Efficacy of green tea ( Camellia sinensis Linn) 3% extract cream on improvement of striae distensae.

Background: Striae distensae (SD) is a skin condition that frequently causes dermatological consultations and although asymptomatic, it may can cause itch and burning sensation. Green tea extract contains polyphenol, including flavanol, flavandiol, flavonoid, phenolic acid, amino acids and minerals which play a role in the repair of stretch marks through anti-inflammatory mechanism, increase collagen production, fibroblast proliferation, and skin hydration. Objective: To determine the efficacy of green tea extract cream on striae distensae. Methods: This is a pre-experimental clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design on 36 subjects with striae distensae. Diagnosis establishes through history taking and clinical evaluation. Imam Nelva Alviera (INA) score was used as SD severity before and after the application of the 3% green tea extract cream carried out at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Side effects and subjects' satisfaction were also recorded. Cochran test was carried out to see the difference before and after treatment, with a p-value <0.05 considered significant. Results: Majority of study subjects were 18-25 years (77.8%), had history of pregnancy (75%), had a history of menarche at the age of 12 years (27.8%) and all subjects had striae alba. There was significant decrement in INA score for striae distensae (p<0.001) after eight weeks administration of 3% green tea extract cream. Clinical improvement and no side effects were also noted. All subjects were satisfied. Conclusions: The use of 3% green tea extract cream can improve the appearance of SD.

Investigating the Formation of In Vitro Immunogenic Gluten Peptides after Covalent Modification of Their Structure with Green Tea Phenolic Compounds under Alkaline Conditions.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by immunogenic gluten peptides produced during gastrointestinal digestion. To prevent the production of immunogenic gluten peptides, the stimulation of covalent-type protein-polyphenol interactions may be promising. In this study, gluten interacted with green tea extract (GTE) at pH 9 to promote the covalent-type gluten-polyphenol interactions, and the number of immunogenic gluten peptides, 19-mer, 26-mer, and 33-mer, was monitored after in vitro digestion. Treatment of gluten with GTE provided an increased antioxidant capacity, decreased amino group content, and increased thermal properties. More importantly, there was a remarkable (up to 73%) elimination of immunogenic gluten peptide release after the treatment of gluten with 2% GTE at 50 °C and pH 9 for 2 h. All of these confirmed that gluten was efficiently modified by GTE polyphenols under the stated conditions. These findings are important in developing new strategies for the development of gluten-free or low-gluten food products with reduced immunogenicity.

Iron nanoparticles prepared from South African acid mine drainage for the treatment of methylene blue in wastewater.

In this study, three acid mine drainage (AMD) sources were investigated as potential sources of iron for the synthesis of iron nanoparticles using green tea extract (an environmentally friendly reductant) or sodium borohydride (a chemical reductant). Electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), ion chromatography (IC), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) techniques were used to characterize the AMD, and the most suitable AMD sample was selected based on availability. Additionally, three tea extracts were characterized using ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazine-hydrate (DPPH), and the most suitable environmentally friendly reductant was selected based on the highest FRAP (1152 µmol FeII/g) and DPPH (71%) values. The synthesized iron nanoparticles were characterized and compared using XRD, STEM, Image J, EDS, and FTIR analytical techniques. The study shows that the novel iron nanoparticles produced using the selected green tea (57 nm) and AMD were stable under air due to the surface modification by polyphenols contained in green tea extract, whereas the nanoparticles produced using sodium borohydride (67 nm) were unstable under air and produced a toxic supernatant. Both the AMD-based iron nanoparticles can be used as Fenton-like catalysts for the decoloration of methylene blue solution. While 99% decoloration was achieved by the borohydride-synthesized nanoparticles, 81% decoloration was achieved using green tea-synthesized nanoparticles.

Green tea extract suppresses airway inflammation via oxidative stress-driven MAPKs/MMP-9 signaling in asthmatic mice and human airway epithelial cells.

