Evaluation of the Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, and Recurring Esthetic Dental Proportion in Kenyans of African Descent.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the validity of the Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, and Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) Proportion among Kenyans of African descent with naturally well-aligned teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized frontal photographic images of the smiles of 175 participants aged 18-35 years were obtained, and Adobe Photoshop was used to analyze and measure the frontal widths of the maxillary central and lateral incisors and canines in triplicate. The average teeth widths were calculated to determine the existence of the Golden Proportion, Golden Percentage, and RED Proportion, and their validity using independent sample t-tests to compare the differences in the mean teeth widths at α < 0.05. RESULTS: The number of male and female participants was 107 (61.1%) and 68 (38.9%), respectively. The Golden Proportion between the maxillary central and lateral incisors was found in 4.0% on the right and 2.8% on the left of all the participants, but between the maxillary lateral incisors and canines was found in only 0.6% on the right of male participants (p < 0.0001). The RED Proportion between the maxillary lateral and central incisors was in the range of 67%-70%, and between the canines and lateral incisors was 82%-84% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of RED was not constant, and gradually increased distally. The Golden Percentage of 15% was observed in the lateral incisors bilaterally; however, in the central incisors and the canines, the Golden Percentage was 22% and 12%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Golden and RED Proportions were invalid determinants of anterior teeth proportions. The Golden Percentage existed only in the lateral incisors. The Golden Proportion, RED Proportion, and Golden Percentage theories may not be applicable to all populations when designing smiles. Racial and ethnic backgrounds are important considerations to establish objective quantifiable values of anterior tooth proportions that are beneficial for esthetic restorations.

An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth dimensions for the existence of golden proportion in the representative North Indian population.

Context: Esthetic appearance of the face is a major concern in self-image among the majority of the population. The dimensions, anatomy, and arrangement of maxillary anterior are the key factors in the esthetic appearance of the face. Aim: The present study aimed to measure the mesiodistal dimensions of maxillary anterior teeth and analyzing the golden proportion in the representative North Indian population. Materials and Methods: Subjects were seated in the upright position in a dental clinical chair. A digital Vernier caliper was used to record the mesiodistal dimensions of central incisors (CIs), lateral incisor (LI), and canine (C) teeth in maximum smile position. A total of three sets of recordings were made by a single observer to avoid the measurement bias of both left and right sides of teeth. Digital images were also captured. Obtained measurements were used for the calculation of ratios and statistical analysis was done. Results: The prevalence of golden ratio between right CI/LI was observed in 3.1% males and 3.2% females. The calculated median ratio was 1.2 for males and 1.3 for females which differs significantly (P > 0.05) from the golden ratio. The divine proportion between visible portion of right C/LI was seen in 39.5% males and 32.3% females with calculated median value for males being 0.6 and that for females was 0.7. Conclusion: The prevalence of golden proportion between the CI/LI in esthetically pleasing smiles was too small (mean-3.9 in males and 2.75 in females) while the golden ratio of 0.6 was found in the majority of the population irrespective of the gender.

Looking at the Golden Ratio from the Blood Pressure Perspective: Assessing the Hypertensive Patients and Normotensive Subjects.

BACKGROUND: The representatives of mathematical concepts and indices allied to the Golden Ratio (GR) have been shown in the human body in superimposed human hands, phalangeal lengths of the digits, human ears, and the cardiovascular system. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the systolic blood pressure (SBP) to diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ratio measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is close to GR. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the ratios between the SBP, DBP, and PP in normotensive and hypertensive patients who were on medical treatment or not, to assess the existence of golden proportions in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Five hundred and twenty-nine patients who underwent ABPM were retrospectively enrolled in the study population. The ABPM was programmed to measure blood pressure every 30 min during the daytime and 60 min night time. Based on the ABPM results, patients were classified as hypertensive (SBP/DBP≥130/80 mmHg) and normotensive (SBP/DBP<130/80 mmHg), depending on ESC/ESH 2018 guidelines. They were also divided into two subgroups: medicated and nonmedicated. Systolic to diastolic blood pressure ratio (SBP/DBP) and diastolic blood pressure to pulse pressure (DBP/PP) were calculated in the usual fashion in all study populations and subgroups. RESULTS: After the exclusion of 133 patients who did not fulfill the inclusion criteria, 396 patients were included in the statistical analysis. Mean SBP/DBP ratios were 1.66±0.15 in all the study population, 1.63±0.11 in normotensive without medication, 1.66±0.13 in normotensive with medications, 1.62±0.15 in hypertensive without medication, and 1.76±0.20 with medications. CONCLUSION: We have documented that SBP to DBP ratios of untreated patients, irrespective of having normal or high blood pressure, run close around the GR. However, SBP to DBP ratios of patients having antihypertensive treatment are far from the GR.

