ABSTRACT
Gypsum plays a prominent role in agriculture, being considered an effective alternative to alleviate subsurface acidity due to its higher solubility and containing sulfur. However, another significant aspect is which pose long-term risks of groundwater contamination due to excessive applications of salts, pesticides, and other chemicals that will be leached, or even soil chemical depletion. So far, no study has focused on understanding the impacts of the atmospheric gypsum plume originating from gibbsite mining and processing on the leaching of soil bases and chemical degradation surrounding these sites. In this study, we evaluated the behavior of chemical characteristics in soil profiles distributed along the dispersion of the atmospheric plume and in areas without interference from the industrial sector in the state of Maranhão, Northeast Brazil. Fifty-three sampling points were collected at 7 locations based on the dispersion of the dust plume through wind drift. Each sampling point was represented by three composite soil samples at depths of 0.0-0.20, 0.40-0.60, and 1.00-1.20 m, where the chemical soil characteristics were evaluated. The average levels of Ca, Mg, and K in the studied layers are classified as low, with minimum values below the method's detection limit, and they also show imbalance due to higher concentrations of Ca in the surface layer in areas affected by atmospheric dispersion. The sum and saturation of bases at all depths are classified as low. Higher aluminum saturation values were observed in the deeper soil layers. The gypsum dust altered the soil's chemical characteristics at the evaluated depths; therefore, it is necessary to seek means to mitigate gypsum dust release during gibbsite extraction and processing and ensure that the soils in areas near these enterprises maintain their natural characteristics.
ABSTRACT
Our goal was to analyze the impact of a multipractice soil conservationist system on coffee production in tropical soils (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO caulinítico/kaolinitic Haplustox and LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-gibbsítico/gibbsitic Acrustox) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. In the experimental area, the soil management involved a set of multiple conservationist practices during cultivation for more than 3.5 yrs. Soil samples were collected at 0-5, 10-15, and 20-25 cm depths at two positions: planting rows and between rows. The soil physical and mechanical properties were determined, with a focus mainly on the preconsolidation stress model (preconsolidation stress versus matric tension). For the purpose of analysis, a split-split plot experimental design was implemented. A linear mixed regression model (LMR) was fitted, and Wald's test was performed (P < 0.05). An improvement of soil physical quality for both Oxisols was observed at the planting row position. The effects of multipractice soil management after 3.5 yrs of cultivation in association with increased gibbsite content could promote new soil structure organization, as revealed by LMR, resulting in more resilient soils (between rows) and increasing the resistance to external pressures on gibbsitic Acrustox. Overall, the findings herein are in concordance with global trends towards conservationist practices that may alleviate soil compaction in agricultural systems to maintain environmental sustainability.(AU)
Nosso objetivo foi analisar o impacto de um sistema de manejo do solo com multi-práticas conservacionistas para o cultivo cafeeiro em solos tropicais (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO-AMARELO caulinítico/ kaolinitic Haplustox and LATOSSOLO VERMELHO gibbsítico/ gibbsitic Acrustox) em Minas Gerais, Brasil. Na área experimental, o manejo do solo incluiu um conjunto de multi-práticas conservacionistas por mais de 3,5 anos. Amostras de solo foram coletadas em 0-5; 10-15; e profundidades de 20 a 25 cm em duas posições: linha e entrelinha. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas do solo foram determinadas, concentrando-se principalmente na modelagem da compactação (estresse de pré-consolidação versus tensão matricial). Para fins de análise, foi considerado o delineamento experimental de parcelas subsubdivididas. Foi ajustado o modelo de regressão linear mista (RLM), bem como o teste F de Wald (P < 0,05). Melhorias na qualidade física do solo em ambos os Latossolos foi observada na linha de plantio. Os efeitos do sistema de manejo multipráticas usado após 3,5 anos de cultivo associado ao maior conteúdo de gibbsita podem promover uma nova organização da estrutura do solo revelada pelo RLM, que resulta em solos mais resilientes (na entrelinha), melhorando a resistência às pressões externas aplicadas ao Latossolo gibbsítico. No geral, os resultados aqui apresentadas estão de acordo com as tendências globais em direção a práticas conservacionistas que podem aliviar a compactação do solo em sistemas agrícolas e manter a sustentabilidade ambiental.(AU)
Subject(s)
Soil , 24444 , Linear Models , CoffeeABSTRACT
Recently, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted much consideration due to their versatility and easily manipulating properties and their potential applications such as anion exchangers, support of catalysts, flame retardants, biomedical drug delivery. A novel method for the in-situ preparation in situ of LDHs, using electrocoagulation (EC) processes was developed, the EC process was performed under two different conditions, at 5 mA m-2, changing polarity of the electrodes to find out the composition that leads to LDHs generation. The final product was characterized using XRD, BET and FTIR techniques. This method presented the following advantages: (1) Simultaneously LDHs synthesis and wastewater treatment by ion removal; (2) Polarity control allows to manipulate the M2+/M3+ molar ratio, LDHs properties and its potential applications; (3) The method spent less time to carry out the synthesis and; (4) it did not need complicated solid-liquid separation processes.
