Why woody plant modularity through time and space must be integrated in fire research?

Different ecosystems evolved and are maintained by fire, with their vegetation hosting species with a wide diversity of persistence strategies allowing them to insulate their body and resprout new branches after fire disturbance. Changes in fire regime are predicted due to climate change, either by promoting more frequent and/or severe fires or by reducing the number of fire events due to the limitation of fuel load. Predicting the future of fire-driven ecosystems is a complex task as species' survival depends on many factors that vary in space and time. Since plants are constantly experiencing new environments as they grow through meristem development, woody plant modularity, modules morpho-physiological aspects and their integration should be considered when investigating species strategies in fire-prone ecosystems: according to their position and their tissue composition, plants' modules experience fire differently and will contribute differently to other modules and the whole plant survival, with consequences cascading over the overall vegetation structure. Growth modules may hold the key to understanding how fast plants can get protected from fire, ultimately helping us to predict which species will persist across changing fire regimes. We present an empirical example showing how different fire-return intervals translate into distinct pressures on the timing, protection and location of modules, and discuss how these can translate into modifications in the vegetation structure due to climate change.

Nutrição de ruminantes com uso do feno de capim elefante amonizado / Ruminant nutrition with the uso of hay of elephant grass ammonized

Objetivou-se avaliar as características químicas e nutricionais do feno de capim elefante amonizado com diferentes níveis de ureia (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0% da matéria seca). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e a estimativa dos coeficientes de regressão foi feita através do teste T de Student (5% de significância). Os dados também foram submetidos à análise multivariada, utilizando a distância de Gower e o método UPGMA de agrupamento, além disso, foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais. O aumento das doses de ureia não alterou os teores de matéria seca, hemicelulose e material mineral do feno de capim elefante. Houve redução das frações fibrosas com o aumento das doses de ureia, contudo, houve aumento linear dos teores de digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS), proteína bruta, nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e nitrogênio amoniacal. Observou-se, através da análise multivariada, que os carboidratos não fibrosos, NDT e DMS, foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram com os resultados observados para o tratamento com 2,0% de ureia. Através da análise de Cluster, foi possível visualizar a formação de dois grupos, sendo o primeiro formado pela utilização de2,0% de ureia, que se destacou na composição bromatológica do feno de capim elefante, e o segundo grupo pelas demais doses de ureia, divididos em dois subgrupos. Em conclusão, entre as doses estudadas, recomenda-se a adição de 2,0% de ureia ao capim elefante desidratado, pois altera beneficamente a composição nutricional do feno de capim elefante, principalmente os componentes da fração fibrosa.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and nutritional characteristics of ammonized elephant grass hay with different levels of urea (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 e 2.0% of dry matter). The experimental design was completely randomized and the regression coefficients were estimated using the Student's T test (5% significance).The data were also submitted to multivariate analysis using the Gower distance and the UPGMA method of grouping, in addition, they were subjected to principal component analysis. There was a reduction in fibrous fractions with an increase in urea doses, however, there was a linear increase in the contents of digestibility of drymatter (DDM), crude protein, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and ammoniacal nitrogen. It was observed through multivariate analysis that non-fibrous carbohydrates, TDN and DDM were the variables that most contributed to the results observed for the treatment with 2.0% urea. Through the Cluster analysis it was possible to visualize the formation of two groups, the first formed by the use of 2.0% urea, which stood out in the bromatological composition of elephant grass hay and the second group by the other doses of urea, divided into two subgroups. Thus, it is possible to conclude that among the studied doses, the addition of 2.0% urea to the dehydrated elephant grass is recommended, as it beneficially alters the nutritional composition of elephant grass hay, mainly the components of the fibrous fraction.(AU)

Nutrição de ruminantes com uso do feno de capim elefante amonizado / Ruminant nutrition with the uso of hay of elephant grass ammonized