Smile aesthetics in Pakistani population: dentist preferences and perceptions of anterior teeth proportion and harmony.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate dentist perceptions of attractive smiles in the Pakistani population, considering different dental proportions. METHODS: Maxillary casts and digital images were used to create symmetrical representations of anterior teeth. dentists' preferences for good and bad teeth proportions, width/height ratios, and various dental proportions (golden, recurring esthetic dental (RED), golden percentage, Preston, and local/observed) were assessed using one sample and paired t-test. The Chi-square test was used to determine the gender disparities and factors affecting smile attractiveness. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS: The RED proportion emerged as the preferred choice for normal-sized teeth, with specialists and general dentists favoring it over the golden proportion. For tall teeth, the golden proportion was predominantly preferred. The golden percentage received limited preference for aesthetic smile construction. CONCLUSIONS: The smiles created using the principles of RED proportion were opted as the most attractive by local dentists. Factors such as tooth arrangement, color, and midline were highlighted as essential considerations in aesthetic smile construction.

The golden ratio-dispelling the myth.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this article is to explore the claims often cited in scientific journals regarding the golden ratio, and its proposed link to beauty and idealized forms in nature, including idealized human proportions. MAIN BODY: Claims made in the nineteenth century through to the modern day in the clinical literature do not appear to be supported by evidence. SHORT CONCLUSIONS: There is no convincing evidence that the golden ratio is linked to idealized human proportions or facial beauty. There is currently no evidence to support the use of the golden ratio in orthognathic or facial aesthetic/reconstructive surgical planning or analysis of results.

The influence of different tooth proportions obtained using digital smile design on the perception of smile esthetics.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the effect of designs using different esthetic dental proportions made with a digital smile design program on the esthetic perception of individuals of different ages, genders and educational statuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Different smile designs were made on facial photos taken of a female and male model using a smile design program. Four different dental proportions (golden proportion [GPR], golden percentage [GPE]), Preston proportion [P] and recurring esthetic dental proportion [RED]) and two different tooth shapes (oval and square) were used. Images with 16 different smile designs were presented to 4th and 5th-year students of a faculty of dentistry, dentists, specialist dentists and laypersons for scoring. RESULTS: The gender of the participants did not affect the scores given (p > 0.05), and participants over the age of 30 and lay people had higher scores (p < 0.05). The GPR design was scored lower than RED when all designs were subdivided by tooth shape and gender (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The esthetic perceptions of people of different ages and dentistry education levels may differ from each other. Using the GPR when designing a digital smile may not be suitable for both genders. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: If esthetic dental proportions are to be utilized when designing a smile, it may be more appropriate to use the P and RED proportions instead of the GPR. In addition, if the patients whose smiles will be designed are young and have received dental education, it should be considered that their esthetic expectations may be high. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0567043.

An Analysis of the Esthetic Proportions of Anterior Maxillary Teeth in a School of Dentistry in Ar Rass.

