Mal control y elevado riesgo cardiovascular en hipertensos de una universidad

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia y complicaciones mortales. Debido a ello, se necesitan un adecuado manejo en la atención primaria y estrategias preventivas y de intervención, como la iniciativa HEARTS en las Américas. Se sabe también que entre los trabajadores de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas existe una elevada prevalencia de hipertensos. Objetivo: Identificar el comportamiento del control de la enfermedad y la estratificación de riesgo cardiovascular global. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en el que se incluyeron los primeros 80 pacientes hipertensos valorados en la consulta de la mencionada institución. Los métodos empleados fueron el analítico-sintético, el inductivo-deductivo, el histórico-lógico y los estadísticos. Resultados: De 808 trabajadores, 276 eran hipertensos, para una prevalencia de 34,1 %. Dentro de los inadecuados estilos de vida, predominó el sedentarismo, con 59 pacientes (73,7 %); 40 de los 80 pacientes estudiados tenían un riesgo cardiovascular cuantitativo igual o mayor del 10 %, mientras que el riesgo cardiovascular cualitativo mostró que 68 (85 %) tenían un riesgo medio o alto. Dentro del daño en órganos diana predominaron las enfermedades cardiovasculares, con un 16,2 %. Conclusiones: La hipertensión arterial sigue siendo uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes de enfermedad cardiovascular y cerebrovascular. Su pesquisa, control y estimación del riesgo constituyen una prioridad de la atención médica a nivel primario.

Introduction: Arterial hypertension is a disease of high prevalence and fatal complications. Due to this, an adequate management is needed in the primary care, and also preventive and intervention strategies, as the HEARTS initiative in the Americas. It is also known that there is a high prevalence of hypertensive patients among the working staff of the Matanzas University of Medical Sciences. Objective: To identify the behavior of disease control and global cardiovascular risk stratification. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study in which the first 80 hypertensive patients evaluated in the consultation of the aforementioned institution were included. The methods used were analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, historical-logical and statistical. Results: Of 808 workers, 276 were hypertensive, for a prevalence of 34.1%. Among the inadequate lifestyles, sedentary lifestyle predominated, with 59 patients (73.7%); 40 of the 80 patients studied had a quantitative cardiovascular risk equal to or greater than 10%, while qualitative cardiovascular risk showed that 68 (85%) had a medium or high risk. Cardiovascular diseases predominated within target organ damage, with 16.2%. Conclusions: Arterial hypertension continuous to be one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Its screening, control and risk assessment are a priority of the medical care at the primary level.

Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo.

Objectives: To assess urinary sodium/potassium intake and identify its links with global cardiovascular risk (GCVR) according to the WHOPEN approach to WHO/ISH (International High Blood Pressure Society). Methods: It was a cross-sectional and analytical study that took place from July 6, 2020, to September 17, 2021, in Togo, in the Aneho, Notse and Dapaong localities. It focused on 400 adults selected by sampling. The analysis of two urine samples was done. Cardiovascular risk scores were determined from specific graphs that take into account age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diabetes status, and smoking behavior. Results: Among the 400 respondents, 49% lived in rural areas. The average age was 41 (30; 51) years. The average sodium and potassium intakes were respectively 3.2 g (1.04-5.99) or 7.95 g of salt and 1.4 g (1.89-5.62) per day. The risk of excessive sodium intake was 2.39 times higher in urban areas than in rural ones (P=0.049). Residing in rural areas was associated with high potassium intakes compared to urban ones [OR=3,2 IC (1.89-5.62)]. Thirteen percent (13%) of respondents were likely to develop at least a deadly or non-deadly cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years 'time, of whom 5% present a high risk. Excessive sodium intake increases by 2.10 times the risk of a deadly cardiovascular disease occurrence. Conclusions: Sodium intakes are high while potassium intakes are low with a subsequent GCVR in the three cities. Sodium intakes were associated with GCVR. It is necessary to take steps to reduce excessive sodium intake and improve potassium intake.

Estimación del riesgo cardiovascular global en hipertensos de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos

Fundamento: a pesar de la importancia del cálculo del riesgo cardiovascular global en hipertensos y los beneficios de su implementación en la Atención Primaria de Salud, en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos son insuficientes los estudios sobre su estimación. Objetivo: determinar el riesgo cardiovascular global en hipertensos de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos en el año 2021. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformada por 105 hipertensos entre 40-80 años de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos en el 2021. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, género, colesterol total, tabaquismo, presión arterial sistólica, diabetes mellitus diagnosticada y el riesgo cardiovascular global. Se calcularon la frecuencia absoluta y relativa de las variables y se aplicó la Chi cuadrado de Pearson en la asociación de las variables y el riesgo cardiovascular bajo con un nivel de significación p=0,05. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas. Resultados: predominó el género femenino, el grupo etáreo de 50-69 años, los no diabéticos y los no fumadores, con colesterol normal y prehipertensos. El 93,3 % presentó riesgo cardiovascular global bajo y el 6,7 % de moderado a crítico. Los pacientes no diabéticos y con presión arterial sistólica normal presentaron asociación significativa con el riesgo cardiovascular bajo. Conclusiones: los hipertensos de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Cienfuegos presentan un riesgo cardiovascular global bajo, se mostró una correlación entre el riesgo cardiovascular bajo y la presión arterial sistólica normal y los antecedentes de no diabetes, lo que condicionaría protección a eventos cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares en el futuro.

