Epicardial fat thickness correlates with coronary in-stent restenosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between epicardial fat thickness and coronary in-stent restenosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted, which included 129 patients (67.3% male, mean age 62.9±10 years) with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention with bare metal stent. Patients were divided in two groups according to the presence (n=21) or not (n=108) of in-stent restenosis during one year follow-up. RESULTS: Epicardial fat was significantly thicker in patients with coronary in-stent restenosis (5.51±1.6 vs 4.14±2.0mm, p=0.006). A proportionally and significantly thicker epicardial fat was found according to the increase in coronary disease severity (3.3±0.9mm vs 4.3±1.8mm vs 4.7±2.3mm vs 6.7±2.2mm, for type A, B1, B2 and C lesions, respectively, p=0.001) and number of vessels (3.07±1.2mm vs 4.92±1.8mm vs 5.43±2.2mm, for one, two and three vessels disease, respectively, p<0.0001). Epicardial fat thickness ≥4.7mm had 75.0% sensibility and 69.0% specificity for predicting restenosis (AUC=0.737). CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiographic evaluation of epicardial fat thickness could identify those patients with acute myocardial infarction with greater probabilities of in-stent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Thickness and an Altered miRNA Expression in the Epicardial Adipose Tissue Is Associated With Coronary Heart Disease in Sudden Death Victims.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: An increased epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness has become a new risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). We aimed to study the role of EAT dysfunction as a CHD marker by focusing on its thickness and microRNA (miRNA) expression profile, and the potential factors possibly influencing them. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-five CHD sudden cardiac death victims and 84 non-CHD-sudden death controls were prospectively enrolled at autopsy. A representative subset underwent EAT thickness measurements and EAT miRNA expression profiling. RESULTS: Epicardial adipose tissue thickness was increased and allowed an accurate diagnosis of patient status (among other measurements, EAT score area under the curve 0.718, P < .001). Epicardial adipose tissue from patients showed 14 up- and 14 down-regulated miRNAs and miR-34a-3p, -34a-5p, -124-3p, -125a-5p, 628-5p, -1303 and -4286 were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Patients exhibited higher EAT levels of miR-34a-3p and -34a-5p than controls (with a positive trend considering EAT from coronaries without stenosis, with stable stenosis and complicated plaques) and correlated with age only in controls. The mild positive correlation between liver and EAT miR-34a-5p levels in patients (r = 0.295, P = .020) dramatically increased in EAT from complicated plaques (r = 0.799, P = .017). Similar correlations were observed for high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein levels and miR-34a-5p levels both in EAT and liver extracts. CONCLUSIONS: Increased age-independent levels of miR-34a-3p and -34a-5p characterize the EAT miRNA expression profile of CHD regardless of EAT thickness, anthropometric parameters, and the presence of underlying atherosclerotic plaques.

Epicardial adipose tissue thickness and type 2 diabetes risk according to the FINDRISC modified for Latin America.

BACKGROUND: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a tool to predict 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and visceral adiposity is associated with higher cardio-metabolic risk. The objective of the study was to assess the relationship of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness with T2DM risk according to the FINDRISC tool. METHODS: The study was conducted in Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela, and included 55 subjects of whom 37 (67.3%) were women and 18 (32.7%) men with ages between 18 and 75 years. A record was made of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, baseline insulin, plasma lipids, Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and EAT thickness. The FINDRISC tool, with WC cut-off points modified for Latin America (LA-FINDRISC) was used. RESULTS: BMI, WC, plasma insulin concentration, HOMA-IR index, and EAT thickness were higher (P<0.0001) in the high-risk group compared to subjects in the low-moderate risk group according to the LA-FINDRISC. LA-FINDRISC was positively correlated with BMI (r=0.513; P=0.0001), WC (r=0.524; P=0.0001), fasting blood glucose (r=0.396; P=0.003); baseline plasma insulin (r=0.483; P=0.0001); HOMA-IR index (r=0.545; P=.0.0001); and EAT thickness (r=0.702; P=0.0001). The multivariate regression analysis showed that fasting blood glucose (P=0.023) and EAT thickness (P=0.007) remained independently associated with high T2DM risk. CONCLUSIONS: LA-FINDRISC was associated with EAT thickness and insulin resistance markers. Both were independently and directly associated with high risk for diabetes in the LA-FINDRISC category.