BACKGROUND: There are several facets of esthetic dentistry, such as the shade and color of teeth, but the geometric or mathematical proportion aspect is among the most crucial. Theories such as the golden percentage, golden proportion, and recurring esthetic dental are presented in esthetic dentistry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present prospective observational research was undertaken between January 2022 and January 2023. The volunteers' cohort included individuals aged 18 to 45 years without periodontal disease, free of carious cavities and restorations in the anterior teeth, with a complete set of anterior teeth and at least one quadrant of well-aligned anterior maxillary teeth. We utilized an iPhone mobile lens (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA) to take photos. The maximum circumference on the mesial and distal contacts of anterior teeth was used as a reference point for measurements. After data collection, a customized Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) was formulated to facilitate mathematical analysis. RESULTS: This study was conducted on 60 dental students, 43 being male subjects and 17 female subjects. The best results in this study were seen in relation to perceived central incisor width and perceived lateral width as seen from the front. It was found that the unidentified group appears to be the most relevant group with 33 participants (52%), and Preston's proportion was the least frequent with 0 participants (0%). As expected, males appeared to have larger anterior teeth dimensions than females. CONCLUSIONS: The actual correlation between maxillary teeth width as perceived from the front view is unidentified. Golden percentage and modified Golden percentage ranked second and third. Preston's proportion did not exist. Based on our study, a new formula for calculating the relation between maxillary anterior teeth width could be raised and should be tested on a wider population.

Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face and their correlation to phi in a South Indian population.

Background: With the shift in focus from the hard to soft tissue in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, the scope of orthodontic treatment has grown beyond achieving an ideal occlusion, also to achieve ideal aesthetic facial proportions. Since time immemorial, the various horizontal and vertical proportions of an ideal face is considered to follow the golden/divine ratio. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the vertical and horizontal proportions of the face and their relation of phi in males and females of Dakshina Kannada population. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 100 subjects, which included 50 males and 50 females, aged between 18 and 30 years. Photographs were taken under standardized condition and adjusted to a standardized image size (5″ × 4″). Adobe Photoshop CS5.1 software was used for making all the measurements. A total of 11 vertical and horizontal ratios were independently measured for males and females, and their relation to phi was assessed. The data were subjected to Shapiro-Wilk test for testing the normality. Homogeneity of variance assumption was tested by using Levene statistic homogeneity of variance. One sample t test was used for the comparison between phi and mean vertical and horizontal ratios in males and females. Results: In males and females of the Dakshina Kannada, a statistically significant correlation was seen between all the horizontal and vertical facial proportions and phi (p < 0.05). Between male and female groups, a significant difference was noted in the intertemporal/intercanthal ratio, interalae/nose width and Intereye-soft menton/ala-soft menton (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Golden proportion can be used as a guideline in orthodontic treatment planning. However, it should not be the decisive factor in determining the facial attractiveness.

An Assessment of the Accuracy of Recurring Esthetic Dental Proportion: An In Vivo Comparative Analysis of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Proportion With Chu's Gauge and Custom-Made Calipers.

Smile designing, in harmony with nature, has always been a challenge in dentistry. Several theories have been proposed in the past with a view to replicate an esthetic smile. One such method proposed by Dr. Chu involves using the recurring esthetic dental (RED) proportion. He designed a scale for calculating the average values for the height and width of upper anterior teeth for a specified population. However, whether this average is valid for other populations has not been verified. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate if Chu's gauge value agrees with the dimension of anterior teeth in the South Indian population. The study involved 362 subjects whose anterior teeth dimension was assessed using Chu's gauge and a custom-made caliper. The proportion of the population whose dimension aligns with the average values on Chu's gauge was evaluated. The results showed that in the cohort, 39% had their central incisor dimension coinciding with the red band of Chu's esthetic scale, 10% had their lateral incisor coinciding with the blue band of Chu's esthetic scale, and 6.4% of the subjects had their canine dimension coinciding with the yellow band of Chu's esthetic scale.

Golden Mean and Proportion in Dental Esthetics after Orthodontic Treatments: An In Vivo Study.

PURPOSE: The definition of the golden ratio was established around the sixth century BC; Levin and Snow developed specific theories applicable in dentistry, which apply the golden proportion rule with the intention of reproducing a perfect smile. This study analyzed the literature and assessed whether these concepts remain valid and applicable in clinical practice, evaluating the theories with a group of patients followed by an experienced orthodontic team. METHODS: This study was retrospectively performed on 400 patients (241 females and 159 males) who underwent orthodontic treatments. The analysis was conducted on intraoral frontal photos, both pre-treatment and post-orthodontic treatment, to observe if there was a statistically significant difference in the tooth display according to the golden mean and golden proportion theories. RESULTS: The canine at the end of the orthodontic treatment had a greater visibility than that proposed by Levin and Snow. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed how these theories could be considered in certain respects, but nowadays are not totally valid and applicable to the clinical reality. Snow's theory appears to be more consistent with the clinical findings than Levin's theory.