Objetivou-se avaliar as características químicas e nutricionais do feno de capim elefante amonizado com diferentes níveis de ureia (0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0% da matéria seca). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado e a estimativa dos coeficientes de regressão foi feita através do teste T de Student (5% de significância). Os dados também foram submetidos à análise multivariada, utilizando a distância de Gower e o método UPGMA de agrupamento, além disso, foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais. O aumento das doses de ureia não alterou os teores de matéria seca, hemicelulose e material mineral do feno de capim elefante. Houve redução das frações fibrosas com o aumento das doses de ureia, contudo, houve aumento linear dos teores de digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS), proteína bruta, nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e nitrogênio amoniacal. Observou-se, através da análise multivariada, que os carboidratos não fibrosos, NDT e DMS, foram as variáveis que mais contribuíram com os resultados observados para o tratamento com 2,0% de ureia. Através da análise de Cluster, foi possível visualizar a formação de dois grupos, sendo o primeiro formado pela utilização de2,0% de ureia, que se destacou na composição bromatológica do feno de capim elefante, e o segundo grupo pelas demais doses de ureia, divididos em dois subgrupos. Em conclusão, entre as doses estudadas, recomenda-se a adição de 2,0% de ureia ao capim elefante desidratado, pois altera beneficamente a composição nutricional do feno de capim elefante, principalmente os componentes da fração fibrosa.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and nutritional characteristics of ammonized elephant grass hay with different levels of urea (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 e 2.0% of dry matter). The experimental design was completely randomized and the regression coefficients were estimated using the Student's T test (5% significance).The data were also submitted to multivariate analysis using the Gower distance and the UPGMA method of grouping, in addition, they were subjected to principal component analysis. There was a reduction in fibrous fractions with an increase in urea doses, however, there was a linear increase in the contents of digestibility of drymatter (DDM), crude protein, total digestible nutrients (TDN) and ammoniacal nitrogen. It was observed through multivariate analysis that non-fibrous carbohydrates, TDN and DDM were the variables that most contributed to the results observed for the treatment with 2.0% urea. Through the Cluster analysis it was possible to visualize the formation of two groups, the first formed by the use of 2.0% urea, which stood out in the bromatological composition of elephant grass hay and the second group by the other doses of urea, divided into two subgroups. Thus, it is possible to conclude that among the studied doses, the addition of 2.0% urea to the dehydrated elephant grass is recommended, as it beneficially alters the nutritional composition of elephant grass hay, mainly the components of the fibrous fraction.

Cometabolic biodegradation of quizalofop-p-ethyl by Methylobacterium populi YC-XJ1 and identification of QPEH1 esterase

BACKGROUND: Quizalofop-p-ethyl (QPE), a unitary R configuration aromatic oxyphenoxypropionic acid ester (AOPP) herbicide, was widely used and had led to detrimental environmental effects. For finding the QPEdegrading bacteria and promoting the biodegradation of QPE, a series of studies were carried out. RESULTS: A QPE-degrading bacterial strain YC-XJ1 was isolated from desert soil and identified as Methylobacterium populi, which could degrade QPE with methanol by cometabolism. Ninety-seven percent of QPE (50 mg/L) could be degraded within 72 h under optimum biodegradation condition of 35°C and pH 8.0. The maximum degradation rate of QPE was 1.4 mg/L/h, and the strain YC-XJ1 exhibited some certain salinity tolerance. Two novel metabolites, 2-hydroxy-6-chloroquinoxaline and quinoxaline, were found by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis. The metabolic pathway of QPE was predicted. The catalytic efficiency of strain YC-XJ1 toward different AOPPs herbicides in descending order was as follows: haloxyfop-pmethyl ≈ diclofop-methyl ≈ fluazifop-p-butyl N clodinafop-propargyl N cyhalofop-butyl N quizalofop-p-ethyl N fenoxaprop-p-ethyl N propaquizafop N quizalofop-p-tefuryl. The genome of strain YC-XJ1 was sequenced using a combination of PacBio RS II and Illumina platforms. According to the annotation result, one α/ß hydrolase gene was selected and named qpeh1, for which QPE-degrading function has obtained validation. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and multiple sequence alignment with other QPE-degrading esterases reported previously, the QPEH1 was clustered with esterase family V. CONCLUSION: M. populi YC-XJ1 could degrade QPE with a novel pathway, and the qpeh1 gene was identified as one of QPE-degrading esterase gene.

O efeito do hidrograma e da concentração afluentes na remoção de material particulado em canal gramado / The effect of hydrograph and of inlet concentration in particle removal on grassy channel

RESUMO Neste trabalho buscou-se avaliar o efeito do hidrograma e da concentração afluentes na remoção de material particulado em canal gramado construído em escala real. Para tal, foram investigados três hidrogramas de entrada e concentrações iniciais (Co) de material particulado: 65; 130; 195; 263, 327 e 400 mg/L, os quais foram descarregados em canal gramado de 100 m de extensão e declividade de 2%. O pico dos hidrogramas investigados foi da ordem de 11±2 L/s; e o tempo de base (tB), determinado no ponto de descarregamento no canal, variou entre 15, 25 e 35 minutos. O tempo de trânsito no canal (tT) foi da ordem de 10,5±2,5 minutos, o que corresponde à velocidade de 0,14±0,02 m/s. Para tB de 15 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências foi da ordem de 64±3%, para posição de 31±26 m. Para tB de 25 minutos, a média das máximas foi da ordem de 73±3%, para posições de 59±24 m. Finalmente, para tB de 35 minutos, a média das máximas eficiências obtidas foi da ordem de 65±3%, nas posições de 73±15 m. Verificou-se que 70% dos valores da constante de decaimento (k d) estão entre 0,005 e 0,015 s-1, e, ao desconsiderar o hidrograma representado por tB de 15 minutos, 90% dos dados estão no intervalo 0,005 ≤ k d ≤ 0,015 s-1. Além disso, foi identificada relação direta e proporcional entre a concentração final (C*) e as concentrações iniciais (Co).