Diferencias en el grosor de la grasa epicárdica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, prediabetes y sujetos no diabéticos / Differences in the epicardial fat thickness in patients with diabetes mellitus 2, prediabetes and nondiabetic subjects

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar si hay diferencias en el grosor de la grasa epicárdica en pacientes con diabetes mellitus 2, prediabetes y sujetos no diabéticos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO Estudio en el que de enero a agosto de 2017 se evaluaron sujetos divididos en tres grupos: sujetos con diabetes mellitus 2, sujetos con prediabetes y sujetos no diabéticos. En todos se midió el grosor de la grasa epicárdica por ecocardiografía, siguiendo la técnica descrita por Iacobelis, con un equipo Aloka alfa 6, usando un transductor de 3.5 MHz, por dos ecocardiografistas que desconocían los datos clínicos de los pacientes. El método estadístico usado fue ANOVA. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron en el estudio 120 pacientes divididos en los tres grupos (40 pacientes cada grupo); se encontró grosor de la grasa epicárdica de 5.63 mm en el grupo de diabetes mellitus, de 4.43 mm en el grupo de prediabetes y de 4.0 mm en el grupo sin diabetes. No hubo diferencia en el grosor de la grasa epicárdica entre los grupos sin diabetes y prediabéticos (p = 0.09). Sin embargo, sí encontramos diferencia significativa entre el grupo de diabetes mellitus y los grupos prediabetes y sin diabetes (p = 0.00017). CONCLUSIÓN Los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 tienen mayor grosor de la grasa epicárdica que los prediabéticos y los sujetos no diabéticos, lo que apoya la relación entre grasa visceral y diabetes mellitus tipo 2.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in epicardial fat thickness in subjects with type-2 diabetes, prediabetes or non-diabetic. MATERIAL AND METHOD A study was done from January to August 2017 evaluating subjects divided into 3 groups: group with type-2 diabetic patients, group with subjects with prediabetes and group with nondiabetic subjects. In all of them the epicardial fat thickness was measured with an Aloka alfa 6 equipment, by 2 cardiologists who were unaware of the clinical data. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA. RESULTS There were included 120 patients divided into three groups of 40 patients each. Epicardial fat thickness was of 5.63 mm in diabetes mellitus group, 4.43 mm in prediabetes group and 4 mm in nondiabetic group. We did not find difference in epicardial fat thickness between nondiabetes and prediabetes groups (p = 0.09). However, we found significantly differences in epicardial fat thickness between diabetes group and groups of prediabetes and nondiabetes (p = 0.00017). CONCLUSION Type-2 diabetic patients have greater nondiabetes than prediabetic and nondiabetic subjects; this fact supports the relationship between visceral fat and the risk of type-2 diabetes.

Correlation between epicardial fat thickness and biochemical markers of metabolic risk. / Correlación entre el grosor de la grasa epicárdica y los marcadores bioquímicos de riesgo metabólico.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Epicardial fat has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk and the development of atherosclerosis. Transthoracic echocardiography provides a reliable measurement of epicardial fat thickness (EFT). The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between EFT and biochemical parameters of metabolic risk. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We assessed 211 patients who underwent echocardiography; EFT was measured by two cardiologists. In addition, patients' glycaemia, lipid profile and serum uric acid were measured. Statistical analysis was performed with the Pearson coefficient test and Odds ratio. RESULTS: A positive correlation between EFT with glycaemia (r=.064), total serum cholesterol (r=.0056), high density lipoproteins (r=-.038), or with triglycerides (r=.118) was not observed. However, we did find a significant positive correlation between EFT and serum uric acid (r=.415, P<.00001). The odds ratio for EFT>3mm in patients with hyperuricemia was 6.26 (IC 95 2.79-14, P<.0001). CONCLUSION: Hyperuricemia is strongly associated with EFT in Mexican patients; EFT is a useful tool for global cardiovascular risk calculation.