Introduction: The anti-inflammatory effect of green tea extract (GTE) has been confirmed in asthmatic mice, however, the pharmacological mechanism is not fully elucidated. Methods: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of GTE in asthma and identify specific pathways, murine model of allergic asthma was established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and the challenge for 4 weeks, with oral treatment using GTE and dexamethasone (DEX). Inflammatory cell counts, cytokines, OVA-specific IgE, airway hyperreactivity, and antioxidant markers in the lung were evaluated. Also, pulmonary histopathological analysis and western blotting were performed. In vitro, we established the model by stimulating the human airway epithelial cell line NCI-H292 using lipopolysaccharide, and treating with GTE and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) inhibitors. Results: The GTE100 and GTE400 groups showed a decrease in airway hyperresponsiveness and the number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) compared to the OVA group. GTE treatment also reduced interleukin (IL)-13, IL-5, and IL-4 levels in the BALF, and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E levels in the serum compared to those in the OVA group. GTE treatment decreased OVA-induced mucus secretion and airway inflammation. In addition, GTE suppressed the oxidative stress, and phosphorylation of MAPKs, which generally occurs after exposure to OVA. GTE administration also reduced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and protein levels. Conclusion: GTE effectively inhibited asthmatic respiratory inflammation and mucus hyperproduction induced by OVA inhalation. These results suggest that GTE has the potential to be used for the treatment of asthma.

The Epidemiology of Newly Recognized Causes of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: An Update.

The incidence and prevalence of drug-induced liver injury appear to be increasing globally, for example, with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors. Several reviews have been published in the last decade on the epidemiology of DILI, both among hospitalized patients and in the general population, as well as from retrospective and prospective studies on DILI. Most of these reviews have not focused on newly recognized agents that have recently changed the landscape of DILI. Apart from liver injury associated with antibiotics, oncological agents, particularly checkpoint inhibitors, are increasingly being recognized as causing liver injury. The type of liver injury associated with these agents is not idiosyncratic but rather an indirect type of injury. Furthermore, recently, COVID-19 vaccines and green tea extract have been found to lead to liver injury. Checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of many malignancies, such as malignant melanoma, lung cancer, and renal cancer. Via the activation of T cells, they can increase immune activity against malignant cells, but at the same time, they can decrease immune tolerance and therefore lead to immune-related adverse effects in many organs. The most common adverse effect in clinical practice is liver injury. A recent prospective study demonstrated an 8% frequency of DILI due to the use of checkpoint inhibitors among patients with malignant melanoma and renal cancer. This rate is much higher than observed with drugs, leading to idiosyncratic liver injury. Shortly after the implementation of the worldwide vaccination program against COVID-19, several case reports were published on suspected vaccination-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis occurring shortly after the vaccination. At first, these reports were met with skepticism, but currently, around 100 reports have been published, and cases of positive recurrence have been reported. The clinical, biochemical, immunological, and histological features are indistinguishable from classic autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). These reactions are very similar to drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis (DI-ALH) due to drugs such as nitrofurantoin, minocycline, and infliximab, which do not relapse after a short course of corticosteroids, which is the general rule in classic autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Green tea extract has been found to be a well-documented cause of acute hepatocellular liver injury with jaundice. A strong HLA association has been reported, showing a high prevalence of HLA-B*35:01 among patients suffering from green tea-induced liver injury. Overall, 3% of patients recruited in the DILIN study were supplemented with green tea extract as one of the ingredients. In a prospective population-based study from Iceland, green tea was implicated in approximately 8% of patients with DILI.

Synergistic Renoprotective Effects of Green Tea Extract and Gemigliptin against Tacrolimus-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

SUMMARY: Although tacrolimus (TAC) significantly reduces allograft rejection incidence in solid-organ transplantation, its long-term use is associated with an increased risk of TAC-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the renoprotective effects of green tea extract (GTE) with or without the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, gemigliptin, by assessing serum creatinine levels, the amount of proteinuria, and histopathology in TAC-induced nephrotoxicity. TAC-induced nephrotoxicity was induced by intraperitoneal TAC injection, GTE was administered via subcutaneous injection, and gemigliptin was administered orally. Mice with TAC-induced nephrotoxicity exhibited a significant increase in both serum creatinine levels and 24-hour urine protein. However, when treated with GTE via subcutaneous injection, mice showed a decrease in serum creatinine levels and the amount of proteinuria. When GTE was combined with gemigliptin, further renoprotective effects were observed in biochemical assessments, consistent with the attenuation of TAC-induced nephrotoxicity in histopathology. The expression of p53 protein was lower in the mice treated with the combination of GTE and gemigliptin compared to mice with TAC-induced nephrotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that the combination of GTE and gemigliptin treatment reveals synergistic renoprotective effects by decreasing the expression of p53 protein. These findings suggest that the combination of GTE and gemigliptin could potentially be used as a prophylactic or therapeutic strategy for TAC-induced nephrotoxicity.

