype B, suggesting a zoonotic transmission cycle.

Frequência de enteroparasitos em amostras de fezes de cães em um município do pontal do Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Frequency of intestinal parasites in dog stool samples in a town of the Pontal do Triângulo region, Minas Gerais state, Brazil

Os cães são considerados importantes reservatórios de parasitos intestinais com potencial zoonótico associado à íntima convivência com o ser humano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência de cistos de Giardia sp. e oocistos de coccídeos em amostras de fezes de cães comercializados em pet shops e daqueles recolhidos pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) do município de Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais. Foram coletadas 80 amostras de fezes de cães de ambos os sexos (40 porcento filhotes e 60 porcento adultos) em canis individuais e coletivos. Os cistos foram isolados das amostras utilizando-se solução de Sheather e os oocistos, segundo o protocolo de Ortega-Mora modificado (1999). Verificou-se que 34 (42,5 porcento) amostras apresentaram positividade para cistos de Giardia sp., sendo 26 (51,0 porcento) de cães do CCZ e 8 (27,6 porcento) dos pet shops. Quanto à presença de oocistos nas amostras de fezes, foi observada a frequência de 13,7 porcento (7) nos cães oriundos do CCZ e de 34,5 porcento (10) naqueles de pet shops. A elevada frequência de cistos de Giardia sp. e de oocistos de coccídeos nas amostras de fezes de animais de ambos os locais pode estar relacionada à exposição dos cães às formas evolutivas dos parasitos e à ausência de tratamento antiparasitário. A aglomeração de animais em canis/pet shops favorece o risco de transmissão de parasitos intestinais com elevado potencial zoonótico para os animais e pessoas que com eles convivem...

Dogs are considered important reservoirs of intestinal parasites due to their coprophagic behavior and close interaction with humans. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia spp. cysts and of coccidia oocysts in dog stool samples collected at the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) and at pet shops in Ituiutaba town, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Eighty stool samples (40 percent puppies and 60 percent adult dogs) were collected from dogs of both genders in individual and collective kennels. Cysts were then isolated from the samples using Sheather’s solution, and the oocysts were isolated in accordance with a modified version of the protocol by Ortega-Mora (1999). Thirty-four (42.5 percent ) of dog samples were found to be positive for Giardia spp., 26 (51.0 percent ) of which came from the CCZ, and 8 of which (27.6 percent ) came from the pet shops. There was a prevalence of 13.72 percent (7) of oocysts in stool samples of CCZ dogs, and of 34.48 percent (10) oocysts in pet shop animals. The high prevalence of Giardia spp. cysts and oocysts in the samples may be associated with exposure to parasites from stray dogs. Clustering of animals in collective kennels or pet shops promotes the risk of intestinal parasite transmission with high zoonotic potential for the animals and for the people living with them...

Prevalência de Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia sp em eqüinos estabulados no Jockey Club de Santa Maria - RS, Brasil / Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia sp. infection in horses stabled in the Jockey Club of Santa Maria - RS, Brazil

O Cryptosporidium spp. e a Giardia sp. são atualmente reconhecidos como os principais patógenos entéricos com potencial zoonótico. O presente estudo visou estabelecer a prevalência desses protozoários em eqüinos hospedados no Jockey Club de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, no período de 19 de maio a 30 de junho de 2007. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes, diretamente da ampola retal, de 64 animais. As amostras de fezes foram processadas por meio do método de centrifugação-flutuação de Faust modificado. Posteriormente essas amostras foram visualizadas ao microscópio óptico para a pesquisa de cistos e oocistos. Os resultados encontrados revelaram a presença de Cryptosporidium spp. em 75% (48/64) das amostras. Cistos de Giardia sp. não foram encontrados nas amostras de fezes analisadas. A freqüência de Cryptosporidium spp. nas diferentes faixas etárias foi de 83,3% (15/18) nos potros até dois anos de idade, 71% (22/31) nos jovens entre dois e cinco anos e 80% (12/15) nos adultos. Os resultados demonstram que o Cryptosporidium spp. está amplamente disseminado na população de eqüinos do Jockey Club de Santa Maria e pode representar uma fonte de infecção significativa para a população da região.