Association between endothelial dysfunction, epicardial fat and subclinical atherosclerosis during menopause.

BACKGROUND: Menopausal transition is critical for the development of early, subclinical vascular damage. Multiple factors, such as atherosclerosis, increased epicardial fat, and endothelial dysfunction can play a role. Hence, the objective of this study was the comparison of epicardial adipose tissue and carotid intima media thickness in order to establish the best predictor of carotid stiffness in middle-aged women with endothelial dysfunction. METHODS: A total of 43 healthy women aged 40-59 years old with endothelial dysfunction previously demonstrated by flow mediated dilation were recruited to have anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal and ultrasound determinations of carotid intima media thickness and epicardial fat thickness. RESULTS: Carotid arterial stiffness parameters (local pulse wave velocity [4.7±0.7 vs 4.8±0.5 vs 5.6±0.5m/s, respectively, p<0.001], pressure strain elastic modulus [55.2±13.4 vs 59.2±11.8 vs 81.9±15.6kPa, respectively, p<0.001], arterial stiffness index ß [4.4±1.4 vs 5.0±1.1 vs 6.4±1.3, respectively, p<0.001]) and epicardial fat thickness (2.98±1.4 vs 3.28±1.9 vs 4.70±1.0mm, respectively, p=0.007) showed a significant and proportional increase in the group of late post-menopausal women when compared to early post-menopausal and pre-menopausal groups, respectively. Among body fat markers, epicardial fat was the strongest predictor of local pulse wave velocity, independent of age. CONCLUSIONS: In menopausal women with endothelial dysfunction, menopausal transition is associated with increased carotid arterial stiffness and epicardial fat thickness, independent of age. Ultrasound measured epicardial fat was a better independent predictor of arterial stiffness than carotid intima media thickness in these women.

Epicardial Adipose Tissue in the General Middle-aged Population and Its Association With Metabolic Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There is currently increasing interest in epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) as a marker of cardiovascular disease. Our purpose was to describe EAT, measured by transthoracic echocardiography, and to assess its association with metabolic syndrome (MS) in the RIVANA population-based study. METHODS: Physical examination was performed in 880 participants aged 45 to 74 years (492 of them with MS according to the harmonized definition). Fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and C-reactive protein concentrations were determined in a blood sample. In all participants, EAT thickness was measured with transthoracic echocardiography at end-systole. RESULTS: Among participants without MS, the prevalence of EAT ≥ 5mm significantly increased with age (OR > 65 years vs 45-54 years=8.22; 95%CI, 3.90-17.35; P for trend<.001). Increasing EAT quintiles were significantly associated with MS (OR fifth quintile vs first quintile=3.26; 95%CI, 1.59-6.71; P for trend=.001). Considering the different MS criteria, increasing quintiles of EAT were independently associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR fifth quintile vs first quintile=2.65; 95%CI, 1.16-6.05; P for trend=.028), high triglycerides (OR fifth quintile vs first quintile=2.22; 95%CI, 1.26-3.90; P for trend=.003), and elevated waist circumference (OR fifth quintile vs first quintile=6.85; 95%CI, 2.91-16.11; P for trend<.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a subsample of the general population, EAT measured by echocardiography increased significantly and independently with age. Increased EAT thickness was independently associated with MS and with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, and elevated waist circumference as individual criteria.

Epicardial adipose tissue thickness in children and adolescents with cardiometabolic risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness with cardiometabolic risk factors (CRFs) in children and adolescents. METHODS: Seventy-seven subjects of both sexes aged 7-18 years were selected. Medical history, clinical parameters, and glucose, insulin, and lipid levels were collected. EAT thickness was measured using transthoracic echocardiography. Study subjects were divided into two groups based on whether they had less than two or two or more CRFs. RESULTS: The group with two or more CRFs had higher EAT thickness, insulin, and HOMA-IR values (P<.05). EAT thickness showed a statistically significant positive correlation with body mass index (BMI) (r=0.561, P=.0001), waist circumference (r=.549, P=.0001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r=.256, P=.028), insulin (r=0.408, P=.0001), and HOMA-IR (r=.325, P=.005). However, these correlations were not significant after adjustment for BMI. The cut-off point for EAT thickness as predictor of two or more CRFs was 3.17mm. The risk (odds ratio) of having two or more CRFs if EAT thickness was >3.17mm was 3.1 (95% CI: 1.174-8.022). BMI was the independent variable that most affected EAT thickness and the presence of two or more CRFs. CONCLUSION: In this group of children and adolescents, the relationship of EAT thickness with CRFs was found to be dependent on BMI.