Background: despite the importance of calculating global cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients and the benefits of its implementation in Primary Health Care, studies on its estimation are insufficient at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos. Objective: to determine the global cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos in the year 2021. Methods: a descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out. The sample consisted of 105 hypertensive patients between 40-80 years of age from the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos in 2021. The variables studied were: age, gender, total cholesterol, smoking, systolic blood pressure, diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and global cardiovascular risk. The absolute and relative frequency of the variables were calculated and Pearson's Chi square was applied in the association of the variables and low cardiovascular risk with a significance level of p=0.05. The results were presented in tables. Results: the female gender, the age group of 50-69 years, non-diabetics and non-smokers, with normal cholesterol and prehypertensive predominated. 93.3 % presented low overall cardiovascular risk and 6.7 % moderate to critical. Non-diabetic patients with normal systolic blood pressure presented a significant association with low cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: hypertensive patients at the University of Medical Sciences of Cienfuegos have a low overall cardiovascular risk, a correlation was shown between low cardiovascular risk and normal systolic blood pressure and a history of non-diabetes, which would determine protection against cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in the future

Sodium, potassium food intake and global cardiovascular risks in Togo

Objectives. To assess urinary sodium/potassium intake and identify its links with global cardiovascular risk (RCVG) according to the WHOPEN approach to WHO/ISH (International High Blood Pressure Society). Methods. It was a cross-sectional and analytical study that took place from July 6, 2020, to September 17, 2021, in Togo, in the Aneho, Notse and Dapaong localities. It focused on 400 adults selected by sampling. The analysis of two urine samples was done. Cardiovascular risk scores were determined from specific graphs that take into account age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diabetes status and smoking behavior. Results. Among the 400 respondents, 49% lived in rural areas. The average age was 41 (30; 51) years. The average sodium and potassium intakes were respectively 3.2 g (1.04-5.99) or 7.95 g of salt and 1.4 g (1.89-5.62) per day. The risk of excessive sodium intake was 2.39 times higher in urban areas than in rural ones (p=0.049). Residing in rural areas was associated with high potassium intakes compared to urban ones (OR=3,2 IC [1.89-5.62]). Thirteen percent (13%) of respondents were likely to develop at least a deadly or non-deadly cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years 'time, of whom 5% present a high risk. Excessive sodium intake increases by 2.10 times the risk of a deadly cardiovascular disease occurrence. Conclusions. Sodium intakes are high while potassium intakes are low with a subsequent global cardiovascular risk (GCVR) in the three cities. Sodium intakes were associated with VCVR. It is necessary to take steps to reduce excessive sodium intake and improve potassium intake.

Síndrome metabólico y su correlación con ecuaciones de predicción del riesgo global de enfermedad cardiovascular / Metabolic Syndrome and its Correlation with Prediction Equations of Global Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico constituye un hito en la investigación de evaluar mejor y de manera óptima el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Objetivo: Analizar la correlación entre la capacidad predictiva del riesgo global de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica del síndrome metabólico y las tablas de riesgo: Framingham Risk Score, la tabla de la OMS/ISH y las de Gaziano, la ecuación PROCAM y el algoritmo QRISK2. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión documental, para lo cual se empleó la bibliografía nacional e internacional, especialmente la publicada en los últimos 5 años. Se utilizó el motor de búsqueda Google Académico y se consultaron artículos de libre acceso en las bases de datos Pubmed y SciELO desde marzo 2020 hasta el mes de enero 2021. Se emplearon como palabras clave: síndrome metabólico, riesgo cardiovascular global, método de estimación de riesgo y sus equivalentes en inglés. Las unidades de análisis fueron artículos originales, de revisión, incluyendo revisiones sistemáticas publicadas en los idiomas español e inglés. Fueron seleccionados 38 artículos (23 en idioma español, 15 en inglés) y 31 (81,5 por ciento) corresponden a los últimos 5 años. Conclusiones: El síndrome metabólico y los sistemas de estimación del riesgo global de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica no deben ser utilizados como equivalentes a causa de que su concordancia, en sentido general, es muy cuestionable. No obstante, se puede considerar como una herramienta útil en prevención primaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica, siempre y cuando no sustituyan el juicio clínico y se contemplen todas las excepciones y precauciones posibles en el momento de su aplicación(AU)

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a milestone within the research to assess better and optimally the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Objective: To analyze the correlation between the predictive capacity for the global risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease of metabolic syndrome and the risk tables: Framingham Risk Score, the WHO/ISH and Gaziano tables, the PROCAM equation, and the QRISK2 algorithm. Methods: A documentary review was carried out, using national and international literature, especially published within the last five years. The Google Scholar search engine was used and open-access articles were consulted in the Pubmed and SciELO databases, from March 2020 to January 2021. The keywords used were síndrome metabólico [metabolic syndrome], riesgo cardiovascular global [global cardiovascular risk], método de estimación de riesgo [risk estimation method] and their English equivalents. The units of analysis were original review articles, including systematic reviews published in Spanish and English. Thirty-eight articles were selected (23 in Spanish and fifteen in English), 31 (81.5 percent) of which correspond to the last five years. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome and global risk estimation systems for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease should not be used as equivalents because their concordance, in general, is very questionable. Nevertheless, they can be considered a useful tool in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as long as they do not replace clinical judgment and all possible exceptions or precautions are considered at the time of their application(AU)

