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1.
Sci Total Environ ; 747: 141213, 2020 Dec 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32791407

ABSTRACT

Despite decades of management efforts, freshwater eutrophication has not been effectively mitigated in each affected ecosystem. This might be due to insufficient knowledge of the sources of phosphorus (P) inputs into surface waters. We sampled 2 m-deep soil profiles in four floodplain areas under differently managed grassland in Germany under dry and moist conditions regarding soil moisture and precipitation. Four soil P fractions of decreasing solubility were determined. We found systematic enrichment of easily soluble P forms in the floodplain subsoils (average: from 87.5 cm depth). Water-soluble P in these "deep P stocks" was positively correlated with total phosphorus concentrations in the adjacent surface waters. Our data cautiously suggest increased P mobilization from deep P stocks under moist conditions. Drier conditions coincided with increased P retention, resulting in relatively large amounts of easily soluble P which could readily be desorbed and lost at the next stronger precipitation event. We found no effects of grassland management on deep P stock features and dynamics. Deep P stocks might be considered a new source of diffuse P losses from soils. To effectively mitigate freshwater eutrophication, best management practices need to be developed to minimize P transfer from deep P stocks.


Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Phosphorus , Eutrophication , Fresh Water , Germany , Phosphorus/analysis , Soil
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 68(2)jun. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1507693

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Las plantas y los microorganismos se han utilizado como bioindicadores de la toxicidad inducida por hidrocarburos presentes en los suelos. Objetivo: El presente trabajo evaluó la toxicidad de un Gleysol contaminado de origen con diferentes concentraciones de petróleo intemperizado, recolectado en la Venta Tabasco (México), en el crecimiento de Clitoria ternatea, y la atenuación de la fitotoxicidad con la inoculación de bacterias emulsificantes. Metodología: Se usaron suelos con 50 y 150 g HTPI kg-1, y un suelo testigo con 0.15 g HTPI kg-1 (origen biogénico), y la inoculación de seis bacterias emulsificantes y su combinación (consorcio). La fitotoxicidad de los HTPI se evaluó considerando la altura, la biomasa seca (radical, aérea y total), el área foliar, el área foliar específica, y la eficiencia del fotosistema II (EPSII), a los 30 días. Resultados: Los HTPI no afectaron la altura, pero el suelo con 50 g HTPI kg-1 redujo la biomasa seca radical y total, y el área foliar con respecto a las plantas en los suelos testigo y con 150 g HTPI kg-1. La cepa Sml (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia C10S1) incrementó significativamente la biomasa seca total; la cepa Ro (Raoultella ornithinolyticaC5S3) produjo mayor área foliar específica con respecto a plantas no inoculadas. En el suelo testigo, el consorcio bacteriano estimuló la altura; las cepas Sm (Serratia marcescens C11S1) y Sm2 (S. marcescens C7S3) mejoraron la altura y el área foliar específica con respecto a plantas no inoculadas, en el suelo con 50 g HTPI kg-1. En el suelo con 150 g HTPI kg-1, las cepas Spa (Stenotrophomonas pavanii C5S3F) y Cfr (Citrobacter freundii C4S3) incrementaron la biomasa seca radical y aérea, respectivamente. La EPSII no fue afectada por la contaminación de los suelos. Las bacterias emulsificantes redujeron la fitotoxicidad de HTPI, pero dependiendo de su contenido en los suelos. Conclusiones: El suelo con 50 g HTPI kg-1 mostró mayor toxicidad en el crecimiento de las plantas. La inoculación bacteriana favoreció el crecimiento, producción de biomasa, y área foliar en el suelo con 150 g HTPI kg-1. La EPSII no fue afectada por la presencia de HTPI en el suelo.