ABSTRACT
Several methods to remove arsenic from water have been considered, including co-precipitation with Fe and Al (hydr)oxides. Such compounds are considered very effective to remove As from contaminated water due to strong bindings between them. Three Fe:Al molar ratios (100:0, 80:20, and 60:40) were used to synthesize aluminum, ferrous, and ferric (hydr)oxides by precipitation in water highly contaminated with arsenite (50 and 500 mg L-1). The method was very efficient for all treatments (> 93%) at the beginning of the incubation period, excepted the one with 60:40 Fe(II):Al molar ratio at the higher As concentration (500 mg L-1) in which gibbsite was identified in precipitated phases. In spite of the high efficiency, however, the threshold for drinking water was not attained, mainly to the higher As concentration, even 84 days after precipitation. At this high concentration of arsenite, even the required threshold for effluent discharge was not attained in some treatments. The sludge resulting from treatments with higher As concentration were considered hazardous according to results from leaching test and corroborated by BCR extractions. Arsenic associated with Al and adsorbed phases were also assessed by extractions with NH4F and KH2PO4, respectively. In general, the presence of Al increased the efficiency as well as the stability of the sludge resulting from Fe (II) treatments, but did not affect Fe (III) treatments, which were more efficient for As removal.
Subject(s)
Aluminum Compounds/chemistry , Arsenites/analysis , Ferric Compounds/chemistry , Ferrous Compounds/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Purification/methods , Adsorption , Chemical Precipitation , OxidesABSTRACT
Soil vestiges might provide information about a crime scene. The Rietveld method with X-ray diffraction data (RM-XRD) is a nondestructive technique that makes it possible to characterize minerals present in the soils. Soil clays from the metropolitan region of Curitiba (Brazil) were submitted to DCB treatment and analyzed using XRD with CuKα radiation in the step-scan mode (0.02° 2θ/5 s). The GSAS+EXPGUI software was used for RM refinement. The RM-XRD results, together with the principal component analysis (PCA) (52.6% total variance), showed the kaolinite predominance in most analyzed samples and the highest quartz contents in "site 1." Higher anatase, and gibbsite and muscovite contents influenced discrimination, mainly in "site 3" and "site 1," respectively. These results were enough to discriminate clays of four sites and two horizons using a reduced amount of sample showing that the technique can be applied to the investigation into soil vestiges.
