ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: The objective of this paper is assessed the nexus among health status, economic growth, and the Gini index in North America and its countries using a panel model. Materials and Method: The materials consist of annual data regarding life expectancy, government health expenditure as percentage of the gross domestic product, Gini index, and gross domestic product at constant 2015 US$ for the period 2000-2019. The method applies a panel model for North America and its three countries: Canada, Mexico and The United States. North America diversity treatment among countries is dealt with fixed and random effects. Results: North America inhabitants health status are negatively influenced by an increasing income inequality, and a reduction on economic growth. The country that expends more in health care is The United States, follow by Canada and Mexico. The biggest reduction on life expectancy from an increase in income inequality is in The United States, followed by Canada and Mexico. Life expectancy increases when Canada and The United States experience economic growth. The countries with inarticulate health policy responses to an increase in income inequality are first Mexico followed by The United States. Conclusions: In North America and its countries an increasing income inequality reduces life expectancy, and government health expenditure. Economic growth benefits life expectancy and government health expenditure. Health status seems to improve with a reduction in income inequality and a greater public health expenditure. Therefore, policies that increases income inequality and reduces public health expenditure seems to be advocates of a reduction: in health status, population welfare and economic growth.
Resumen: Objetivo: Un análisis cuantitativo de las relaciones entre salud, crecimiento económico e índice de Gini en América del Norte y sus países se realiza mediante un modelo de panel. El estado de salud está representado por la esperanza de vida y los sistemas de salud pública por el gasto público en salud. El crecimiento económico es el cambio porcentual del producto interno bruto. La desigualdad de ingresos se representa con el índice de Gini. Materiales y método: Los materiales consisten en datos anuales de esperanza de vida, gasto público en salud como porcentaje del producto interno bruto, índice de Gini y producto interno bruto en dólares estadounidenses constantes de 2015 para el período 2000-2019. El método consiste en aplicar un modelo de panel para América del Norte y sus tres países: Canadá, México y Estados Unidos. El tratamiento de la diversidad entre los países de América del Norte es abordada con efectos fijos y aleatorios. Resultados: El estado de salud de los habitantes de América del Norte se ve influenciado negativamente por la creciente desigualdad de ingresos y la reducción del crecimiento económico. El país que más gasta en salud es los Estados Unidos, seguido de Canadá y México. La mayor reducción en la esperanza de vida debido a un aumento en la desigualdad de ingresos se encuentra en los Estados Unidos, seguido de Canadá y México. La esperanza de vida aumenta cuando Canadá y Estados Unidos experimentan crecimiento económico. Los países con respuestas de política de salud desarticuladas ante un aumento en la desigualdad de ingresos son primero México seguido de Estados Unidos. Conclusiones: Las políticas que aumentan la desigualdad de ingresos y reducen el gasto público en salud parecen ser promotoras de una reducción: en el estado de salud, el bienestar de la población, y el crecimiento económico.
ABSTRACT
Recently, the Gini index detector (GID) has been proposed as an alternative for data-fusion cooperative spectrum sensing, being mostly suitable for channels with line-of-sight or dominant multi-path components. The GID is quite robust against time-varying noise and signal powers, has the constant false-alarm rate property, can outperform many the state-of-the-art robust detectors, and is one of the simplest detectors developed so far. The modified GID (mGID) is devised in this article. It inherits the attractive attributes of the GID, yet with a computational cost far below the GID. Specifically, the time complexity of the mGID obeys approximately the same run-time growth rate of the GID, but has a constant factor approximately 23.4 times smaller. Equivalently, the mGID takes approximately 4% of the computation time spent to calculate the GID test statistic, which brings a huge reduction in the latency of the spectrum sensing process. Moreover, this latency reduction comes with no performance loss with respect to the GID.
ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a pause in people's activities and a socio-economic crisis worldwide due to confinement. This situation is an unprecedented opportunity to understand how these changes may impact biodiversity and its conservation, as well as to study human-nature interaction. Biodiversity plays an essential role in conservation and economic activities, and in countries with greater inequality and low gross domestic product (GDP), biodiversity could have a low priority. Moreover, how biodiversity is prioritized in a society impacts how the citizens view it, and digital news tends to shape biodiversity narratives. The aim of this work was to determine the main trends in biodiversity-related news categories during the COVID-19 pandemic in countries with terrestrial and marine hotspots and relate them to the socioeconomic and public health context of each country. For this, we searched for news on biodiversity and Covid-19 in the first 6 months of the pandemic and related them to GDP, Gini-index, deaths, and infections by Covid-19. Results showed that conservation, public policies, and use of natural resources stood out as the main news categories across countries, with a positive narrative and mostly related to terrestrial rather than marine environments. On the other hand, the socio-economic and public health characteristics of each country had an influence on which aspect of the biodiversity was reflected in the media. For example, countries with greater inequality were associated with tourism news, additionally, countries with low GDP, high cases, and deaths by Covid-19 were associated with news about cultural diversity. In contrast, countries with high GDP and low inequality were associated with news about zoonosis, research and development, public policies, and alien and invasive species.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Biodiversity , COVID-19/epidemiology , Humans , Internet , Pandemics , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Decision trees are decision support data mining tools that create, as the name suggests, a tree-like model. The classical C4.5 decision tree, based on the Shannon entropy, is a simple algorithm to calculate the gain ratio and then split the attributes based on this entropy measure. Tsallis and Renyi entropies (instead of Shannon) can be employed to generate a decision tree with better results. In practice, the entropic index parameter of these entropies is tuned to outperform the classical decision trees. However, this process is carried out by testing a range of values for a given database, which is time-consuming and unfeasible for massive data. This paper introduces a decision tree based on a two-parameter fractional Tsallis entropy. We propose a constructionist approach to the representation of databases as complex networks that enable us an efficient computation of the parameters of this entropy using the box-covering algorithm and renormalization of the complex network. The experimental results support the conclusion that the two-parameter fractional Tsallis entropy is a more sensitive measure than parametric Renyi, Tsallis, and Gini index precedents for a decision tree classifier.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The dynamics of the internal migration is a crucial element in the composition of the workforce of a certain region, so its analysis contributes to the better understanding of labor markets and sociodemographic changes in a region. In order to characterize the most recent patterns of migratory flows of skilled and unskilled labor, census data are considered for the periods 1995-2000, 2005-2010 and 2010- 2015. The analysis considers different indicators that describe the intensity and relative concentration of interstate migration. Changes in migratory patterns are evident; a lower concentration of internal migration whose effect is more marked for unskilled labor. That is, it is observed that the number of states that play a preponderant role in the redistribution of labor in Mexico has increased. The relationship of domestic labor mobility is evident to the regional transformation as a result of new geographical patterns of location of investment, production and economic agglomeration.
Resumen La dinámica de la migración interna en México es un elemento determinante en la composición de la mano de obra de cierta región, por lo que su análisis coadyuva, entre otras cosas, al mejor entendimiento de los mercados laborales y cambios sociodemográficos de la región. Con la finalidad de caracterizar los patrones más recientes de los flujos migratorios de la mano obra calificada y no calificada, se consideran datos censales para los periodos 1995-2000, 2005-2010 y 2010-2015. Con esto se estiman diferentes indicadores que describen la intensidad y concentración relativa de la migración interestatal. Se evidencian cambios en los patrones migratorios y una menor concentración de la migración interna, cuyo efecto es más marcado para la mano de obra no calificada. Es decir, se observa que el número de entidades que juegan un rol preponderante en la redistribución de la mano obra en México ha aumentado. La relación de la movilidad laboral interna se hace evidente con el dinamismo regional y como resultado de nuevos patrones geográficos de ubicación de inversión, producción y aglomeración económica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Internal Migration , Workforce/trends , Population Dynamics , MexicoABSTRACT
Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar a evolução das exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira no período de 2005 a 2015, quanto ao grau de desigualdade. Para a determinação da desigualdade utilizou-se o Índice de Gini. Para isso valores monetários das exportações foram coletados no banco de dados UNCONTRADE e deflacionados, utilizando de maneira empírica o ano base 2005. Os resultados mostraram que as exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira se caracterizaram com caráter de desigualdade muito forte a absoluta. Além disso, o valor absoluto das exportações, para o período analisado apresentou decrescimento, passando de US$ 227,3 milhões em 2005 para US$ 154,3 milhões em 2015. Desta maneira, esta análise indica que o Brasil deve expandir suas exportações, sendo de fundamental relevância a interação entre as organizações e o governo, visando elaborar e aperfeiçoar estratégias que possibilitem a competitividade do produto brasileiro frente aos demais exportadores.
The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of Brazilian exports of wooden doors from 2005 to 2015 regarding the degree of inequality. In order to determine the inequality, the Gini Index was used. To that end, monetary values of exports were collected in the UNCONTRADE database and deflated, using empirically the base year 2005. The results showed that the Brazilian exports of wooden doors were characterized by very strong to absolute inequality. In addition, the absolute value of exports for the period analyzed increased from US $ 227.3 million in 2005 to US $ 154.3 million in 2015. In this way, this analysis indicates that Brazil should expand its exports, it is of fundamental importance the interaction between the organizations and the government, aiming at elaborating and perfecting strategies that allow the competitiveness of the Brazilian product in relation to the other exporters.