Riesgo cardiovascular global en tres casas de abuelos del municipio Boyeros / Global Cardiovascular Risk in three Elderly Homes from Boyeros Municipality

Introducción: En Cuba, las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte. La estratificación del riesgo cardiovascular mediante escalas es un pilar fundamental para tomar decisiones terapéuticas en el primer nivel de atención. Objetivos: Determinar el riesgo cardiovascular global en personas mayores de 60 años de las tres casas de abuelos del municipio Boyeros, La Habana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 130 personas pertenecientes a tres casas de abuelos del municipio Boyeros, La Habana. De ellas se entrevistaron a 103 de las personas en el período de enero del 2016 a febrero del 2017. Se realizó el cálculo del riesgo cardiovascular global siguiendo los criterios de las tablas de predicción del riesgo cardiovascular global de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Las variables descriptivas se expresaron en porcentajes y para la comparación de dos variables en estudio se utilizó el método estadístico no paramétrico de Ji cuadrado con un nivel de significación de 0,05. Resultados: De las personas estudiadas, 61,17 por ciento fueron del sexo femenino, 53,4 por ciento tenía entre 60 y 69 años; 65,05 por ciento presentó hipertensión arterial; 47,57 por ciento presentó riesgo moderado y 55,34 por ciento tenía cifras de colesterol total por encima de 6 mmol/L. Conclusiones: Predominó el riesgo cardiovascular global moderado. Las cifras elevadas de presión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la hipercolesterolemia fueron los factores de riesgo modificables que más se asociaron con el aumento del riesgo cardiovascular global(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death. Cardiovascular risk stratification by means of scores is a significant tool for making therapeutic decisions at the first level of healthcare. Objectives: To determine global cardiovascular risk in people older than sixty years from the three elderly homes of Boyeros Municipality, Havana. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study was carried out. The study universe was made up of 130 people belonging to three elderly homes from Boyeros Municipality, Havana. Of the participants, 103 were interviewed in the period from January 2016 to February 2017. Calculation of global cardiovascular risk was performed following the criteria of the World Health Organization's prediction tables for global cardiovascular risk. Descriptive variables were expressed in percentages, while, for the comparison of two variables under study, the nonparametric chi-square statistical method was used with a significance level of 0.05. Results: Of the people studied, 61.17 percent were female, 53.4percent were between aged 60-69 years, 65.05percent presented arterial hypertension, 47.57percent presented moderate risk, and 55.34percent had total cholesterol levels above 6 mmol/L. Conclusions: Moderate global cardiovascular risk predominated. Elevated blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia were the modifiable risk factors most associated with increased overall cardiovascular risk(AU)

Relationship beetween Primary and Hospital Care in cardiovascular prevention and treatment of dyslipidemias. Derivation algorithm. Discharge criteria. / Relación entre Atención Primaria y Hospitalaria en la prevención cardiovascular y tratamiento de las dislipidemias. Algoritmo de derivación. Criterios de alta.

Effective cardiovascular prevention requires taking advantage of all opportunities for patient contact with the Health Services in order to detect risk factors (CVRF) and global cardiovascular risk stratification (CVR). This particularly involves the Primary Care (PC) services, which must be coordinated with the Hospital Care (HC) in order to make all health resources available to the population. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the contribution of Occupational Health and Pharmacy services. There are hopeful signs as regards the possibility of overcoming the barriers that limit the necessary exchange of information between PC and HC professionals, as a basis for adequate coordination between both levels of care. This includes the implementation of referral and discharge algorithms (in this review this means those related to dyslipidaemias) accepted by professionals at both levels, and currently facilitated by the availability of new corporate tools (mobile, email, virtual consultations). The challenge lies in seizing the opportunity they offer to make their implementation effective.

Determinación del riesgo cardiovascular global en pacientes hipertensos / Determination of the global cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients

Introducción: El riesgo cardiovascular global es la probabilidad de enfermar o morir por una enfermedad vascular posterior a su determinación, que permite estratificar la población según el nivel de riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo cardiovascular global en pacientes con hipertensión arterial atendidos en la comunidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 116 pacientes con hipertensión arterial, atendidos en el Policlínico Docente Carlos Juan Finlay de Santiago de Cuba durante 2017. Se determinó el riesgo cardiovascular global según el grado de presión arterial, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, lesión renal ―mediante la ecuación de Cockcrolt Gault y filtrado glomerular―, fondo de ojo, ecocardiograma y comorbilidad. Se utilizaron la estimación puntual, el porcentaje como medida de resumen y la prueba de Ji al cuadrado como validación estadística, con un nivel de significación de 95 %, para p ≤ 0,5 Resultados: En la serie predominaron el riesgo cardiovascular global alto en hipertensos de grado 2, el estrés, el sedentarismo y la dieta inadecuada como principales factores de riesgo, además de la hiperuricemia, la hipertrigliceridemia, el daño renal de grados 2 y 3, la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda concéntrica, la retinopatía hipertensiva de grados 1 y 2, así como la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 entre las comorbilidades. Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo y el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad influyeron en la afectación de órganos diana y en el incremento del riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes hipertensos, por lo que su determinación resulta útil en la atención primaria, ya que permite realizar acciones preventivas sobre posibles complicaciones y mortalidad.