The Analysis of Facio-Dental Proportions to Determine the Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Clinical Study.

The present study aimed to analyze mid horizontal facial third proportions, those being the interpupillary, inner intercanthal, and bizygomatic distance modified with golden proportion, The Preston proportion, golden percentage and 70% recurring esthetic dental proportion were used for determining maxillary anterior teeth width. A total of 230 participants took part in this study. The front dental and facial photographs along dental stone cast which were converted to three-dimensional (3D) models were used for evaluation. The mid horizontal facial third proportions showed no significant relationship with maxillary anterior teeth width without modification with dental proportions. Whereas, with modification, no statistically significant difference was found between inner-intercanthal distance by golden percentage and width of central incisors. The bizygomatic distance was greater than intercanine distance. While the interpupillary distance by golden proportion was found to be consistent with intercanine distance in female participants. The modified anterior teeth width was significantly different from measured values, when determined by using the three mid facial proportions with Preston and 70% recurring esthetic dental (RED) proportion. Furthermore, the measured width of maxillary anterior teeth showed no difference when plaster dental casts widths were compared with 3D models. The interpupillary, inner-intercanthal, and bizygomatic distance should not be directly used to determine maxillary anterior teeth width. While maxillary anterior teeth width can be determined by modifying the inner inter-canthal distance with golden percentage and interpupillary distance with golden proportion. Moreover, the midfacial third proportions modified with Preston and 70% recurrent esthetic dental proportion were found to be unreliable for the determination of maxillary anterior teeth widths.

Analysis of facial proportions in skeletal Class II subjects treated with Clark's twin block appliance, followed by nonextraction fixed mechanotherapy: A retrospective longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the influence of Clark's twin block (CTB) appliance therapy on achieving golden proportion in post-treatment facial profiles in skeletal Class II patients. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal study was conducted on a sample of 44 skeletal Class II subjects treated with CTB, followed by nonextraction mechanotherapy. Ricketts' 13 dentoskeletal ratios were measured on pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms. Paired Student's t test was used to analyze the existence of golden proportion in the values of the pre- and post-treatment ratios. The influence of pretreatment variables was tested on post-treatment ratio 4 using simple and multiple linear regression analyses. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in pre- and post-treatment values was found for ratios 4 (P = 0.02), 9 (P = 0.04), 10 (P < 0.001), and 13 (P = 0.01). Ratios 4, 9, and 13 moved closer to the golden proportion, whereas ratio 10 moved away from the golden proportion after CTB therapy. Simple linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant association of post-treatment ratio 4 with pretreatment ratios 1, 4, 8, 9, and 12. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a statistically significant association of post-treatment ratio 4 with pretreatment ratios 4 and 12. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with CTB appliance may well move various facial ratios in individual patients toward the published Ricketts ideals. Ricketts' published golden proportion may be used as one guide when planning for attempted dentofacial change in individual patients.

Mathematical Tooth Proportions: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate and compare three commonly used proportions that include the golden proportion, golden percentage, and Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) proportion to identify which of the mathematical formulas, if any, can be used to provide predictable and repeatable esthetic clinical outcomes. METHODS: A comprehensive search of electronic databases that included EBSCO, ProQuest, SCOPUS, Science Direct, Wiley, Google Scholar and PubMed was conducted using the terms: "golden proportion," "golden percentage," and "Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) proportions" alone or in concurrence with one or both ensuing terms: "tooth proportions" and "esthetic tooth proportions." In addition, the following journals were hand searched for relevant articles: Journal of Prosthodontics, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry and Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry. Related citations were also considered. RESULTS: Tooth proportions varied substantially in the natural dentition. No studies revealed findings that supported the use of one mathematical formula to predict esthetic success. The golden proportion is present between the central to lateral incisor in some cases, but rarely between the lateral incisor and the canine. When compared to the other proportions, the golden percentage provided better starting points for tooth shape and size, but only when values were adjusted to consider other factors such as ethnicity and/or facial proportions. CONCLUSION: Mathematical formulas did not provide consistent results that would allow for their use as a standardized guide for esthetically pleasing smiles. Although the golden percentage may be a good starting point if the percentages are adjusted on a case-by-case basis, generalized esthetic ideals cannot be determined by a mathematical formula and are open to interpretation by both the clinician and the patient.