Changes in arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness, and epicardial fat after L-thyroxine replacement therapy in hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between primary hypothyroidism and subclinical atherosclerosis and its potential changes with L-thyroxine replacement therapy. METHODS: A prospective cohort study including 101 patients with primary hypothyroidism and 101 euthyroid patients as controls was conducted from July 2011 to December 2013. Clinical, anthropometrical, biochemical, and ultrasonographic parameters were assessed at baseline and after one year of L-thyroxine replacement therapy. RESULTS: At baseline, hypothyroid patients had significantly greater values of blood pressure, total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, left ventricular mass, epicardial fat, and carotid intima-media thickness as compared to controls. Total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, ventricular diastolic function, epicardial fat, carotid intima-media thickness, carotid local pulse wave velocity, pressure strain elastic modulus, and ß arterial stiffness index showed a significant and positive correlation with TSH levels. After one year of replacement therapy, patients with hypothyroidism showed changes in total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, TSH, carotid intima-media thickness, and arterial stiffness parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Primary hypothyroidism is characterized by an increased cardiovascular risk. In these patients, L-thyroxine replacement therapy for one year is related to decreased dyslipidemia and improvement in markers of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

[Cut-off point of epicardial adipose tissue thickness for predicting metabolic syndrome in Venezuelan population]. / Punto de corte de espesor de tejido adiposo epicárdico para predecir síndrome metabólico en población venezolana.

OBJECTIVE: To define an echocardiographically-assessed cut-off point for epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness associated to metabolic syndrome (MS) components in Venezuelan subjects. METHODS: Fifty-two subjects aged 20-65 years diagnosed with MS according to International Diabetes Federation criteria and 45 sex- and age-matched controls were selected. Blood glucose and plasma lipids were tested; EAT thickness and left ventricular mass were measured by echocardiography. RESULTS: No significant age and sex differences were found between the two groups. Body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher (P=.0001) in the MS group. This group showed significantly higher levels of fasting blood glucose (P=.0001), total cholesterol (P=.002), LDL-C (P=.007), non-HDL-C (P=.0001), triglycerides (P=.0001), Tg-HDL-C ratio (P=.0001), and lower HDL-C levels (P=.0001) as compared to the control group. EAT thickness (P=.0001) and left ventricular mass (P=.017) were significantly higher in the MS group. The ROC curve showed an AUC of 0.852 (P=.0001) with a power of the test of 0.99. A 5-mm EAT thickness showed a sensitivity of 84.62% (95%CI: 71.9-93.1) and a specificity of 71.11% (95%CI: 55.7-83.6) for predicting MS. The odds ratio of this population for experiencing MS due to an EAT ≥ 5 mm was 8.25 (95%CI: 3.15-21.56; P=.0001). CONCLUSION: An EAT value ≥ 5 mm has good sensitivity and specificity for predicting MS in the Venezuelan population.

Grasa epicárdica y su asociación con el HOMA-IR y el grosor íntima-media carotídeo / Association Between Epicardial Fat, HOMA-IR and Carotid Intima-media Thickness / Association Between Epicardial Fat, HOMA-IR and Carotid Intima-media Thickness