Introduction: The global cardiovascular risk is the probability of getting sick or die due to a vascular disease after its determination that allows to stratify the population according to the level of risk. Objective: To determine the global cardiovascular risk in patients with hypertension assisted in the community. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 116 patients with hypertension was carried out, they were assisted in Carlos Juan Finlay Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba during 2017. The global cardiovascular risk was determined according to the degree of hypertension, cardiovascular risk factors, renal lesion ―by means of the Cockcrolt Gault equation and glomerular filtration rate―, eyeground, echocardiogram and comorbidity. The punctual estimate, the percentage as summary measure and the chi- square test were used as statistical validation, with a significance level of 95 %, for p ≤ 0.5. Results: In the series there was prevalence of the high global cardiovascular risk in degree 2 hypertensive patients, stress, physical inactivity and inadequate diet as main risk factors, besides the hyperuricemia, hiypertriglyceridemia, degrees 2 and 3 of renal damage, concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, degrees 2 and 3 of hypertensive retinopathy, as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus among the comorbidities. Conclusions: The risk factors and the clinical course time of the disease influenced in the affectation of target organs and in the increment of the cardiovascular risk in hipertensive patients, reason why its determination is useful in primary health care, since it allows to carry out preventive actions in case of possible complications and mortality.

Riesgo cardiovascular global en el adulto mayor vinculado a los programas de actividad física comunitaria / Global cardiovascular risk in elderly people linked to community-based physical activity programs

RESUMEN Introducción: La determinación del riesgo cardiovascular global constituye una herramienta importante para poder establecer estrategias de prevención para las enfermedades cardiovasculares, que en Cuba constituyen la primera causa de muerte. Objetivos: Determinar el riesgo cardiovascular global en el adulto mayor vinculado a los programas de actividad física comunitaria del proyecto Lindo Amanecer del municipio Arroyo Naranjo. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo de estudio lo constituyeron 120 adultos mayores, de los que se entrevistaron a 106 en el período de abril de 2018 a octubre de 2018. Se realizó el cálculo del riesgo cardiovascular global mediante los criterios de las tablas de predicción del riesgo cardiovascular global de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Resultados: El 91,51% de las personas estudiadas son del sexo femenino y predominaron los mayores de 70 años (54,72%). Un 47,17% de los encuestados presentaron cifras de presión arterial sistólica mayor o igual a 140 mmHg, y un 35,85% tenían cifras de colesterol total por encima de 6 mmol/L. Predominó el riesgo cardiovascular moderado (38,68%) seguido del riesgo bajo (35,85%). Conclusiones: Los niveles de riesgo cardiovascular global bajo y moderado se comportaron de forma similar. Las cifras elevadas de presión arterial sistólica, la diabetes mellitus y la hipercolesterolemia son los factores de riesgo modificables que más se asociaron con el aumento del riesgo cardiovascular global.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Determining the global cardiovascular risk is an important tool in order to establish prevention strategies for cardiovascular diseases, which represent the first cause of death in Cuba. Objectives: To determine the global cardiovascular risk in the elderly people linked to the community-based physical activity programs of the Lindo Amanecer project, from Arroyo Naranjo municipality. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out. The study's population consisted of 120 elderly people, of whom 106 were interviewed from April to October 2018. Global cardiovascular risk was calculated using the criteria of the World Health Organization's global cardiovascular risk prediction tables. Results: A 91.51% of the studied population was female and those over 70 years old predominated (54.72%). A 47.17% of those surveyed had systolic blood pressure figures higher than or equal to 140 mmHg, and 35.85% had total cholesterol figures above 6 mmol/L. Moderate cardiovascular risk (38.68%) predominated, followed by low risk (35.85%). Conclusions: Low and moderate global cardiovascular risk levels behaved similarly. High systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia were the modifiable risk factors most associated with increased global cardiovascular risk.

Clinical Effectiveness of the Cardiovascular Polypill in a Real-Life Setting in Patients with Cardiovascular Risk: The SORS Study.

BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular disease pandemic has promoted the cardiovascular polypill as one of the most scalable public health strategies to improve cardiovascular risk by increasing accessibility and adherence to treatments. Data from randomized clinical trials has shown that the polypill strategy significantly improves adherence as well as risk factor control (cholesterol and blood pressure), however, to date, no information from phase IV registries has been available. METHODS: We conducted a multicentre, observational and prospective registry of a polypill-based treatment strategy. A total of 1193 patients in Mexico were included. Patient demographics, clinical history, blood pressure, analysis of blood lipids and the Framingham risk score were measured at baseline and after 12 months of treatment with the CNIC-Ferrer polypill. RESULTS: At one year with the polypill, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels changed from mean 146.9 mmHg to 128 mmHg (p <0.001), and from 89.1 mmHg to 80.4 mmHg (p <0.001) respectively. LDLc levels were significantly reduced 132.5-107.6 mg/dL (p <0.001). The 10 year Framingham cardiovascular disease risk was also reduced in the high-risk group (33.7 + 22.0 vs. 21.2 + 14.8; p <0.001) and in the intermediate risk group (23.7 + 14.8 vs. 12.7 + 11.4; p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the results of the current study constitute the first real life data on the impact of a polypill therapy on cardiovascular risk factor control. The results show major improvements on the primary outcome, above and beyond those presented previously in the setting of randomized clinical trials.