Aunque tacrolimus (TAC) reduce significativamente la incidencia de rechazo de aloinjertos en trasplantes de órganos sólidos, su uso a largo plazo se asocia con un mayor riesgo de nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC. En este estudio, investigamos los efectos renoprotectores del extracto de té verde (GTE) con o sin el inhibidor de la dipeptidil peptidasa 4, gemigliptina, mediante la evaluación de los niveles de creatinina sérica, la cantidad de proteinuria y la histopatología en la nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC. La nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC se indujo mediante inyección intraperitoneal de TAC, el GTE se administró mediante inyección subcutánea y la gemigliptina se administró por vía oral. Los ratones con nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC mostraron un aumento significativo tanto en los niveles de creatinina sérica como en la proteína en orina de 24 horas. Sin embargo, cuando se trataron con GTE mediante inyección subcutánea, los ratones mostraron una disminución en los niveles de creatinina sérica y en la cantidad de proteinuria. Cuando se combinó GTE con gemigliptina, se observaron efectos renoprotectores adicionales en las evaluaciones bioquímicas, lo que concuerda con la atenuación de la nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC en histopatología. La expresión de la proteína p53 fue menor en los ratones tratados con la combinación de GTE y gemigliptina en comparación con los ratones con nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC. Nuestros resultados demuestran que la combinación de tratamiento con GTE y gemigliptina revela efectos renoprotectores sinérgicos al disminuir la expresión de la proteína p53. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la combinación de GTE y gemigliptina podría usarse potencialmente como estrategia profiláctica o terapéutica para la nefrotoxicidad inducida por TAC.

Effects of post-fermentation addition of green tea extract for sulfur dioxide replacement on Sauvignon Blanc wine phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, colour, and mouthfeel attributes.

This study examines the feasibility of replacing SO2 in a New Zealand Sauvignon Blanc wine with a green tea extract. The treatments included the control with no preservatives (C), the addition of green tea extract at 0.1 and 0.2 g/L (T1 and T2), and an SO2 treatment at 50 mg/L (T3). Five monomeric phenolic compounds were detected in the green tea extract used for the experiment, and their concentrations ranged in the order (-)-epigallocatechin gallate > (-)-epigallocatechin > (-)-epicatechin > (-)-epicatechin gallate > gallic acid. At the studied addition rates, these green tea-derived phenolic compounds contributed to ∼70% of the antioxidant capacity (ABTS), ∼71% of the total phenolic index (TPI), and âˆ¼ 84% of tannin concentration (MCPT) of the extract dissolved in a model wine solution. Among wine treatments, T1 and T2 significantly increased the wine's colour absorbance at 420 nm, MCPT, gallic acid and total monomeric phenolic content. TPI and ABTS were significantly higher in wines with preservatives (i.e., T2 > T1 â‰… T3 > C, p < 0.05). These variations were observed both two weeks after the treatments and again after five months of wine aging. Additionally, an accelerated browning test and a quantitative sensory analysis of wine colour and mouthfeel attributes were performed after 5 months of wine aging. When exposed to excessive oxygen and high temperature (50 °C), T1 and T2 exhibited ∼29% and 24% higher browning capacity than the control, whereas T3 reduced the wine's browning capacity by ∼20%. Nonetheless, the results from sensory analysis did not show significant variations between the treatments. Thus, using green tea extract to replace SO2 at wine bottling appears to be a viable option, without inducing a negative impact on the perceptible colour and mouthfeel attributes of Sauvignon Blanc wine.

Effect of marinating with green tea extract on the safety and sensory profiles of oven-baked oyster.