Introducción La grasa epicárdica se considera actualmente como un verdadero órgano endocrino y su determinación ecocardiográfica ha surgido como un nuevo parámetro de fácil adquisición en la evaluación del riesgo cardiometabólico. Objetivo Determinar la asociación entre la grasa epicárdica, la presencia de insulinorresistencia y el grosor íntima-media carotídeo. Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal en 239 pacientes con sospecha de trastornos en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos en colaboración entre el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología y el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular. Se incluyeron variables clínicas (edad, sexo, antecedentes de tabaquismo, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica), antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura e índice de masa corporal), bioquímicas (glucemia, colesterol total, C-HDL, C-LDL, triglicéridos, insulina en ayunas y HOMA-IR) y ultrasonográficas (grosor íntima-media carotídeo). Resultados La glucemia, la grasa epicárdica y la circunferencia de la cintura fueron las variables que mostraron, en ese orden, una asociación significativa e independiente con la presencia de un HOMA-IR > 2,6. La grasa epicárdica mostró también una correlación positiva y significativa con los niveles de insulinemia en ayunas (r = 0,536; p = 0,0001) y con el HOMA-IR (r = 0,512; p = 0,001). La correlación entre la grasa epicárdica y el grosor íntima-media carotídeo fue superior en los pacientes insulinorresistentes (r = 0,523; p = 0,0001), en comparación con los pacientes con valores de HOMA-IR < 2,6 (r = 0,173; p = 0,029). La grasa epicárdica = 4,9 mm tuvo una sensibilidad del 85% y una especificidad del 75% en la predicción de insulinorresistencia, con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0,815 IC 95% (0,759-0,871). Conclusiones La grasa epicárdica mostró una asociación significativa e independiente con la presencia de insulinorresistencia y una correlación significativa con el grosor íntima-media carotídeo en el grupo de pacientes con HOMA-IR > 2,6.

Background Epicardial fat is currently considered a real endocrine organ that can be easily determined by echocardiography, emerging as a novel parameter for the estimation of cardiometabolic risk. Objective To determine the association between epicardial fat, insulin resistance and carotid intima-media thickness. Methods The Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología and the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular conducted a cross-sectional study on 239 patients with suspected disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical variables (age, gender, smoking habits, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), anthropometric measurements (waist circumference and body mass index), biochemical determinations (blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR) and echocardiographic variables (carotid intima-media thickness) were included. Results A significant and independent association was found between blood glucose, epicardial fat and waist circumference, in that order, and HOMA-IR >2.6. Epicardial fat also showed a positive and significant correlation with fasting insulin levels (r=0.536; p=0.0001) and HOMA-IR (r=0.512; p=0.001). The correlation between epicardial fat and carotid intimamedia thickness was greater in insulin resistant patients (r=0,523; p=0.0001), compared to patients with HOMA-IR <2.6 (r=0.173; p=0.029). Epicardial fat thickness =4.9 mm had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 75% to predict insulin resistance, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.815 (95% CI 0.759-0.871). Conclusions Epicardial fat had a significant an independent association with insulin resistance and a significant correlation with carotid intima-media thickness in the group of patients with HOMA-IR >2.6.

Grasa epicárdica y su asociación con el HOMA-IR y el grosor íntima-media carotídeo / Association Between Epicardial Fat, HOMA-IR and Carotid Intima-media Thickness / Association Between Epicardial Fat, HOMA-IR and Carotid Intima-media Thickness