Evaluation of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Width and Their Relation to the Calculated Values for Smile Designing.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to determine the golden proportion, golden mean, and the Preston proportion of the individuals between the widths of six maxillary anterior teeth and to determine which proportional formula exists in the population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted among 60 participants between 18 years and 30 years of age with an esthetic smile. They were grouped into 30 females and 30 males. Maxillary arch impressions were made using irreversible hydrocolloid material from each individual. The width of the anterior teeth on the graph paper was analyzed by using digital vernier caliper. The data were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA test. RESULTS: The study revealed that the formula of golden proportion and golden mean had no statistical differences between males and females but the Preston proportion has shown statistical differences in the total population. CONCLUSION: From the current study, it was concluded that the formulas of golden mean and golden proportion proposed by Ward can be used for smile designing and full mouth rehabilitations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Demand for smiles has gained its importance with time. The golden proportion, golden mean, and the Preston proportion are the guidelines used by the professional for better esthetic proportion in the dentition.

Golden Standard and Golden Proportion of Maxillary Anterior Teeth Among Saudi Population in Makkah.

BACKGROUND: Maxillary anterior teeth are important in achieving optimum aesthetics, Different methods are used to calculate their dimension: as golden standard (GS) to measure Width/Height (W/H) of anterior teeth and Golden Proportion (GP) to measure their perceived widths. Researchers had reported on GS and GP in different populations. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the occurrence of GS and GP of maxillary anterior teeth among the Saudi population in Makkah. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 384 participants (2304 teeth) were included in this study; photographs were taken by using a digital camera at a fixed distance and saved on a personal computer; the perceived mesio-distal widths and occluso-gingival heights of the maxillary anterior teeth were measured; GS was calculated from W/H of upper central incisors (W11/H11 and W21/H21); and GP was calculated from width of canines/laterals (W13/W12 and W23/W22) and laterals/centrals (W12/W11 and W22/W21). The normal range of GS was considered between 75% and 85%, whereas the normal range of GP was considered between 55% and 65%. Data were analyzed by using suitable statistical tests, and p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Both GS and GP were compared in relation to gender, race, and shape of the face. RESULTS: There were 43% of GS ratios, 14% of GP of canines/laterals, and 34% of GP ratios of laterals/centrals that were within the normal range. There were no significant differences between GS of males and females (p=0.512) as well as among different races (0.137), whereas there were significant differences among different face shapes (p=0.001). For GP of canines/laterals, there were significant differences between males and females (p=0.000), different races (p=0.000), and different face shapes (p=0.001). For GP of laterals/centrals; there were no significant differences between males and females (p=0.216) whereas there were significant differences among different races (p=0.000) and different face shapes (p=0.007). CONCLUSION: The GS was 85% among the Saudi population in Makkah and it was more prevalent than other golden measures. The GP was 77.5 for canines/laterals and 65.8 for laterals/centrals, and their frequencies were very low. Personal characteristics and dento-facial specifications should be considered to obtain maximum aesthetics.

Analysis of dental esthetic proportions in a Spanish population sample.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to analyze in a Spanish population sample the compliance of the anterior maxillary teeth to the dental esthetic proportions described in the literature. METHODS: Photographs of the smiles of 78 individuals were calibrated and digitally analyzed considering the following proportions: golden proportion (GP), recurring esthetic dental (RED), golden percentage (GPG), Preston's proportion and Modified golden percentage (MGPG). For statistical analysis, the t-test of an independent sample was applied, and compliance percentages for each standard were recorded. RESULTS: The existence of RED 70% or 80% has not been registered. The percentages of compliance with GP were within a range between 0% and 16%. The mean tooth width ratios were adjusted to the values described by Preston (P > 0.05), but the compliance percentages were low (3.33-25%). GPG only presented high percentages of compliance in the lateral incisors (53.33-62.5%). MGPG showed the highest percentages of compliance (50-68%). CONCLUSION: After analyzing a Spanish population sample using smile photographs for the first time, GP, RED, GPG and Preston's proportion standards are not fulfilled and therefore, not suitable for treatments that seek a smile that reproduces natural principles. However, the values designated by MGPG with a deviation of ±1% are largely applicable for treatments that aim for a natural smile.