Baked oyster is a popular seafood dish around the world. The present study investigated the effect of various concentrations of a green-tea extract (GTE) marinade on the safety and sensory profiles of oysters baked for different durations. The results showed 10 g/L of GTE and 10-min baking time was the optimal combination, as supported by significantly attenuated lipid oxidation (35.29 %) and Nε-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) content (48.51 %) without appreciable negative impact on the sensory or nutritional quality of the oysters. However, high concentrations of the marinade or prolonged baking promoted protein oxidation and Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) formation likely through the pro-oxidative action of the GTE phytochemicals. Correlation analysis further revealed the main factors that affected CML, CEL, and fluorescent AGEs generation, respectively. These findings provide theoretical support for the protective effect and mechanism of GTE against quality deterioration of baked oysters and would help broaden the application of GTE in the food industry.

A novel optimized eco-friendly simple spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of total catechins in green tea extract: Application to commercial tablet.

Green tea extract (GTE) contains antioxidants that are present in green tea. The active constituents of green tea extract are catechins. This study demonstrates a spectrofluorimetric method for measuring GTE's catechin concentration based on its native fluorescence. To design a quick, sensitive, and ecological spectrofluorimetric approach, all features were investigated and adjusted. This method relies on determining the GTE ethanolic solution's native fluorescence at 312 nm after excitation at 227 nm. The calibration graph displayed a linear regression for values between 0.05 and 1.0 µg mL-1. The detection and quantification limits of the proposed technique were 0.008 and 0.026 µg mL-1, respectively. Two pure catechins present in GTE, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, were examined by the proposed method. The analytical estimation of GTE in the pharmaceutical tablet was achieved effectively using this approach. An adequate degree of agreement was found when the findings were compared to those obtained by the comparative technique. Therefore, the novel strategy may be used in the GTE quality control study with minimal risks to people or the environment. The quantum yields of catechins were estimated. The validated technique was accepted by the International Council of Harmonization criteria.

CdAl4O7/CdO nanocomposites: green tea extract-mediated sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis, characterization, and study as a potential hydrogen storage material.

In this article, we present the synthesis of binary CdAl4O7/CdO nanocomposites using green tea extracts and green chemistry methods for high-performance hydrogen storage. The green tea extract contains bioactive compounds (polyphenols) that act as reducing agents, which facilitate the reaction between metal ions and water. By examining the structural and morphological characteristics of the obtained substrates using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), it was demonstrated that the nanocomposites were successfully synthesized. We evaluated the electrochemical performance of the synthesized CdAl4O7/CdO nanocomposites using a three-electrode chronopotentiometry system. According to the results, the synthesized nanocomposites are capable of storing 1750 mAh/g of hydrogen at a constant current of 1 Amp. By using green tea extract as a natural structure-directing agent, the CdAl4O7/CdO nanocomposite can be developed more sustainably as high-performance hydrogen storage materials. Ultimately, this work contributes to the advancement of sustainable energy storage through the synthesis of a promising new material.

Amelioration of Functional, Metabolic, and Morphological Deterioration in the Retina following Retinal Detachment by Green Tea Extract.

Retinal detachment (RD) can result in the loss of photoreceptors that cause vision impairment and potential blindness. This study explores the protective effects of the oral administration of green tea extract (GTE) in a rat model of RD. Various doses of GTE or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most active ingredient in green tea catechins, were administered to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with experimentally induced retinal detachment. The rats received sub-retinal injections of hyaluronic acid (0.1%) to induce RD and were given different doses of GTE and EGCG twice daily for three days. Notably, a low dose of GTE (142.9 mg/kg) caused significantly higher signal amplitudes in electroretinograms (ERGs) compared to higher GTE doses and any doses of EGCG. After administration of a low dose of GTE, the outer nuclear layer thickness, following normalization, of the detached retina reduced to 82.4 ± 8.2% (Mean ± SEM, p < 0.05) of the thickness by RD treatment. This thickness was similar to non-RD conditions, at 83.5 ± 4.7% (Mean ± SEM) of the thickness following RD treatment. In addition, the number of TUNEL-positive cells decreased from 76.7 ± 7.4 to 4.7 ± 1.02 (Mean ± SEM, p < 0.0001). This reduction was associated with the inhibition of apoptosis through decreased sphingomyelin levels and mitigation of oxidative stress shown by a lowered protein carbonyl level, which may involve suppression of HIF-1α pathways. Furthermore, GTE showed anti-inflammatory effects by reducing inflammatory cytokines and increasing resolving cytokines. In conclusion, low-dose GTE, but not EGCG, significantly alleviated RD-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy insufficiency within a short period and without affecting energy metabolism. These findings suggest the potential of low-dose GTE as a protective agent for the retina in RD.