ABSTRACT
Studies analyzing the variability of clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility provide data for the delineation of site-specific management areas since many of their attributes are important to agronomy and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of clay minerals, magnetic susceptibility, adsorbed phosphorus and physical attributes in Oxisols of sandstones in different geomorphic surfaces. For that purpose, soil samples were collected every 25 m along a transect located within the area where the geomorphic surfaces were identified and mapped. The transect occupied the central portion of 500 ha, where it was also sampled for density purposes with one sample per six hectares. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m. The results of the physical, chemical, mineralogical and magnetic susceptibility analyses were subjected to statistical and geostatistical analyses. The nature of the clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility was dependent on the variation of the soil parent material. High values of magnetic susceptibility were associated with the presence of maghemite and magnetite of coarse size. The spatial variability of crystallinity and the content of Fe oxides, as well as magnetic susceptibility, were dependent on the age of the geomorphic surfaces. The youngest surface had greater spatial variability of these attributes. The iron (goethite and hematite) and aluminum (gibbsite) oxides in the youngest geomorphic surface influenced the low values of soil density and high values of total pore volume, micropores and P adsorption. The characterization of the spatial variability of Fe oxides and susceptibility allowed for the delineation of homogeneous areas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Clay/chemistry , Soil Characteristics/analysis , Soil Characteristics/methods , Magnetic PhenomenaABSTRACT
Studies analyzing the variability of clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility provide data for the delineation of site-specific management areas since many of their attributes are important to agronomy and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of clay minerals, magnetic susceptibility, adsorbed phosphorus and physical attributes in Oxisols of sandstones in different geomorphic surfaces. For that purpose, soil samples were collected every 25 m along a transect located within the area where the geomorphic surfaces were identified and mapped. The transect occupied the central portion of 500 ha, where it was also sampled for density purposes with one sample per six hectares. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m. The results of the physical, chemical, mineralogical and magnetic susceptibility analyses were subjected to statistical and geostatistical analyses. The nature of the clay minerals and magnetic susceptibility was dependent on the variation of the soil parent material. High values of magnetic susceptibility were associated with the presence of maghemite and magnetite of coarse size. The spatial variability of crystallinity and the content of Fe oxides, as well as magnetic susceptibility, were dependent on the age of the geomorphic surfaces. The youngest surface had greater spatial variability of these attributes. The iron (goethite and hematite) and aluminum (gibbsite) oxides in the youngest geomorphic surface influenced the low values of soil density and high values of total pore volume, micropores and P adsorption. The characterization of the spatial variability of Fe oxides and susceptibility allowed for the delineation of homogeneous areas.
Subject(s)
Clay/chemistry , Soil Characteristics/analysis , Soil Characteristics/methods , Magnetic PhenomenaABSTRACT
No Estado de Santa Catarina há Argissolos com horizonte subsuperficial escurecido com morfologia semelhante à dos horizontes sômbricos dos sistemas de classifi cação norteamericano (Soil Taxonomy - ST) e da FAO (World Reference Base WRB), mas existem dúvidas quanto à possibilidade de serem horizontes A enterrados. O presente trabalho avaliou a composição mineralógica das frações silte e argila dos horizontes genéticos de três Argissolos (Vermelho, Amarelo e Bruno-Acinzentado) com horizontes diagnósticos subsuperficiais similares ao sômbrico, localizados na região leste catarinense, objetivando identificar possíveis descontinuidades litológicas influenciando a gênese desses horizontes escuros. As amostras dos Argissolos foram coletadas nos municípios de Içara, Rancho Queimado e Alfredo Wagner. Na fração TFSA procedeu-se à separação das frações silte e argila para análises por difratometria de raios-X (DRX), analisadas respectivamente em pó e em lâminas de argila orientada. Parte