The assessment of Golden proportion in primary dentition.

BACKGROUND: Golden proportion is a constant ratio that exists in nature, responsible for the esthetic appeal of parts in the human body. The study was aimed to assess the existence of golden proportion in primary dentition by evaluating the average width and height ratio of maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 children comprising equal number of males and females aged 3-7 years with all deciduous teeth present were randomly selected. Each participant was photographed with head upright and occlusal plane parallel to floor. Distance between the participant and camera was fixed at a working distance of 60 cm. The digital images were analyzed using imaging software (Adobe V7), the perceived widths of maxillary laterals were divided by widths of central incisor and that of canines were divided by perceived widths of lateral incisor. Maxillary arch impressions were made and casts prepared. Measurement of each anterior tooth was done using digital calipers. The measured width of lateral incisor was divided by width of central incisor and that of canine was divided by measured width of lateral incisor. Perceived and measured widths were tabulated separately. RESULTS: The mean measured lateral incisor-to-central incisor ratio was 0.80. The mean measured canine-to-lateral incisor ratio was 1.32. The mean perceived lateral incisor-to-central incisor ratio was 0.75. The mean perceived canine-to-lateral incisor ratio was 0.90. The mean measured width-to-height ratio of central incisors was 1.14. The mean perceived width-to-height of central incisors ratio was 1.08. No significant statistical difference was observed between measured widths, perceived widths, measured width-to-height ratio, and perceived width-to-height ratios for both the sexes. There was strong correlation between these ratios and golden ratio (0.62). CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the golden proportion was inconsistent in terms of relative tooth width in primary dentition.

Dimensions of Maxillary Lateral Incisor on the Esthetic Perception of Smile: A Comparative Study of Dental Professionals and the General Population.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of the differences in the dimensions of maxillary lateral incisor on the esthetic perception of smile among dental professionals and the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two sets of photographs where the maxillary incisor dimensions were modified using computer software (Adobe Photoshop) were created. In the first set, six images were included where the maxillary lateral incisor width was modified. The second set included five images where only the maxillary lateral incisor length was modified keeping the gingival margins same. Three groups of participants formed the sample. Hypodontia patients formed the first group, non-hypodontia patients formed the control group, while the dentists constituted to the third group. A total of 156 participants were recruited, 36 patients with radiographically confirmed hypodontia out of which 22 were female and 14 were male, 54 non-hypodontia "control" patients out of which 29 were female and 24 were male, and 66 dentists out of which 39 were female and 27 were male. Every participant had 15 seconds to view each photograph along with 30 seconds at the end for confirmation. RESULTS: The "most attractive smile" was the ones with 77% lateral incisor to central incisor width proportion according to 25.0% of the hypodontia group and 40.8% of the dentist's group, while only 4.2% of the control group agreed that it was the most attractive. However, the "least popular" was the 52% lateral incisor to central incisor width proportion according to 40.0% of patients who are hypodontic, 20.8% of participants from control group, and 49.0% of dentists. CONCLUSION: The golden proportion was not considered as the most attractive among all groups. The esthetic perceptions of the patients might not be same as that of the dentists. In general, reductions in the maxillary lateral incisor width were not all acceptable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This study will help us understand the different perceptions of the patients and the dentists on esthetics, which would further help us in planning the treatment accordingly.

Assessment of facial analysis measurements by golden proportion / Avaliação das medidas de análise facial pela proporção áurea