Effects of adding green tea extract on the oxidative stability and shelf life of sunflower oil during storage.

This study aimed to compare different concentrations effect of green tea extract (GTE) (200, 400, and 800 ppm) with TBHQ (75 ppm) in extend the shelf-life of sunflower oil (SO) and to evaluate the protective effect of GTE on the oxidation of refined SO. The sample's peroxide value (PV), acidity value (AV), anisidine value (pAV), Totox value (TV), oxidative stability, and total phenol content (TPC) were analyzed at specific intervals during 12-month at 25 °C and 60-day at 60 °C. The optimum kinetic model corresponding to the first order for PV, TV, and pAV was obtained at 25, 35, and 45 °C. SO containing GTE (800 ppm) had a similar performance to TBHQ at 25 °C and 60 °C and possessed a longer shelf life than samples treated with TBHQ. Due to synthetic antioxidant's health risk and toxicity, GTE can be a good substitute for TBHQ in the edible oil industry.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of encapsulated tea polyphenols in chitosan/alginate-coated zein nanoparticles: a possible supplement against fish pathogens in aquaculture.

Regulation of antibiotic use in aquaculture calls for the emergence of more sustainable alternative treatments. Tea polyphenols (GTE), particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), have various biological activities. However, tea polyphenols are susceptible to degradation. In this work, EGCG and GTE were encapsulated in zein nanoparticles (ZNP) stabilized with alginate (ALG) and chitosan (CS) to reduce the degradation effect. ALG-coated ZNP and ALG/CS-coated ZNP encapsulating EGCG or GTE were obtained with a hydrodynamic size of less than 300 nm, an absolute ζ-potential value >30 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency greater than 75%. The antioxidant capacity of the encapsulated substances, although lower than that of the free ones, maintained high levels. On the other hand, the evaluation of antimicrobial activity showed greater efficiency in terms of growth inhibition for ALG/CS-ZNP formulations, with average overall values of around 60%, reaching an inhibition of more than 90% for Photobacterium damselae. These results support encapsulation as a good strategy for tea polyphenols, as it allows maintaining significant levels of antioxidant activity and increasing the potential for antimicrobial activity, in addition to increasing protection against sources of degradation.

Combined treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells and green tea extract on retinal ganglion cell regeneration in rats after optic nerve injury.

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal loss cause irreversible vision loss upon optic nerve (ON) injury. We have independently demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and green tea extract (GTE) promote RGC survival and axonal regeneration in rats with ON injury. Here we aimed to evaluate the combined treatment effect of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) and GTE on RGC survival and axonal regeneration after ON injury. Combined treatment of hBM-MSCs and GTE promoted RGC survival and neurite outgrowth/axonal regeneration in ex vivo retinal explant culture and in rats after ON injury. GTE increased Stat3 activation in the retina after combined treatment, and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor secretion from hBM-MSCs. Treatment of 10 µg/mL GTE would not induce hBM-MSC apoptosis, but inhibited their proliferation, migration, and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro with reducing matrix metalloproteinase secretions. In summary, this study revealed that GTE can enhance RGC protective effect of hBM-MSCs, suggesting that stem cell priming could be a prospective strategy enhancing the properties of stem cells for ON injury treatment.

Enhancing dentin bonding through new adhesives formulations with natural polyphenols, tricalcium phosphate and chitosan.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to develop new adhesive formulations that include natural polyphenols extracted from green tea (GTE), tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and chitosan to improve dentin bonding characteristics and cytotoxicity. METHODS: Four experimental adhesives were formulated under laboratory conditions. The groups differed in the integration of either GTE and/or TCP + chitosan. The four experimental and one clinically proven reference adhesive underwent shear bond testing after 24 h and 6 months of aging (n = 200) with subsequent fractographic analysis. Bond morphology was analyzed under a scanning electron microscope. The presence of phenolic compounds was validated by high performance liquid chromatography. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the WST-1 colorimetric assay on eluates up to 6 months. Statistical analysis was performed by one- and three-way ANOVA, Games-Howell and Tukey's post-hoc test as well as multiple students t-tests (α = 0.05). Weibull analysis was further conducted. RESULTS: The addition of GTE into the bonding agent did show immediate (p = 0.023, p = 0.013) and long-term (p < 0.001) effects on bond strength. After 24 h, GTE doped groups performed equal to the reference (p = 0.501, p = 0.270) and TCP and chitosan displayed improvements in reliability (m=4.0, m=4.3). Bond strength is retained after aging by adding GTE (p = 0.983). The additional presence of TCP and chitosan reduces it (p = 0.026). Excluding cohesive and mixed failures, the reference adhesive performed statistically equal to three of the four experimental groups. No long-term cytotoxic effects were shown. SIGNIFICANCE: The integration of GTE can enhance bond strength and a calcium source helps to improve immediate bond reliability.