ABSTRACT The present work investigated the effect of hydrograph and inlet concentration on the removal of particle matter on a constructed real scale grassy channel. For this, three input hydrographs and initial concentration (Co) of particulate matter were investigated, as following: 65; 130; 195; 263, 327 and 400 mg/L, which were discharged in a grassy channel with 100 m length and a 2% slope. The peak of the hydrographs investigated was around 11±2 L/s; and the time base (tB), determined in the unloading point on the channel, ranged between 15, 25 and 35 minutes. The transit time in the channel (tT) was about 10.5±2.5 minutes, corresponding to a speed of 0.14±0.02 m/s. For 15 minutes tB, the average of maximum efficiencies was around 64±3% for the position 31±26 m. For 25 minutes tB, it was around 73±3% for 59±24 m. Finally, for 35 minutes tB the average of maximum efficiencies was about 65±3% for 73±15 m. It was verified that 70% of the values of the decay constant (k d) are between 0.005 and 0.015 s-1; and, when the tB of 15 minutes is not considered, 90% of the data is in the range of 0.005≤ k d ≤0.015 s-1. Also, a direct and proportional behavior of the final concentration (C*) and the initial concentration (Co) was identified.

Manejo do pastejo para capim-andropógon Revisão de literatura / Grazing management to andropogon - Literature review

A pecuária brasileira se caracteriza por ter a maioria de seu rebanho criado em pastagens, a região do Norte de Minas Gerais é caracterizada por um regime de chuvas mal distribuídas ao longo do ano. A utilização de estratégias de manejo do pastejo para o capim-andropógon, se torna uma alternativa importante, uma vez que essa gramínea apresenta características que condizem com a realidade dessa região. O capim andropógon apresentam características de tolerância a seca e podem ser utilizadas nesta região, obtendo pasto produtivo e persistente. O manejo do pastejo para o capim andropógon ainda é uma lacuna na literatura. (AU)

The Brazilian cattle industry is characterized by having most of their herd raised on pasture, the northern region of Minas Gerais is characterized by a system of poorly distributed rainfall throughout the year. Using Grazing management strategies for grass Andropogon, becomes an important alternative, as this grass has characteristics that match the reality of this region. The grass Andropogon have drought tolerance characteristics and can be used in this region, obtaining productive and persistent pasture. Grazing management for grass Andropogon is still a gap in the literature. (AU)

Manejo do pastejo para capim-andropógon – Revisão de literatura / Grazing management to andropogon - Literature review

A pecuária brasileira se caracteriza por ter a maioria de seu rebanho criado em pastagens, a região do Norte de Minas Gerais é caracterizada por um regime de chuvas mal distribuídas ao longo do ano. A utilização de estratégias de manejo do pastejo para o capim-andropógon, se torna uma alternativa importante, uma vez que essa gramínea apresenta características que condizem com a realidade dessa região. O capim andropógon apresentam características de tolerância a seca e podem ser utilizadas nesta região, obtendo pasto produtivo e persistente. O manejo do pastejo para o capim andropógon ainda é uma lacuna na literatura.

The Brazilian cattle industry is characterized by having most of their herd raised on pasture, the northern region of Minas Gerais is characterized by a system of poorly distributed rainfall throughout the year. Using Grazing management strategies for grass Andropogon, becomes an important alternative, as this grass has characteristics that match the reality of this region. The grass Andropogon have drought tolerance characteristics and can be used in this region, obtaining productive and persistent pasture. Grazing management for grass Andropogon is still a gap in the literature.

Ruminal degradation kinetic of Brachiaria decumbens silages with different nitrogen additives / Cinética de degradação ruminal de silagens de Brachiaria decumbens com diferentes aditivos nitrogenados