Abstract Introduction: The face is the most important factor affecting the physical appearance of a person. In facial aesthetics, there is a specific mathematical proportion, which is called golden proportion, used to measure and analyse facial aesthetic qualities in population. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the facial soft tissue proportions which would help to constitute a standard for facial beauty and diagnose facial differences and anomalies and to compare these proportions to the golden proportion. Methods: One hundred and thirty-three (133) Turkish patients 18-40 years of age (61 females, 72 males) were involved in the study. Analysis of the photographs was performed by the same physician, and a software programme was used (NIH Image, version 1.62). Facial proportions were measured and differences from the golden proportions were recorded and grouped as normal (1.6-1.699), short (<1.6) and long (>1.699). Results: According to the facial analysis results, the trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma was assessed: 33.1% of the patients were in normal facial morphology, 36.8% were in long facial morphology and 30.1% were in short facial morphology, according to this proportion. The trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma proportion was significantly higher in males than females (p < 0.001). Statistically significant difference was noted in gender groups, according to the trichion-gnathion/right zygoma-left zygoma and the right lateral canthus-left lateral canthus/right cheilion-left cheilion proportions (p = 0.001, p = 0.028). Conclusion: Facial proportion assessments in relation to the golden proportion showed that a statistically significant difference was observed between gender groups. Long facial morphology was observed more in males (51.4%); normal (41%) and short (39.3%) facial morphology were more common in females. The measurements and proportions for facial balance in our study population showed that the facial width and height proportions deviated from the golden proportion.

Resumo Introdução: A face é o aspecto mais importante da aparência física de uma pessoa. Na estética facial, existe uma proporção matemática específica, chamada de proporção áurea. A proporção áurea é usada para medir e analisar as qualidades estéticas da face na população. Objetivo: Medir as proporções dos tecidos moles faciais que contribuem para o padrão da beleza facial, auxiliar a percepção e o diagnóstico das diferenças e anomalias faciais e comparar essas proporções com a proporção áurea. Método: Foram incluídos no estudo 133 pacientes turcos com 18 a 40 anos (61 mulheres, 72 homens). A análise das fotografias foi realizada pelo mesmo médico e um programa de software foi usado (NIH Image, versão 1.62). As proporções faciais foram medidas e as diferenças das proporções áureas foram registradas e agrupadas como normais (1,6-1,699), curtas (< 1,6) e longas (> 1,699). Resultados: De acordo com os resultados da análise facial, avaliou-se a proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo e 33,1% dos pacientes apresentaram morfologia facial normal, enquanto 36,8% tinham morfologia facial longa e 30,1% morfologia facial curta, segundo essa proporção. A proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo foi significantemente maior em homens do que em mulheres (p < 0,001). Uma diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada entre os sexos, de acordo com a proporção do tríquion-gnátio/zigoma direito-zigoma esquerdo e do canto lateral direito-canto lateral esquerdo/ângulo cantal direito- ângulo cantal esquerdo (p = 0,001, p = 0,028). Conclusão: A avaliação da proporção facial em relação à proporção áurea mostrou que houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sexos. A morfologia facial longa foi mais observada no sexo masculino (51,4%), a morfologia facial normal (41%) e a curta (39,3%) foram mais comuns no sexo feminino. As medidas e proporções para o equilíbrio facial em nossa população estudada mostraram que as proporções de largura e altura faciais se desviaram da proporção áurea.

Golden proportion evaluation in maxillary anterior teeth amongst Saudi population in Riyadh.

INTRODUCTION: In achieving pleasing dental aesthetics, the maxillary anterior teeth are essential. Numerous methods are used to measure their dimensions, including the golden proportion between their perceived widths and the width-to-height ratios, referred to as the golden proportion and is considered as a gold standard for esthetic evaluation.The objective of this study was to evaluate the existence of the golden proportion between the width of the maxillary anterior teeth of Saudi males and females. METHODS: This clinical observational study included a total of 61 participants that met the inclusion criteria having 36 females and 25 males, all Saudi nationals, presented to Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), College of dentistry, clinics. Dental casts of the maxillary arches for each participant were made after taking digital impressions in addition to taking photographs. The dimensions and the perceived width of the anterior teeth viewed from the front were measured using a digital caliper. SPSS was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were significant differences between the subject's width-to-height ratios and the golden proportion of 0.80 where (p-value < 0.05). Thus, indicating that no golden ratio was observed except in case of tooth number 12 in male subjects where mean value was (0.83) with a standard deviation of (0.09) and the p-value of (p = 0.144) > 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: From the perceived widths of maxillary anterior teeth, the golden proportion was not found to exist. No gold standard was detected for the width-to-height proportions of maxillary incisors. Therefore, in addition to anterior teeth measurements, specific population characteristics and perception of an agreeable smile should be considered for evaluating esthetics.