das amostras da fração argila, após eliminação da matéria orgânica e dos óxidos de ferro, foi saturada com magnésio e solvatada com etileno-glicol. Outra parte foi saturada com potássio e submetida a várias temperaturas. As análises por DRX indicaram haver descontinuidade litológica nos Argissolos Amarelo e Bruno-Acinzentado, sugerindo que nesses solos os horizontes subsuperfi ciais escuros sejam antigos A enterrados, e não horizontes sômbricos. O Argissolo Vermelho de Içara não apresentou evidências de descontinuidade na litologia entre os horizontes, podendo indicar um horizonte sômbrico, o que depende de maiores investigações. A mineralogia da fração argila revelou predominância de caulinita nos Argissolos, e quantidades expressivas de vermiculita com polímeros de hidróxi-alumínio nas entrecamadas, além de gibbsita, illita e quartzo. No silte, os difratogramas indicaram somente quartzo em quantidades detectáveis, demonstrando não haver reserva mineral nesses solos.(AU)
In the Santa Catarina state there occurs darkened subsurface horizon in Ultisols, whose morphology is similar to the sombric horizons of the Soil Taxonomy and FAO classifi cation systems. But there are doubts about the possibility of there being buried horizons. The present study aimed to identify lithologic discontinuities in mineralogy of the silt and clay fractions of three Ultisols (red, yellow and brown-gray) which exhibit similar morphology to sombric horizons, located in the eastern region of Santa Catarina state. Samples. were collected in the Ultisols from Içara, Rancho Queimado e Alfredo Wagner municipalities. In the samples TFSA proceeded to separate the silt and clay samples for analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) , respectively analyzed in powder and oriented clay slides . Part of the clay samples, after removal of organic matter and the iron oxides was saturated with magnesium and saturated with ethylene glycol. After being analyzed by X-ray diffraction the samples saturated with magnesium underwent saturation with thylene glycol. The samples that were saturated with potassium were heated to various temperatures. The results identifi ed discontinuity clay mineralogy in Yellow and Brown-Gray Ultisols. These soils do not have sombric horizons. The Red Ultisol showed no mineralogical discontinuity and depend on further studies to confi rm or not sombric horizon. The mineralogy of the clay sample indicated a predominance of kaolinite in all Ultisols, with signifi cant amounts of vermiculite with hydroxyaluminum interlayered, gibbsite, illite and quartz. The silt sample showed only quartz. The soils have no detectable mineral reserve for plants.(AU)
Subject(s)
Clay Soils , Soil Characteristics , Soil Analysis , ClayABSTRACT
No Estado de Santa Catarina há Argissolos com horizonte subsuperficial escurecido com morfologia semelhante à dos horizontes sômbricos dos sistemas de classifi cação norteamericano (Soil Taxonomy - ST) e da FAO (World Reference Base WRB), mas existem dúvidas quanto à possibilidade de serem horizontes A enterrados. O presente trabalho avaliou a composição mineralógica das frações silte e argila dos horizontes genéticos de três Argissolos (Vermelho, Amarelo e Bruno-Acinzentado) com horizontes diagnósticos subsuperficiais similares ao sômbrico, localizados na região leste catarinense, objetivando identificar possíveis descontinuidades litológicas influenciando a gênese desses horizontes escuros. As amostras dos Argissolos foram coletadas nos municípios de Içara, Rancho Queimado e Alfredo Wagner. Na fração TFSA procedeu-se à separação das frações silte e argila para análises por difratometria de raios-X (DRX), analisadas respectivamente em pó e em lâminas de argila orientada. Parte das amostras da fração argila, após eliminação da matéria orgânica e dos óxidos de ferro, foi saturada com magnésio e solvatada com etileno-glicol. Outra parte foi saturada com potássio e submetida a várias temperaturas. As análises por DRX indicaram haver descontinuidade litológica nos Argissolos Amarelo e Bruno-Acinzentado, sugerindo que nesses solos os horizontes subsuperfi ciais escuros sejam antigos A enterrados, e não horizontes sômbricos. O Argissolo Vermelho de Içara não apresentou evidências de descontinuidade na litologia entre os horizontes, podendo indicar um horizonte sômbrico, o que depende de maiores investigações. A mineralogia da fração argila revelou predominância de caulinita nos Argissolos, e quantidades expressivas de vermiculita com polímeros de hidróxi-alumínio nas entrecamadas, além de gibbsita, illita e quartzo. No silte, os difratogramas indicaram somente quartzo em quantidades detectáveis, demonstrando não haver reserva mineral nesses solos.