Subject(s)
Exportation of Products , Socioeconomic Factors , Lumber Industry/economics , Lumber Industry/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of Brazilian exports of wooden doors from 2005 to 2015 regarding the degree of inequality. In order to determine the inequality, the Gini Index was used. To that end, monetary values of exports were collected in the UNCONTRADE database and deflated, using empirically the base year 2005. The results showed that the Brazilian exports of wooden doors were characterized by very strong to absolute inequality. In addition, the absolute value of exports for the period analyzed increased from US $ 227.3 million in 2005 to US $ 154.3 million in 2015. In this way, this analysis indicates that Brazil should expand its exports, it is of fundamental importance the interaction between the organizations and the government, aiming at elaborating and perfecting strategies that allow the competitiveness of the Brazilian product in relation to the other exporters.
Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar a evolução das exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira no período de 2005 a 2015, quanto ao grau de desigualdade. Para a determinação da desigualdade utilizou-se o Índice de Gini. Para isso valores monetários das exportações foram coletados no banco de dados UNCONTRADE e deflacionados, utilizando de maneira empírica o ano base 2005. Os resultados mostraram que as exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira se caracterizaram com caráter de desigualdade muito forte a absoluta. Além disso, o valor absoluto das exportações, para o período analisado apresentou decrescimento, passando de US$ 227,3 milhões em 2005 para US$ 154,3 milhões em 2015. Desta maneira, esta análise indica que o Brasil deve expandir suas exportações, sendo de fundamental relevância a interação entre as organizações e o governo, visando elaborar e aperfeiçoar estratégias que possibilitem a competitividade do produto brasileiro frente aos demais exportadores.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of Brazilian exports of wooden doors from 2005 to 2015 regarding the degree of inequality. In order to determine the inequality, the Gini Index was used. To that end, monetary values of exports were collected in the UNCONTRADE database and deflated, using empirically the base year 2005. The results showed that the Brazilian exports of wooden doors were characterized by very strong to absolute inequality. In addition, the absolute value of exports for the period analyzed increased from US $ 227.3 million in 2005 to US $ 154.3 million in 2015. In this way, this analysis indicates that Brazil should expand its exports, it is of fundamental importance the interaction between the organizations and the government, aiming at elaborating and perfecting strategies that allow the competitiveness of the Brazilian product in relation to the other exporters.
Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar a evolução das exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira no período de 2005 a 2015, quanto ao grau de desigualdade. Para a determinação da desigualdade utilizou-se o Índice de Gini. Para isso valores monetários das exportações foram coletados no banco de dados UNCONTRADE e deflacionados, utilizando de maneira empírica o ano base 2005. Os resultados mostraram que as exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira se caracterizaram com caráter de desigualdade muito forte a absoluta. Além disso, o valor absoluto das exportações, para o período analisado apresentou decrescimento, passando de US$ 227,3 milhões em 2005 para US$ 154,3 milhões em 2015. Desta maneira, esta análise indica que o Brasil deve expandir suas exportações, sendo de fundamental relevância a interação entre as organizações e o governo, visando elaborar e aperfeiçoar estratégias que possibilitem a competitividade do produto brasileiro frente aos demais exportadores.
ABSTRACT
Neste estudo objetivou-se analisar a evolução das exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira no período de 2005 a 2015, quanto ao grau de desigualdade. Para a determinação da desigualdade utilizou-se o Índice de Gini. Para isso valores monetários das exportações foram coletados no banco de dados UNCONTRADE e deflacionados, utilizando de maneira empírica o ano base 2005. Os resultados mostraram que as exportações brasileiras de portas de madeira se caracterizaram com caráter de desigualdade muito forte a absoluta. Além disso, o valor absoluto das exportações, para o período analisado apresentou decrescimento, passando de US$ 227,3 milhões em 2005 para US$ 154,3 milhões em 2015. Desta maneira, esta análise indica que o Brasil deve expandir suas exportações, sendo de fundamental relevância a interação entre as organizações e o governo, visando elaborar e aperfeiçoar estratégias que possibilitem a competitividade do produto brasileiro frente aos demais exportadores.(AU)
The objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of Brazilian exports of wooden doors from 2005 to 2015 regarding the degree of inequality. In order to determine the inequality, the Gini Index was used. To that end, monetary values of exports were collected in the UNCONTRADE database and deflated, using empirically the base year 2005. The results showed that the Brazilian exports of wooden doors were characterized by very strong to absolute inequality. In addition, the absolute value of exports for the period analyzed increased from US $ 227.3 million in 2005 to US $ 154.3 million in 2015. In this way, this analysis indicates that Brazil should expand its exports, it is of fundamental importance the interaction between the organizations and the government, aiming at elaborating and perfecting strategies that allow the competitiveness of the Brazilian product in relation to the other exporters.(AU)