Achievement of multiple therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease prevention: Retrospective analysis of real practice in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacological therapy in patients at high cardiovascular (CV) risk should be tailored to achieve recommended therapeutic targets. HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate individual global CV risk profile and to estimate the control rates of multiple therapeutic targets for in adult outpatients followed in real practice in Italy. METHODS: Data extracted from a cross-sectional, national medical database of adult outpatients in real practice in Italy were analyzed for global CV risk assessment and rates of control of major CV risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. CV risk characterization was based on the European SCORE equation and the study population stratified into 3 groups: low risk (<2%), intermediate risk (≥2%-<5%), and high to very high risk (≥5%). RESULTS: We analyzed data from 7158 adult outpatients (mean age, 57.7 ±5.3 years; BMI, 28.3 ±5.0 kg/m2 , BP, 136.0 ±14.3/82.2 ±8.3 mm Hg; total cholesterol, 212.7 ±40.7 mg/dL), among whom 2029 (45.2%) had low, 1730 (24.2%) intermediate, and 731 (16.3%) high to very high risk. Increased SCORE risk was an independent predictor of poor achievement of diastolic BP <90 mm Hg (OR: 0.852, 95% CI: 0.822-0.882), LDL-C < 130 mg/dL (OR: 0.892, 95% CI: 0.861-0.924), HDL-C > 40 (males)/>50 (females) mg/dL (OR: 0.926, 95% CI: 0.895-0.958), triglycerides <160 mg/dL (OR: 0.925, 95% CI: 0.895-0.957), and BMI <25 kg/m2 (OR: 0.888, 95% CI: 0.851-0.926), even after correction for diabetes, renal function, pharmacological therapy, and referring physicians (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite low prevalence and optimal medical therapy, individuals with high to very high SCORE risk did not achieve recommended therapeutic targets in a real-world practice.

A comprehensive guidelines-based approach reduces cardiovascular risk in everyday practice: the VARO study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of study was to investigate the possibility of cardiovascular risk improvement through systematic identification of high-risk individuals and treatment in accordance with current guidelines using modern therapy in daily clinical practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-three physicians participated in the study. The physicians were asked to screen for cardiovascular risk factors in patients presenting with unrelated problems and to re-evaluate the attainment of treatment goals in those with already known risk factors. Each physician enrolled up to 20 consecutive patients with hypertension and/or hyperlipidemia. A total of 3015 patients were included. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using the SCORE system. Risk factors were treated in accordance with current national guidelines. The therapy of hyperlipidemia and hypertension was preferentially based on rosuvastatin, amlodipine and valsartan. Further medication was at the discretion of the attending physician. Patients were examined at baseline and after 3 and 6 months. RESULTS: The principal result is that global cardiovascular risk decreased by 35% (from 8.9 ±6.4 to 5.9 ±4.4, p < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 12.5% (from 152 ±18 to 133 ±11, p < 0.001) and 11.4% (from 88 ±11 to 78 ±7, p < 0.001). The level of total cholesterol decreased 21% (from 6.3 ±1.2 to 5.0 ±0.9, p < 0.001) and the concentration of LDL-C decreased 28% (from 3.9 ±1.1 to 2.8 ±0.8, p < 0.001). HDL-C increased by 7% (from 1.43 ±0.58 to 1.53 ±0.56, p < 0.001) and triglycerides decreased by 25% (from 2.4 ±1.3 to 1.8 ±0.9, p < 0.001). Blood pressure and LDL-C target values were reached in 68% and 34%of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The VARO study demonstrates that in daily practice settings, both individual risk factors and global cardiovascular risk are significantly improved through the systematic identification of high-risk individuals and their treatment in accordance with current guidelines using modern pharmacotherapy.

Education and hypertension: impact on global cardiovascular risk.

BACKGROUND: Improving cardiovascular risk prediction continues to be a major challenge and effective prevention of cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, several studies have recently reported on the role of cardiovascular risk education. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of education on global cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 223 consecutive hypertensive outpatients. Their educational status was categorized according to the number of years of formal education as follows: (1) low education (less than 10 years) and (2) medium-high education (10-15 years). RESULTS: In both groups, cardiometabolic comorbidities, global cardiovascular risk and echocardiographic measurements were analysed. Less educated hypertensive subjects were characterized by a significantly higher prevalence of patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) (p < .01), greater global cardiovascular risk (p < .001), and a higher consumption of antihypertensive drugs (p < .01) rather than medium-high educated hypertensive subjects. In the same subjects, a significant increase in microalbuminuria (MA) (p < .01) and a significant decrease in E/A (p < .001) ratio was found. Univariate analysis indicated that global cardiovascular risk correlated directly with waist-hip ratio, mean blood pressure, MA, left ventricular mass index, MetS and inversely with education (r = -0.45; p < .001). Education was independently (p < .001) associated with global CV risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that education may be considered the best predictor of global cardiovascular risk in hypertensives and thus has to be evaluated in the strategies of hypertension and cardiovascular risk management.