In the Santa Catarina state there occurs darkened subsurface horizon in Ultisols, whose morphology is similar to the sombric horizons of the Soil Taxonomy and FAO classifi cation systems. But there are doubts about the possibility of there being buried horizons. The present study aimed to identify lithologic discontinuities in mineralogy of the silt and clay fractions of three Ultisols (red, yellow and brown-gray) which exhibit similar morphology to sombric horizons, located in the eastern region of Santa Catarina state. Samples. were collected in the Ultisols from Içara, Rancho Queimado e Alfredo Wagner municipalities. In the samples TFSA proceeded to separate the silt and clay samples for analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) , respectively analyzed in powder and oriented clay slides . Part of the clay samples, after removal of organic matter and the iron oxides was saturated with magnesium and saturated with ethylene glycol. After being analyzed by X-ray diffraction the samples saturated with magnesium underwent saturation with thylene glycol. The samples that were saturated with potassium were heated to various temperatures. The results identifi ed discontinuity clay mineralogy in Yellow and Brown-Gray Ultisols. These soils do not have sombric horizons. The Red Ultisol showed no mineralogical discontinuity and depend on further studies to confi rm or not sombric horizon. The mineralogy of the clay sample indicated a predominance of kaolinite in all Ultisols, with signifi cant amounts of vermiculite with hydroxyaluminum interlayered, gibbsite, illite and quartz. The silt sample showed only quartz. The soils have no detectable mineral reserve for plants.
Subject(s)
Soil Analysis , Clay , Soil Characteristics , Clay SoilsABSTRACT
Hillslope curvatures are associated with specific environments that correlate to chemical and mineralogical attributes of soil, so determining specific management zones. Phosphorus is one of the main limiting factors to the development and longevity of sugarcane. The type and the mineralogical constitution of the clay fraction play an important role in the phosphorus (P) adsorption of soil. High proportion of gibbsite (Gb) in soil may be the major responsible for P adsorption. The relationships among spatial variability as a function of hillslope curvature, the proportion of kaolinite (Kt) and Gb, and phosphorus adsorption were evaluated in an Alfisol cultivated with sugarcane. Two plots of 1 ha of a concave and a convex hillslope area were selected and 121 samples were collected in each area. The maximum P adsorption was determined in six samples taken randomly in each area. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analysis. The lowest average values of available phosphorus were found in the convex area. In this area, the proportion of gibbsite, expressed by the values of the ratio [Gb/(Gb + Ct)] and the values of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus were higher than in the concave area.
As curvaturas do relevo promovem pedoambientes específicos que condicionam os atributos químicos e mineralógicos do solo e podem auxiliar na definição de zonas específicas de manejo. O fósforo (P) é um dos principais elementos limitantes ao desenvolvimento e longevidade do canavial. O teor e a constituição mineralógica da fração argila assumem papel importante na disponibilidade do P, sendo que a gibbsita (Gb), quando presente em altas proporções no solo, pode ser a principal responsável pela sua adsorção e indisponibilidade. Investigaram-se as relações e a variabilidade espacial da adsorção de P e a ocorrência de caulinita (Ct) e gibbsita na fração argila de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico originado de rochas areníticas sob diferentes curvaturas do relevo em área sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. Duas malhas de 1 ha foram delimitadas numa área côncava e outra área convexa. Foram coletadas 121 amostras em cada área para realização das análises granulométricas, químicas e mineralógicas. A capacidade máxima de adsorção de P foi obtida em seis amostras escolhidas ao acaso em cada área. Os resultados foram submetidos às análises estatísticas descritiva e geoestatística. Os menores valores médios de P disponível encontraram-se na área convexa. Nesta área, a proporção de gibbsita, expressa pelos valores da razão [Gb/(Gb+Ct)] e os valores de capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo foram maiores do que na área côncava.