Antioxidants green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid confer species and strain-specific lifespan and health effects in Caenorhabditis nematodes.

The Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program (CITP) is an NIH-funded research consortium of investigators who conduct analyses at three independent sites to identify chemical interventions that reproducibly promote health and lifespan in a robust manner. The founding principle of the CITP is that compounds with positive effects across a genetically diverse panel of Caenorhabditis species and strains are likely engaging conserved biochemical pathways to exert their effects. As such, interventions that are broadly efficacious might be considered prominent compounds for translation for pre-clinical research and human clinical applications. Here, we report results generated using a recently streamlined pipeline approach for the evaluation of the effects of chemical compounds on lifespan and health. We studied five compounds previously shown to extend C. elegans lifespan or thought to promote mammalian health: 17α-estradiol, acarbose, green tea extract, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and rapamycin. We found that green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid extend Caenorhabditis lifespan in a species-specific manner. Additionally, these two antioxidants conferred assay-specific effects in some studies-for example, decreasing survival for certain genetic backgrounds in manual survival assays in contrast with extended lifespan as assayed using automated C. elegans Lifespan Machines. We also observed that GTE and NDGA impact on older adult mobility capacity is dependent on genetic background, and that GTE reduces oxidative stress resistance in some Caenorhabditis strains. Overall, our analysis of the five compounds supports the general idea that genetic background and assay type can influence lifespan and health effects of compounds, and underscores that lifespan and health can be uncoupled by chemical interventions.

The effects of green tea extract supplementation on body composition, obesity-related hormones and oxidative stress markers: a grade-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Research indicates that green tea extract (GTE) supplementation is beneficial for a range of conditions, including several forms of cancer, CVD and liver diseases; nevertheless, the existing evidence addressing its effects on body composition, oxidative stress and obesity-related hormones is inconclusive. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effects of GTE supplementation on body composition (body mass (BM), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass (FM), BMI, waist circumference (WC)), obesity-related hormones (leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)) markers. We searched proper databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Web of Science, up to July 2022 to recognise published randomised controlled trials (RCT) that investigated the effects of GTE supplementation on the markers mentioned above. A random effects model was used to carry out a meta-analysis. The heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 index. Among the initial 11 286 studies identified from an electronic database search, fifty-nine studies involving 3802 participants were eligible to be included in this meta-analysis. Pooled effect sizes indicated that BM, BFP, BMI and MDA significantly reduced following GTE supplementation. In addition, GTE supplementation increased adiponectin and TAC, with no effects on FM, leptin and ghrelin. Certainty of evidence across outcomes ranged from low to high. Our results suggest that GTE supplementation can attenuate oxidative stress, BM, BMI and BFP, which are thought to negatively affect human health. Moreover, GTE as a nutraceutical dietary supplement can increase TAC and adiponectin.

Dual action of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in virus-induced cell Injury.