Introduction: Plants and microorganisms have been used as bioindicators to evaluate the toxicity of hydrocarbons in soils. Objective: This study evaluates the toxicity of a chronically-contaminated Gleysol with several concentrations of weathered petroleum hydrocarbons (WPH), collected from La Venta, Tabasco (Mexico), on the growth of Clitoria ternatea and the phytoxicity attenuation due to inoculation of emulsifying bacteria. Methods: Soils with 50 and 150 g WPH kg-1, and control soil with 0.15 g WPH kg-1 (biogenic origin) were utilized, as well as the inoculation of six emulsifying bacteria and their combination (consortium). The WPH-phytotoxicity was evaluated by considering plant height, dry biomass production (root, shoot, and total), leaf area, specific leaf area, and the efficiency of photosystem II (EPSII), after 30 days. Results: WPH did not affect plant height, but soil with 50 g WPH kg-1 diminished root and total dry weight, and leaf area, when compared to both control soil and soil with 150 g WPH kg-1. The strain Sml (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia C10S1) significantly increased shoot and total dry weight, while the strain Ro (Raoultella ornithinolytica C5S3) produced higher specific leaf area relative to uninoculated plants. In control soil, the bacterial consortium stimulated plant height. The strains Sm (Serratia marcescens C11S1)and Sm2 (S. marcescens C7S3) improved plant height and specific leaf area when compared to uninoculated plants in soil with 50 g WPH kg-1. In soil with 150 g WPH kg-1, strains Spa (Stenotrophomonas pavanii C5S3F)and Cfr (Citrobacter freundii C4S3)enhanced root and shoot dry weight, respectively. The EPSII was unaffected by soil contamination. Emulsifying bacteria reduced the phytotoxic effects of WP, but depending on the content of WPH in soils. Conclusions: Soil with 50 g WPH kg-1 showed the greatest phytotoxic effects on plant growth. Bacterial inoculation favored growth, biomass production and leaf area in soil with 150 g WPH kg-1. The EPSII was not affected by WPH in soils.


Subject(s)
Plants/toxicity , Petroleum/adverse effects , Clitoria/microbiology , Biological Assay , Environmental Pollution , Mexico
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 66(2): 908-917, abr.-jun. 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-977354

ABSTRACT

Abstract The Mexican tropical wetland is a coastal system with capacity to support the contamination derived from the extractive industry and the transformation of crude oil, due to its high plant biodiversity and the presence of rhizospheric reducing sulphate bacteria from plants tolerant to crude oil. A field experiment was carried out for nine months to evaluate the adaptation of aquatic plants Leersia hexandra grass and Eleocharis palustris spikerush reintroduced in a wetland contaminated with 75 560 to 118 789 mg kg-1 of weathered petroleum and also with sulfate, derived from oil and gas pipeline leaks, and gaseous emissions. The effect of the weathered oil and sulfate on the dry matter production and the population density of the bacterium Desulfovibrio spp, isolated from the rhizosphere and soil of both plants, were evaluated. The means of the variables had statistical differences (p< 0.05). Weathered oil inhibited dry matter production of L. hexandra but not E. palustris; the effect of petroleum on Desulfovibrio density was very significant negative in the rhizosphere and in the soil of both plants. Sulfate reduced the dry matter of grass. The exposure of Desulfovibrio to sulfate significantly reduced its density in rhizosphere and soil (p< 0.01). We recommend the use of E. palustris for the decontamination of flooded soils contaminated with weathered oil and sulfate. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 908-917. Epub 2018 June 01.


Resumen El humedal tropical mexicano es un sistema costero con capacidad para resistir la contaminación derivada de la industria extractiva y la transformación del petróleo crudo, debido a su alta biodiversidad de plantas y la presencia de bacterias rizosféricas reductoras de sulfato de plantas tolerantes al petróleo crudo. Se realizó un experimento en campo durante nueve meses para evaluar la adaptación de las plantas acuáticas Leersia hexandra y Eleocharis palustris reintroducidas en un humedal contaminado con 75 560 a 118 789 mg kg-1 de petróleo intemperizado y también con sulfato, derivados de fugas de oleoductos y de emisiones gaseosas crónicas. Se evaluó el efecto del petróleo intemperizado y del sulfato en la producción de materia seca vegetal y en la densidad poblacional de la bacteria Desulfovibrio spp, aislada de la rizosfera y del rizoplano de ambas especies vegetales. Las medias de las variables tuvieron diferencias estadísticas (p< 0.05). El petróleo intemperizado inhibió la producción de materia seca de L. hexandra pero no de E. palustris; el efecto del petróleo en la densidad de Desulfovibrio fue negativo muy significativo en la rizosfera y en el rizoplano de ambas plantas. El sulfato redujo la materia seca de L. hexandra. La exposición de Desulfovibrio a sulfato redujo muy significativamente (p< 0.01) su densidad en rizosfera y en rizoplano. Recomendamos el uso de E. palustris para la descontaminación de suelos inundables afectados con petróleo intemperizado y con sulfato.


Subject(s)
Bacteria , Petroleum/adverse effects , Petroleum Pollution , Eleocharis , Wetlands , Rhizosphere , Mexico
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