ABSTRACT
Hillslope curvatures are associated with specific environments that correlate to chemical and mineralogical attributes of soil, so determining specific management zones. Phosphorus is one of the main limiting factors to the development and longevity of sugarcane. The type and the mineralogical constitution of the clay fraction play an important role in the phosphorus (P) adsorption of soil. High proportion of gibbsite (Gb) in soil may be the major responsible for P adsorption. The relationships among spatial variability as a function of hillslope curvature, the proportion of kaolinite (Kt) and Gb, and phosphorus adsorption were evaluated in an Alfisol cultivated with sugarcane. Two plots of 1 ha of a concave and a convex hillslope area were selected and 121 samples were collected in each area. The maximum P adsorption was determined in six samples taken randomly in each area. Data were submitted to descriptive statistical and geostatistical analysis. The lowest average values of available phosphorus were found in the convex area. In this area, the proportion of gibbsite, expressed by the values of the ratio [Gb/(Gb + Ct)] and the values of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus were higher than in the concave area.
As curvaturas do relevo promovem pedoambientes específicos que condicionam os atributos químicos e mineralógicos do solo e podem auxiliar na definição de zonas específicas de manejo. O fósforo (P) é um dos principais elementos limitantes ao desenvolvimento e longevidade do canavial. O teor e a constituição mineralógica da fração argila assumem papel importante na disponibilidade do P, sendo que a gibbsita (Gb), quando presente em altas proporções no solo, pode ser a principal responsável pela sua adsorção e indisponibilidade. Investigaram-se as relações e a variabilidade espacial da adsorção de P e a ocorrência de caulinita (Ct) e gibbsita na fração argila de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo eutrófico originado de rochas areníticas sob diferentes curvaturas do relevo em área sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. Duas malhas de 1 ha foram delimitadas numa área côncava e outra área convexa. Foram coletadas 121 amostras em cada área para realização das análises granulométricas, químicas e mineralógicas. A capacidade máxima de adsorção de P foi obtida em seis amostras escolhidas ao acaso em cada área. Os resultados foram submetidos às análises estatísticas descritiva e geoestatística. Os menores valores médios de P disponível encontraram-se na área convexa. Nesta área, a proporção de gibbsita, expressa pelos valores da razão [Gb/(Gb+Ct)] e os valores de capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo foram maiores do que na área côncava.
ABSTRACT
The Piraju (SP) Brazil area is geologicaly characterized by a great distribution of basic and acid rocks from the "Serra Geral" Formation. Basic rocks have been extensively studied as to their processes and products of alteration. However, published material on the same subject related to volcanic acid rocks is scarce. This research exposes results of studies made in petrologic, mineralogical and micromorphological volcanic acid rocks (rhyodacites of the Serra Geral Formation), in the alterations developed above these rocks, making the mineralogical evolution of plagioclases clear. The rhyodacites of the Serra Geral Formation (JKsg) possess in their mineralogical composition about 60-65% of plagioclases, (macro and fenocrystals) configuring the most important part of their constitution. The study of the alteration of these plagioclases offers important information in relation to the alteration of the rock and related soils. Results obtained by optic microscopy, X-ray diffraction allied to chemical qualitative and semi-quantitative determinations by scanning eletronic microscopy (SEM) analyses allowed important interpretations and conclusions on the evolution of the alteration of the plagioclases: a) through not very intense weathering processes, that is, through a partial hydrolysis process (monossialitization) the plagioclase crystals developed mostly to kaolinite and secondarily to mica and haloysite; b) through, intense weathering processes, that is, through a total hydrolysis process (alitization) the plagioclase crystals developed to gibbsite.
A região de Piraju -- SP é caracterizada geologicamente por apresentar uma grande distribuição de rochas básicas e ácidas da Formação Serra Geral. Os processos e produtos de alteração das rochas básicas são apresentados em muitos trabalhos, mas estudos envolvendo alteração de rochas vulcânicas ácidas são raros. Apresentam-se os resultados de estudos petrológicos, químicos e mineralógicos nas rochas vulcânicas ácidas (riodacitos da Formação Serra Geral), nos produtos de alteração dessas rochas, dando ênfase para a evolução mineralógica dos plagioclásios. Os riodacitos da Fm. Serra Geral (JKsg) possuem em sua composição mineralógica cerca de 60-65% de plagioclásios configurando assim a parte mais importante de sua constituição. O estudo da alteração desses plagioclásios oferece informações importantes em relação a própria alteração da rocha e dos solos relacionados. Resultados obtidos a partir de análises de microscopia óptica, difratometria de raios-X aliados a determinações químicas qualitativas e semi-quantitativas obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram importantes interpretações e conclusões sobre a evolução da alteração nos plagioclásios, a saber: a) por meio de intemperismo não muito intenso, isto é, processo de hidrólise parcial (monossialitização) os cristais de plagioclásio evoluem principalmente para caulinita e secundariamente para mica e haloisita; b) por meio de intemperismo intenso, isto é, processo de hidrólise total (alitização) os cristais de plagioclásio evoluem para gibbsita.