Assessment of cardiovascular risk in Tunisia: applying the Framingham risk score to national survey data.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to assess the socioeconomic determinants of a high 10 year cardiovascular risk in Tunisia. SETTING: We used a national population based cross sectional survey conducted in 2005 in Tunisia comprising 7780 subjects. We applied the non-laboratory version of the Framingham equation to estimate the 10 year cardiovascular risk. PARTICIPANTS: 8007 participants, aged 35-74 years, were included in the sample but effective exclusion of individuals with cardiovascular diseases and cancer resulted in 7780 subjects (3326 men and 4454 women) included in the analysis. RESULTS: Mean age was 48.7 years. Women accounted for 50.5% of participants. According to the Framingham equation, 18.1% (17.25-18.9%) of the study population had a high risk (≥20% within 10 years). The gender difference was striking and statistically significant: 27.2% (25.7-28.7%) of men had a high risk, threefold higher than women (9.7%; 8.8-10.5%). A higher 10 year global cardiovascular risk was associated with social disadvantage in men and women; thus illiterate and divorced individuals, and adults without a professional activity had a significantly higher risk of developing a cardiovascular event in 10 years. Illiterate men were at higher risk than those with secondary and higher education (OR=7.01; 5.49 to 9.14). The risk in illiterate women was more elevated (OR=13.57; 7.58 to 24.31). Those living in an urban area had a higher risk (OR=1.45 (1.19 to 1.76) in men and OR=1.71 (1.35 to 2.18) in women). CONCLUSIONS: The 10 year global cardiovascular risk in the Tunisian population is already substantially high, affecting almost a third of men and 1 in 10 women, and concentrated in those more socially disadvantaged.

Riesgo cardiovascular global y edad vascular: herramientas claves en la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares / Global cardiovascular risk and vascular age: key tools in cardiovascular diseases prevention

Introducción: con el desarrollo de la sociedad y los cambios en el estilo de vida, las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la primera causa de muerte en el mundo y en Cuba. Son prevenibles si se actúa sobre sus factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, que se estratifican estimando el riesgo cardiovascular global. Se engloba los principales factores en tablas, que determinan la probabilidad de presentar una enfermedades cardiovasculares en 5 o 10 años. La edad vascular se calcula a partir del riesgo cardiovascular global. Es una herramienta útil para motivar a los pacientes a eliminar los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Por lo anterior, los autores se propusieron revisar referentes teóricos del riesgo cardiovascular global y la edad vascular. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló una búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Infomed. Fueron revisados 231 trabajos científicos sin limitación de año y país, seleccionándose 49. Desarrollo: se caracterizaron 14 tablas que calculan el riesgo cardiovascular global, a partir del estudio de Framingham. En Cuba, fueron utilizadas las clásicas de Framingham, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Sociedad Internacional de Hipertensión y Gaziano sin laboratorio. La edad vascular de un individuo, es igual a la edad que tendría una persona con igual riesgo cardiovascular global, pero con todos los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en niveles normales. Esto tiene una gran carga emocional que conlleva a que el paciente tome medidas preventivas. Conclusiones: las tablas que estratifican el riesgo cardiovascular global, deben ser ajustadas a la realidad epidemiológica de cada país. De las tablas utilizadas en Cuba, la de Gaziano sin laboratorio es la más factible de aplicar. La edad vascular es una forma fácil de comunicar el riesgo de sufrir unas enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Background: with the society development and changes in life style, cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death in the world and in Cuba. They could be preventable if acting on their cardiovascular risk factors that are stratified estimating the global cardiovascular risk. The main factors are summed up in tables, determining the possibility of presenting a cardiovascular disease in 5 or 10 years. Cardiovascular age is calculated on the basis of the global cardiovascular risk. It is a useful tool for motivating patients to eliminate the cardiovascular risk factors. For all the before said, the authors planed to review theoretical referents of the global cardiovascular risk and the vascular age. Materials and Methods: it was carried out a search in the Virtual Library of Infomed. 231 works were reviewed without year or country limitation, selecting 49 of them. Development: there they were characterized 14 tables calculating the global cardiovascular risk factor, beginning from Framinghan study. In Cuba, it were used the classic ones of Framinghan, World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension and Gaziano without laboratory teats. An individual’s vascular age is the same as it would be the age of a person with one and the same global vascular risk, but with all the cardiovascular risk factors at normal levels. This has a great emotional load leading the patient to take preventive measures. Conclusions: the tables stratifying the global cardiovascular risk should be adjusted to the epidemiologic reality of each country. Of all the tables used in Cuba, Gaziano´s without laboratory test is the most workable one. Vascular age is an easy form of communicating the risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases.

Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: Strengths and Limitations.

Global cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment tries to answer the questions: who will benefit from intervention? And when should non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment be started? Used for the assessment of CV risk in the presence of one main CV risk factor, the presence of previous CV disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease and severely elevated single risk factors, are situations with a high or very high risk. For the majority of subjects without any of the above, a calculation of risk can help to decide the best management. The methodology of assessing global CV risk has both strength and limitations. Several computational methods have been developed to assess global CV risk but no risk estimation can consider all the potential risk factors. The most used score chart is the Framingham CardioVascular Risk Score, although in Europe the Systematic Coronary risk evaluation is widespread. The strengths of the global CV risk scores depend on the methodology applied at the time of construction: (a) appropriate statistical methods (representative sample, sufficient power, clear definition of the outcomes); (b) inclusion of appropriate risk factors (age, sex, conventional risk factors, and inclusion of others that can be relevant). Once developed, the function requires internal and external validity as well as calibration. There are several limitations, which have been solved with different approaches. In the case of hypertension, one element is introduced in the score charts, the presence of hypertension-induced organ damage offering a refinement of the approach to the global CV risk.