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia sp. are currently recognised as the main enteric pathogens with potential zoonotic transmission risk. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of these parasites in horses stabled in the Santa Maria Jockey Club between May 19 and June 30, 2007. Fecal samples from 64 horses were collected directly from the animals’ rectal ampoule. The 64 fecal samples were processed using modified Faust’s method through the centrifugation-floatation technique, and were then later visualized under optical microscope for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia sp. cysts. The results showed the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in 75% (48/64) of the samples. Giardia sp. cysts were not found in the fecal samples analysed. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in foals below two years of age was 83.3% (15/18); 71% (22/31) in young foals aged between three and five years of age, and 80 percent (12/15) in adult horses. These results show that Cryptosporidium spp. is widely disseminated in this population, and it can represent an important source of infection for the population in the region.

Comparação da infecção por protozoários em chinchila (Chinchilla lanigera) de uma criação comercial do município de Viamão-RS, Brasil, e de chinchilas no seu habitat natural, Chile / Comparison of protozoan infection between chinchillas chinchilla lanigera) from a commercial breeding facility in southern Brazil and chinchillas from a natural reserve in Chile

Chinchilla lanígera é um roedor proveniente do Chile e sua criação é com fins comerciais. As doencas parasitarias, principalmente giardíase podem causar problemas clínicos e sanitarios, causando perdas produtivas e económicas. Foram colhidas amostras de fezes de 220 chinchilas de urna criação comercial no sul do Brasil e 35 amostras de chinchilas da Reserva Nacional las Chinchillas no Chile, e submetidas ão método de Faust e colaboradores. O total de amostras positivas para cistos de Giardia sp. foi de 31,37 por cento (80/255); da criação comercial foi de 36,36 por cento(80/220). O número de amostras que apresentaram mais de 5 cistos/campo foi 4,55 por cento(10/220). Todas as amostras dos animáis da Reserva foram negativas. Não houve associação entre a positividade e a faixa etária dos animais analisados.

Chinchilla lanígera is a rodent native to Chile which is bred for commercial purposes. Parasitic diseases, mainly giardiasis, may cause clinical and sanitary problems and lead to production and economic losses. Fecal samples were collected from 220 chinchillas pertaining to a commercial breeding facility in southern Brazil and from 35 chinchillas from Las Chinchillas National Reserve in Chile. All samples were analyzed using the method proposed by Faust et al. Positive samples for Giardia cysts amounted to 31.37 percent (80/255); 36.36 percent (80/220) was recovered from the commercial breeding facility. The rate of samples with over 5 cysts/field was equivalent to 4.55 percent (10/220). All of the samples collected from the National Reserve were negative for Giardia sp. No association was found between positive rates for Giardia sp. and the age of chinchillas.

Ocorrência de Giardia sp. e Cryptosporidium sp. em Leopardus weidii de vida livre / Occurrence of Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. in Leopardus weidii of wild life

Leopardus weiidi (gato-maracajá) é um mamífero neotropical de ampla distribuição no Brasil. No município de Cachoeira do Sul, RS, um exemplar foi capturado para tratamento, quando se coletou uma amostra de fezes, que foi analisada pelo método de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco para pesquisa de parasitos. Foi observada elevada infecção por cistos de Giardia sp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp.. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que L. weeidi é hospedeiro desses protozoários.

Leopardus weiidi (gato-maracajá) is a neo-tropical mammal with has a wide distribution in Brazil. In the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul, RS, a fecal sample from a specimen captured for treatment was collected and analyzed by the centrifugal-flotation method with zinc sulfate for research of parasites. A large number of cysts of Giardia sp. and oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. was observed. The results indicate that L. weeidi is a host of these protozoa.