ABSTRACT
The Piraju (SP) Brazil area is geologicaly characterized by a great distribution of basic and acid rocks from the "Serra Geral" Formation. Basic rocks have been extensively studied as to their processes and products of alteration. However, published material on the same subject related to volcanic acid rocks is scarce. This research exposes results of studies made in petrologic, mineralogical and micromorphological volcanic acid rocks (rhyodacites of the Serra Geral Formation), in the alterations developed above these rocks, making the mineralogical evolution of plagioclases clear. The rhyodacites of the Serra Geral Formation (JKsg) possess in their mineralogical composition about 60-65% of plagioclases, (macro and fenocrystals) configuring the most important part of their constitution. The study of the alteration of these plagioclases offers important information in relation to the alteration of the rock and related soils. Results obtained by optic microscopy, X-ray diffraction allied to chemical qualitative and semi-quantitative determinations by scanning eletronic microscopy (SEM) analyses allowed important interpretations and conclusions on the evolution of the alteration of the plagioclases: a) through not very intense weathering processes, that is, through a partial hydrolysis process (monossialitization) the plagioclase crystals developed mostly to kaolinite and secondarily to mica and haloysite; b) through, intense weathering processes, that is, through a total hydrolysis process (alitization) the plagioclase crystals developed to gibbsite.
A região de Piraju -- SP é caracterizada geologicamente por apresentar uma grande distribuição de rochas básicas e ácidas da Formação Serra Geral. Os processos e produtos de alteração das rochas básicas são apresentados em muitos trabalhos, mas estudos envolvendo alteração de rochas vulcânicas ácidas são raros. Apresentam-se os resultados de estudos petrológicos, químicos e mineralógicos nas rochas vulcânicas ácidas (riodacitos da Formação Serra Geral), nos produtos de alteração dessas rochas, dando ênfase para a evolução mineralógica dos plagioclásios. Os riodacitos da Fm. Serra Geral (JKsg) possuem em sua composição mineralógica cerca de 60-65% de plagioclásios configurando assim a parte mais importante de sua constituição. O estudo da alteração desses plagioclásios oferece informações importantes em relação a própria alteração da rocha e dos solos relacionados. Resultados obtidos a partir de análises de microscopia óptica, difratometria de raios-X aliados a determinações químicas qualitativas e semi-quantitativas obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) permitiram importantes interpretações e conclusões sobre a evolução da alteração nos plagioclásios, a saber: a) por meio de intemperismo não muito intenso, isto é, processo de hidrólise parcial (monossialitização) os cristais de plagioclásio evoluem principalmente para caulinita e secundariamente para mica e haloisita; b) por meio de intemperismo intenso, isto é, processo de hidrólise total (alitização) os cristais de plagioclásio evoluem para gibbsita.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to characterize soil materials with different degrees of weathering and then associate their composition with their spectral behavior. One pedological profile developed from diabase was studied in Capivari-SP, Brazil. The morphological description allowed to separate six phases of rock-soil alteration. Afterwards, granulometry, chemical and mineralogical analysis were carried out. The soil spectral reflectance was evaluated with a laboratory spectroradiometer using the wavelength range of 300 to 2500 nm. The profile was moderately weathered as evidenced by a high silt/clay ratio, found below the Bi horizon. Subsurface horizons also presented high nutrient status, especially for P, Ca and Mg, which was related to the occurence of saprolite with an abundance of easily weathered minerals. The mineral evolution began with the precipitation of iron oxides and 2:1 clay minerals, like vermiculite and vermiculite-smectite, and this led to the formation of kaolinite and gibbsite in the upper part of the soil profile. Spectral behavior generally was in conformity with their mineralogical composition, pointing out to the presence of iron oxides, various groups of clays and primary minerals, such as pyroxenes and magnetite.