Introducción La grasa epicárdica se considera actualmente como un verdadero órgano endocrino y su determinación ecocardiográfica ha surgido como un nuevo parámetro de fácil adquisición en la evaluación del riesgo cardiometabólico. Objetivo Determinar la asociación entre la grasa epicárdica, la presencia de insulinorresistencia y el grosor íntima-media carotídeo. Material y métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal en 239 pacientes con sospecha de trastornos en el metabolismo de los carbohidratos en colaboración entre el Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología y el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular. Se incluyeron variables clínicas (edad, sexo, antecedentes de tabaquismo, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica), antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura e índice de masa corporal), bioquímicas (glucemia, colesterol total, C-HDL, C-LDL, triglicéridos, insulina en ayunas y HOMA-IR) y ultrasonográficas (grosor íntima-media carotídeo). Resultados La glucemia, la grasa epicárdica y la circunferencia de la cintura fueron las variables que mostraron, en ese orden, una asociación significativa e independiente con la presencia de un HOMA-IR > 2,6. La grasa epicárdica mostró también una correlación positiva y significativa con los niveles de insulinemia en ayunas (r = 0,536; p = 0,0001) y con el HOMA-IR (r = 0,512; p = 0,001). La correlación entre la grasa epicárdica y el grosor íntima-media carotídeo fue superior en los pacientes insulinorresistentes (r = 0,523; p = 0,0001), en comparación con los pacientes con valores de HOMA-IR < 2,6 (r = 0,173; p = 0,029). La grasa epicárdica = 4,9 mm tuvo una sensibilidad del 85% y una especificidad del 75% en la predicción de insulinorresistencia, con un área bajo la curva ROC de 0,815 IC 95% (0,759-0,871). Conclusiones La grasa epicárdica mostró una asociación significativa e independiente con la presencia de insulinorresistencia y una correlación significativa con el grosor íntima-media carotídeo en el grupo de pacientes con HOMA-IR > 2,6.(AU)

Background Epicardial fat is currently considered a real endocrine organ that can be easily determined by echocardiography, emerging as a novel parameter for the estimation of cardiometabolic risk. Objective To determine the association between epicardial fat, insulin resistance and carotid intima-media thickness. Methods The Instituto Nacional de Endocrinología and the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular conducted a cross-sectional study on 239 patients with suspected disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. Clinical variables (age, gender, smoking habits, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), anthropometric measurements (waist circumference and body mass index), biochemical determinations (blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides, fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR) and echocardiographic variables (carotid intima-media thickness) were included. Results A significant and independent association was found between blood glucose, epicardial fat and waist circumference, in that order, and HOMA-IR >2.6. Epicardial fat also showed a positive and significant correlation with fasting insulin levels (r=0.536; p=0.0001) and HOMA-IR (r=0.512; p=0.001). The correlation between epicardial fat and carotid intimamedia thickness was greater in insulin resistant patients (r=0,523; p=0.0001), compared to patients with HOMA-IR <2.6 (r=0.173; p=0.029). Epicardial fat thickness =4.9 mm had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 75% to predict insulin resistance, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.815 (95% CI 0.759-0.871). Conclusions Epicardial fat had a significant an independent association with insulin resistance and a significant correlation with carotid intima-media thickness in the group of patients with HOMA-IR >2.6.(AU)

Grasa epicárdica: un nuevo indicador de riesgo cardiometabólico / Epicardia fat: new cardiometabolic risk marker

La grasa epicárdica es el verdadero depósito de grasa del corazón y puede ser observada y medida utilizando ecocardiografía estandar en dos dimensiones. La vista en eje paraesternal largo y paraesternal corto permite medir con mayor precisión el espesor de la grasa epicárdica sobre el ventriculo derecho. La medición ecocardiográfica de la grasa epicárdica tiene varias ventajas incluyendo bajo costo, fácil accesibilidad y buena reproducibilidad, y además se correlaciona positivamente con el síndrome metabólico, resistencia insulínica, enfermedad arterial coronaria y aterosclerosis subclínica, y por tanto puede servir como una herramienta sencilla para la predicción del riesgo cardiometabólico.

Epicardial fat is the true visceral fat depot of the heart and it can be visulized and measured using standard two-dimensional echocardiography. Standar parasternal long-axis and short-axis views permit the most accurate measurement of epicardial fat thickness overlying the right ventricle. Echocardiographic epicardial fat measurement has several advantages, including low cost, easy accessibility and good reproducibility, and also it correlates with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, coronary artery disease, and subclinical atherosclerosis, and therefore it might serve as a simple tool for cardiometabolic risk prediction.