BACKGROUND: Viral infections cause damage and long-term injury to infected human tissues, demanding therapy with antiviral and wound healing medications. Consequently, safe phytochemical molecules that may control viral infections with an ability to provide wound healing to viral-induced tissue injuries, either topically or systemically, are advantageous. Herein, we hypothesized that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in green tea, might be effective as a wound healing, antiviral, and antifibrotic therapy. RESULTS: The antiviral activities of EGCG against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) as well as its wound healing activities against different monolayer tissue (continuous and primary) systems were investigated. Consider its possible wound-healing advantages as well. To determine the safe concentrations of EGCG in green monkey kidney (Vero) and Vero-E6 cell lines, MTT assay was performed and showed high CC50 values of 405.1 and 322.9 µM, respectively. The antiviral activities of EGCG against SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-2, measured as half-maximal concentration 50 (IC50) concentrations, were 36.28 and 59.88 µM, respectively. These results confirm that the EGCG has remarkable viral inhibitory activities and could successfully suppress the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-2 in vitro with acceptable selectivity indices (SI) of 11.16 and 5.39, respectively. In parallel, the EGCG exhibits significant and dose/time-dependent anti-migration effects in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), its resistant variation (MCF-7adr), and human skin fibroblast (HSF) indicating their potential to heal injuries in different internal and topical mammalian systems. CONCLUSIONS: The EGCG has proven to be an efficient antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-2, as well as a wound-healing phytochemical. We assume that EGCG may be a promising option for slowing the course of acute cellular damage induced by systemic (Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)) or topical (HSV-2) viral infections.

Green tea extract improves cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mouse spleen and enhances the immune activity of RAW 264.7 cells.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is mainly used to treat autoimmune diseases and cancer; however, it damages normal immune cells. Therefore, the effects of chemotherapy on CP are limited. Notably, green tea has been reported to effectively modulate immune function. Here, given the pharmacological properties of green tea, we evaluated the ability of green tea extract (GTE) to restore immunity suppressed by CP in vivo and to activate macrophages in vitro. GTE significantly improved the suppressed immune function, including spleen index and proliferation of spleen T lymphocytes, as revealed by histopathological examination and flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, GTE effectively activated RAW 264.7, as represented by the induction of nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and cytokine levels. GTE also increased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, GTE ameliorated CP-induced immunosuppression in mice and stimulated immune activity in RAW 264.7 cells, possibly by activating the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggest that GTE has the potential to be used as a supplementary agent in chemotherapy for CP.

A comparative study on feeding timing and additive types of broilers in a high-temperature environment.

Antioxidants such as vitamin C (VC) and green tea extract (GTE) have been reported to have various antioxidant functions and are used as one of the nutritional approaches to alleviate heat stress (HS) in chickens. However, studies on the feeding timing that can produce optimal effects have not been reported. In this study, the stress-relieving effect of VC and GTE addition timing was investigated in high-temperature broiler chickens. A total of 880 1-d-old male chickens were used, and the treatments were as follows: no feed additives provided, CON; VC 250 mg/kg added from 1 d, VC1; GTE 600 mg/kg added from 1 d, GTE1; VC 250 mg/kg added from 22 d, VC22; GTE 600 mg/kg added from 22 d, GTE22. The HS environment was provided for 2 wk from the 22 d and was set at 33 ± 1 °C, 55 ± 10% for 24 h. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Broiler production was similar in all treatments. In chicken meat quality, the addition of VC and GTE had an effect on meat color and pH (P < 0.05). In particular, GTE had a positive effect on the antioxidant capacity and quality preservation of breast meat (P < 0.05). In blood characteristics, GTE1 significantly lowered the level of total cholesterol, and VC1 affected AST and IgM (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the VC1 group had a positive effect on the maintenance and development of intestinal morphology, a lower rectal temperature, and showed to relieve stress. In conclusion, the addition of VC and GTE has been shown to alleviate the high-temperature stress of broilers, and in the case of VC in particular, feeding from 1 d appeared to alleviate stress more effectively. This study suggests that it is important to determine the appropriate timing of addition of functional substances in order to effectively reduce various stresses that occur in livestock rearing.

The increasing frequency of exposure to high-temperature environments has prompted research into nutritional approaches to alleviate heat stress in chickens, but little research has been reported on feeding timing. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of feeding timing on the effectiveness of the natural antioxidants vitamin C (VC) and green tea extract (GTE). Production was similar among all treatments, and GTE fed from 1 d of age increased antioxidant capacity, including DPPH, FRAP, and MDA in carcass quality. VC fed from 1 d of age decreased AST and increased IgM in the blood, and increased villus height (VH), with a positive effect on intestinal development. In conclusion, feeding VC and GTE from 1 d of age has been shown to effectively alleviate stress by increasing antioxidant capacity in breast meat, positively changing total cholesterol, AST, and IgM in the blood, and maintaining intestinal morphology, and it is important to set the timing of feeding to increase the effectiveness of the additives.