Presión del pulso y su relación con el riesgo cardiovascular incrementado / Pulse pressure and its association with increased cardiovascular risk

INTRODUCCIÓN: la elevación de la presión del pulso se relaciona con una mayor incidencia y/o mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular; confirmado por estudios de múltiples autores a nivel mundial. OBJETIVO: determinar la relación entre la presión del pulso y el riesgo cardiovascular incrementado (global) en pacientes de 35 a 74 años del Consultorio Médico de Familia 16, perteneciente al Policlínico Universitario "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy", Guanabo, Habana del Este, desde el 1ro de diciembre del 2012 al 1ro de diciembre del 2013. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal en una muestra escogida al azar de 300 pacientes. Se le aplicaron encuestas, se les tomó la presión del pulso y se determinaron sus factores de riesgo. Se utilizó además, las tablas de Gaziano (sin laboratorio) para estratificar el riesgo cardiovascular global. RESULTADOS: se encontró que los pacientes con presión de pulso alterado (igual o mayor de 50 mmHg) siempre están asociados a niveles de riesgo cardiovascular, de moderado a alto y contrario, los que tienen la presión del pulso normal muestran un nivel de riesgo cardiovascular de moderado a bajo. La hipertensión arterial, el tabaquismo, el sobrepeso y la diabetes, fueron los factores de riego con mayor influencia en la presión del pulso alterado. CONCLUSIONES: la presión de pulso se pone en evidencia una vez más, como marcador de riesgo de las enfermedades vasculares y se convierte en herramienta útil, para buscar el Riesgo Cardiovascular Incrementado.

INTRODUCTION: the rise of the pulse pressure is related to higher incidence and/or mortality from cardiovascular disease, which is confirmed in the studies by many authors worldwide. OBJECTIVE: to determine the relationship between the pulse pressure and the increased (global) cardiovascular risk in patients aged 35 to 74 years in the family physicians' office no. in "Mario Munoz Monroy" university polyclinic located in Guanabo, Habana del Este municipality. The study was conducted from December 1st 2012 to December 1st 2013. METHODS: alongitudinal descriptive study of a randomly selected sample of 300 patients. They were surveyed, taken their pulse pressure and their risk factors were identified. Gaziano's tables (without laboratory) were used to stratify the global cardiovascular risk. RESULTS: it was found that the patients with altered pulse pressure (equal to or higher than 50 mmHg) were always related to moderate to high cardiovascular risk; on the contrary, those with normal pulse pressure show moderate to low cardiovascular risk levels. Blood hypertension, smoking, overweight and diabetes were the most influential risk factors for altered pulse pressure. CONCLUSIONS: pulse pressure reveals once again that it is a marker of vascular disease risk and turns into a useful tool to look for increased cardiovascular risk

Prevención de la cardiopatía isquémica, un desafío de la atención primaria de salud / Prevention of the ischemic cardiopathy, a challenge of the primary health cares

Introducción: la cardiopatía isquémica es una enfermedad que afecta los vasos sanguíneos coronarios y provoca isquemia e infarto del miocardio. Constituyó en el 2013 la primera causa de muerte en el mundo, en Cuba y en la provincia de Matanzas, considerándose un problema de salud, por lo que los autores se propusieron revisar referentes teóricos de la cardiopatía isquémica. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló una búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud de Infomed. Fueron revisados 483 trabajos sin limitación de año y país, seleccionándose 40 trabajos científicos. Desarrollo: la aterosclerosis como principal causa de cardiopatía isquémica, tiene origen multifactorial y es susceptible de empeorar por el estilo de vida de las personas. Los factores más importantes que contribuyen a su surgimiento, son tabaquismo, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensión arterial, dislipidemias, sedentarismo, obesidad, entre otros. Uno o más de estos factores pueden estar presentes en un mismo individuo, por lo que se estratifica el riesgo. Es el llamado riesgo cardiovascular global, estimado a través de diferentes tablas. Recientemente se utiliza la edad vascular para valorar dicho riesgo. Conclusiones: prevenir los factores de riesgo cardiovascular constituye un desafío para la atención primaria de salud, ya que es en este nivel de atención, donde se realiza la labor educativa a la población, se promueve salud y se previenen enfermedades. La detección y control de estos factores sigue siendo una estrategia preventiva esencial.

Background: ischemic cardiopathy is a disease affecting the coronary blood vessels and provoking ischemia and myocardial infarct. In 2013 it was the first cause of death in the world, in Cuba and in the province of Matanzas. It is considered a health problem; that is why the authors proposed to review theoretical referents of ischemic cardiopathy. Material and methods: we made a search in the Biblioteca Virtual de Salud (Health Virtual Library in English) of Infomed. We reviewed 483 titles without limits of year and country of publication, choosing 40 scientific works. Development: atherosclerosis, as a main cause of ischemic cardiopathy, has multifactorial origins and it is susceptible of worsening due to the life style of the persons. The most important factors contributing to its appearance are smoking, type II diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, sedentary life style, obesity, among others. One or more of these factors could be present in the same individual, so the risk is stratified. It is the so called global cardiovascular risk, estimated through different charts. Vascular age is currently used to assess that risk. Conclusions: preventing cardiovascular risk factors is a challenge for the primary health care, because it is at this health care level where the educative work, health promotion and disease prevention are carried out among the population. These factors detention and control is still an essential preventive strategy.