This study aimed to assess levels of nitrogen additive Silogen® pasto on ruminal in vitro degradability gas production in Brachiaria decumbens silages. The nitrogen additive contained bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici) and minimum nitrogen to 360 g/kg. The levels were: 0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5%. In fractionation were calculated total carbohydrates (TC), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), soluble and rapidly degradable (A + B1), potentially degradable (B2) and degradable (C). The kinetic parameters of FC and NFC were estimated using the technique of in vitro gas production. Data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5%. The level additive did not influence the TC and fraction A + B1. The levels of nitrogen additive influenced the NFC, fractions B2 and C. For NFC content 2.0% showed the lowest (22.0 %). The lower levels of additive nitrogen (0, 1.0 and 1.5 % ) had higher fractions of B2 (average 40.2 %) and lower values for the fraction C (average 20.0 % ). There was no difference in the volume of gas CNF (average 86.73 mL) and final volume of gas produced (average 195.79 mL). Was no influence of nitrogen additives for the time of colonization, the lowest time of 3.89 h to 1.0%. The volume of gas of FC was influenced by levels of nitrogen additives with higher values to 0 % from 1.0 %, and 114.74 a

Objetivou-se avaliar teores de aditivo nitrogenado Silogen® pasto sobre a degradabilidade ruminal in vitro por meio de produção de gases em silagens de Brachiaria decumbens. O aditivo nitrogenado continha cepas bacterianas (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum e Pedicoccus acidilactici) e mínimo de nitrogênio de 360 g/kg. Os teores avaliados foram: 0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5%. No fracionamento, foram calculados os carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), as frações solúvel e rapidamente degradável (A+B1), potencialmente degradável (B2) e não degradável (C). Os parâmetros cinéticos dos CF e CNFforam estimados a partir da técnica de produção de gases in vitro. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância à 5%. Os teores de aditivo não influenciaram os CT e fração A+B1. Os teores de aditivo nitrogenado influenciaram os CNF, frações B2 e C. A fraçao de CNF apresentou menor teor (22,0%) com 2,0% de aditivo. Os menores teores de aditivo nitrogenado (0; 1,0 e 1,5%) resultaram em maiores valores das frações B2 (média 40,2%) e menores valores para a fração C (média 20,0%). Não houve diferença para o volume de gases dos CNF (média 86,73 mL) e volume final dos gases produzidos (média 195,79 mL). Houve influência dos aditivos nitrogenados para o tempo de colonização, sendo o menor tempo de 3,89 h para 1,0%. O volume de gases dos C

Ruminal degradation kinetic of Brachiaria decumbens silages with different nitrogen additives / Cinética de degradação ruminal de silagens de Brachiaria decumbens com diferentes aditivos nitrogenados

This study aimed to assess levels of nitrogen additive Silogen® pasto on ruminal in vitro degradability gas production in Brachiaria decumbens silages. The nitrogen additive contained bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici) and minimum nitrogen to 360 g/kg. The levels were: 0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 2.5%. In fractionation were calculated total carbohydrates (TC), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), soluble and rapidly degradable (A + B1), potentially degradable (B2) and degradable (C). The kinetic parameters of FC and NFC were estimated using the technique of in vitro gas production. Data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5%. The level additive did not influence the TC and fraction A + B1. The levels of nitrogen additive influenced the NFC, fractions B2 and C. For NFC content 2.0% showed the lowest (22.0 %). The lower levels of additive nitrogen (0, 1.0 and 1.5 % ) had higher fractions of B2 (average 40.2 %) and lower values for the fraction C (average 20.0 % ). There was no difference in the volume of gas CNF (average 86.73 mL) and final volume of gas produced (average 195.79 mL). Was no influence of nitrogen additives for the time of colonization, the lowest time of 3.89 h to 1.0%. The volume of gas of FC was influenced by levels of nitrogen additives with higher values to 0 % from 1.0 %, and 114.74 a

Objetivou-se avaliar teores de aditivo nitrogenado Silogen® pasto sobre a degradabilidade ruminal in vitro por meio de produção de gases em silagens de Brachiaria decumbens. O aditivo nitrogenado continha cepas bacterianas (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus plantarum e Pedicoccus acidilactici) e mínimo de nitrogênio de 360 g/kg. Os teores avaliados foram: 0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5%. No fracionamento, foram calculados os carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), as frações solúvel e rapidamente degradável (A+B1), potencialmente degradável (B2) e não degradável (C). Os parâmetros cinéticos dos CF e CNFforam estimados a partir da técnica de produção de gases in vitro. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância à 5%. Os teores de aditivo não influenciaram os CT e fração A+B1. Os teores de aditivo nitrogenado influenciaram os CNF, frações B2 e C. A fraçao de CNF apresentou menor teor (22,0%) com 2,0% de aditivo. Os menores teores de aditivo nitrogenado (0; 1,0 e 1,5%) resultaram em maiores valores das frações B2 (média 40,2%) e menores valores para a fração C (média 20,0%). Não houve diferença para o volume de gases dos CNF (média 86,73 mL) e volume final dos gases produzidos (média 195,79 mL). Houve influência dos aditivos nitrogenados para o tempo de colonização, sendo o menor tempo de 3,89 h para 1,0%. O volume de gases dos C