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar diferentes fases de intemperismo de um solo e relacioná-las com seu comportamento espectral. Um perfil pedológico desenvolvido sobre diabásio da região de Capivari-SP, foi descrito morfologicamente, identificando-se seis fases de alteração. Os atributos analisados foram granulometria, composição química e mineralógica. A reflectância espectral do solo foi avaliada em laboratório através de espectrorradiômetro na faixa de 300 a 2500 nm. O perfil apresentou grau de intemperismo moderado, o que foi evidenciado pela alta relação silte/argila observada abaixo do horizonte Bi. Os horizontes subsuperficiais também apresentaram alto teor de nutrientes, especialmente P, Ca e Mg, que estavam relacionados com a presença em subsuperfície de saprolito com razoável reserva de minerais intemperizáveis. A evolução dos minerais primários iniciou pela formação de óxidos de ferro e de argilas 2:1, como vermiculita ou vermiculita-esmectita, que foram transformadas em caulinita e gibbsita em direção ao topo do perfil. Na medida em que ocorreram alterações na composição mineralógica no perfil, foram verificadas variações nos dados espectrais. Basicamente a reflectância foi influenciada diferenciadamente pela ocorrência de óxidos de ferro, diferentes tipos de argilas e minerais primários como piroxênios e magnetita.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to characterize soil materials with different degrees of weathering and then associate their composition with their spectral behavior. One pedological profile developed from diabase was studied in Capivari-SP, Brazil. The morphological description allowed to separate six phases of rock-soil alteration. Afterwards, granulometry, chemical and mineralogical analysis were carried out. The soil spectral reflectance was evaluated with a laboratory spectroradiometer using the wavelength range of 300 to 2500 nm. The profile was moderately weathered as evidenced by a high silt/clay ratio, found below the Bi horizon. Subsurface horizons also presented high nutrient status, especially for P, Ca and Mg, which was related to the occurence of saprolite with an abundance of easily weathered minerals. The mineral evolution began with the precipitation of iron oxides and 2:1 clay minerals, like vermiculite and vermiculite-smectite, and this led to the formation of kaolinite and gibbsite in the upper part of the soil profile. Spectral behavior generally was in conformity with their mineralogical composition, pointing out to the presence of iron oxides, various groups of clays and primary minerals, such as pyroxenes and magnetite.
O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar diferentes fases de intemperismo de um solo e relacioná-las com seu comportamento espectral. Um perfil pedológico desenvolvido sobre diabásio da região de Capivari-SP, foi descrito morfologicamente, identificando-se seis fases de alteração. Os atributos analisados foram granulometria, composição química e mineralógica. A reflectância espectral do solo foi avaliada em laboratório através de espectrorradiômetro na faixa de 300 a 2500 nm. O perfil apresentou grau de intemperismo moderado, o que foi evidenciado pela alta relação silte/argila observada abaixo do horizonte Bi. Os horizontes subsuperficiais também apresentaram alto teor de nutrientes, especialmente P, Ca e Mg, que estavam relacionados com a presença em subsuperfície de saprolito com razoável reserva de minerais intemperizáveis. A evolução dos minerais primários iniciou pela formação de óxidos de ferro e de argilas 2:1, como vermiculita ou vermiculita-esmectita, que foram transformadas em caulinita e gibbsita em direção ao topo do perfil. Na medida em que ocorreram alterações na composição mineralógica no perfil, foram verificadas variações nos dados espectrais. Basicamente a reflectância foi influenciada diferenciadamente pela ocorrência de óxidos de ferro, diferentes tipos de argilas e minerais primários como piroxênios e magnetita.