Moléculas de adhesión endotelial (ICAM-1) e inhibidor del activador del plasminógeno (PAI-1) / Endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1)

Se ha demostrado que los factores de riesgo clásicos no explican por completo la ocurrencia de enfermedad cardiovascular en poblaciones estudiadas, por lo que nuevos marcadores podrían servir en la identificación de pacientes que podrían estar en riesgo. El objetivo del estudio fue relacionar los niveles de ICAM-1 y PAI- 1 en pacientes estratificados según el riesgo cardiovascular global (RCVG), que asistieron a la consulta de Medicina Interna del Ambulatorio I San Diego, durante el período 2011 - 2012. Se trató de un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, de muestreo intencional, que incluyó 202 pacientes a los cuales se les aplicó una encuesta, se les midió presión arterial y circunferencia abdominal. Adicionalmente, se determinó en muestras de suero: glicemia, colesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, ICAM-1, PAI-1, y se estratificaron según el riesgo cardiovascular global. Para establecer puntos de cortes de los parámetros ICAM-1 y PAI-1, se evaluaron 42 pacientes aparentemente sanos. Los resultados mostraron alteraciones en los parámetros: presión arterial sistólica (PAS), triglicéridos e ICAM- 1 de la población en estudio, así como correlación entre ICAM-1 y PAI-1 con la edad y PAS. Al estratificar los pacientes según el riesgo cardiovascular global se encontró que 56,4% presentaron riesgo bajo; 36,6% riesgo moderado y 6,9% riesgo alto. Al comparar entre las categorías de riesgo cardiovascular global, se encontraron diferencias significativas para el ICAM-1 y el PAI-1, a medida que se incrementó el riesgo. Se requieren estudios prospectivos que corroboren los resultados obtenidos.

It has been shown that traditional risk factors do not fully explain the occurrence of cardiovascular disease in the populations studied, so new markers could be used in identifying patients who may be at risk. The objective of the study was to relate the levels of ICAM-1 and PAI-1 in patients stratified by global cardiovascular risk, who attended the Internal Medicine consultation at San Diego Outpatient Centre I, during the period 2011-2012. This was an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, purposive sampling study, which included 202 patients who were surveyed and measured their blood pressure and waist circumference. Additionally, glucose, cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, ICAM-1, PAI-1, were determined in serum samples and were stratified according to the global cardiovascular risk. To set cut-off points of parameters ICAM-1 and PAI-1, 42 apparently healthy patients were assessed. The results showed changes in the parameters: systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglycerides and ICAM- 1 of the study population as well as correlation between ICAM-1 and PAI-1 with age and PAS. When stratifying patients according to the global cardiovascular risk, it was found that 56.4% had low risk, 36.6% moderate risk and 6.9% high risk. When comparing among the global cardiovascular risk categories, significant differences were found for ICAM-1 and PAI-1, as the risk increased. Prospective studies are required to support the obtained results.

Riesgo cardiovascular global y estimación del filtrado glomerular en pacientes del Profilactorio Nacional Obrero de Cuba / Global cardiovascular risk and estimation of glomerular filtration rate in patients from the National Center for Workers' Prophylactic Health Care in Cuba

Objetivos: el propósito fue estratificar el riesgo cardiovascular global en pacientes ingresados en el Profilactorio Nacional Obrero a partir de factores de riesgo tradicionales como la hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, diabetes mellitus, entre otros, y se buscó además la tasa estimada de filtrado glomerular. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal donde se estudiaron 94 individuos, 66 hombres y 28 mujeres en el Profilactorio Nacional Obrero de Cuba; se determinó el riesgo cardiovascular global según tabla europea ESH-OMS (2007). Para hallar la tasa estimada de filtrado glomerular se aplicó la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault. Resultados: la mayoría de los estudiados son adultos maduros; la hipertensión arterial afectó al 60,6 por ciento de la muestra y sería superado si sumamos el sobrepeso y la obesidad (67 por ciento), el filtrado glomerular estuvo afectado en el 32,9 por ciento de los estudiados. La mayoría clasifica como riesgo muy alto y alto. Conclusiones: la hipertensión arterial es el factor de riesgo que más perturba a los pacientes aunque la suma del sobrepeso y la obesidad constituyen un gran problema. La enfermedad renal es una complicación de salud creciente; la mayoría de los pacientes tienen riesgo elevado(AU)

Objectives: stratify global cardiovascular risk in patients hospitalized in the Center for Workers' Prophylactic Health Care on the basis of traditional risk factors such as arterial hypertension, smoking and diabetes mellitus, among others, and estimate the glomerular filtration rate. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted of 94 subjects: 66 male and 28 female, at the National Center for Workers' Prophylactic Health Care in Cuba. Cardiovascular risk was determined with the European table EHS-WHO (2007). The Cockcroft-Gault formula was used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate. Results: most of the subjects studied were mature adults. Arterial hypertension affected 60.6 percent of the sample, exceeded by overweight and obesity if added up together (67 percent ). Glomerular filtration was affected in 32.9 percent of the subjects. Most cases classify as very high and high risk. Conclusions: arterial hypertension is the risk factor that most disturbs patients, but overweight and obesity added up together constitute a great problem. Renal disease is an expanding health complication; most patients showed a high risk(AU)