Grasa epicárdica e insulinorresistencia. Nuestros primeros resultados / Epicardium fat and insulin-resistance: Our first results

La grasa epicárdica evaluada mediante ecocardiografía refleja claramente el grado de adiposidad visceral más que el de obesidad general y ha sido recientemente reconocida como una fuente de moléculas bioactivas, ácidos grasos libres, adiponectina y citocinas inflamatorias, por lo que desempeña un papel fundamental en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, con una relación directa con el grado de insulinorresistencia en la población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilidad de la evaluación ecocardiográfica de la grasa epicárdica como predictor de riesgo de insulinorresistencia. Otras variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales de tabaquismo, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial y familiares con diabetes mellitus; antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura, cociente cintura/cadera, índice de masa corporal), y hemoquímicas (glucosa e insulina en ayunas, colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL-c). La media de grasa epicárdica fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con HOMA-IR>2,6 (p=0,001), con sensibilidad y especificidad aceptables en su asociación a insulinorresistencia para valores de corte de grasa epicárdica ³ 3,5 mm

The epicardial fat evaluated by echocardiography clearly reflects the grade of visceral adiposity more than general obesity, and it has been recently recognizedas a source of bioactive molecules as well as free fatty acids,adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular diseases, with a direct relationship with insulin resistance in the general population. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of the echocardiography evaluation of the epicardial fat as a risk predictor of insulin resistance. Fifty patients were divided in two groups according to the diagnosis of insulin resistance (n=25 respectively). Each subject underwent a transthoracicechocardiogram to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue thickness, as well as both fasting glucose and insulin to determine the HOMA-IR (gold standard for the diagnosis of insulin resistance). Other studied variables were: age, sex, personal history of smoke, dislipidemie and hypertension and family history of diabetes mellitus, anthropometric measurements as waist and hip circumferences, waist /hip ratio and body mass index , by other hand were also measured the fasting glucose and insulin and serum lipids levels as total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-c. The epicardial fat media thickness was significantly higher in patients with HOMA-IR>2.6 (p=0.001), with acceptable sensibility and specificity in the association to insulin resistance for cut off values of epicardial fat ³ 3.5 mm

Grasa epicárdica e insulinorresistencia. Nuestros primeros resultados / Epicardium fat and insulin-resistance: Our first results

La grasa epicárdica evaluada mediante ecocardiografía refleja claramente el grado de adiposidad visceral más que el de obesidad general y ha sido recientemente reconocida como una fuente de moléculas bioactivas, ácidos grasos libres, adiponectina y citocinas inflamatorias, por lo que desempeña un papel fundamental en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, con una relación directa con el grado de insulinorresistencia en la población general. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilidad de la evaluación ecocardiográfica de la grasa epicárdica como predictor de riesgo de insulinorresistencia. Otras variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, antecedentes patológicos personales de tabaquismo, dislipidemia e hipertensión arterial y familiares con diabetes mellitus; antropométricas (circunferencia de la cintura, cociente cintura/cadera, índice de masa corporal), y hemoquímicas (glucosa e insulina en ayunas, colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL-c). La media de grasa epicárdica fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con HOMA-IR>2,6 (p=0,001), con sensibilidad y especificidad aceptables en su asociación a insulinorresistencia para valores de corte de grasa epicárdica ³ 3,5 mm(AU)

The epicardial fat evaluated by echocardiography clearly reflects the grade of visceral adiposity more than general obesity, and it has been recently recognizedas a source of bioactive molecules as well as free fatty acids,adiponectin, and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, it plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular diseases, with a direct relationship with insulin resistance in the general population. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of the echocardiography evaluation of the epicardial fat as a risk predictor of insulin resistance. Fifty patients were divided in two groups according to the diagnosis of insulin resistance (n=25 respectively). Each subject underwent a transthoracicechocardiogram to evaluate epicardial adipose tissue thickness, as well as both fasting glucose and insulin to determine the HOMA-IR (gold standard for the diagnosis of insulin resistance). Other studied variables were: age, sex, personal history of smoke, dislipidemie and hypertension and family history of diabetes mellitus, anthropometric measurements as waist and hip circumferences, waist /hip ratio and body mass index , by other hand were also measured the fasting glucose and insulin and serum lipids levels as total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-c. The epicardial fat media thickness was significantly higher in patients with HOMA-IR>2.6 (p=0.001), with acceptable sensibility and specificity in the association to insulin resistance for cut off values of epicardial fat ³ 3.5 mm(AU)