ABSTRACT
Verbena carolina L. (Verbenaceae) is used as a decoction in Mexican folk medicine with applications against digestive problems and for dermatological infections. The present work firstly reported HPLC analysis, as well as the free radical scavenging capacity of the extracts and isolated compounds. Antimicrobial analyses of these substances against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi and the fungi Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were also tested, as well as the acute oral toxicity in mice of aqueous extracts. Major secondary metabolites in V. carolina extracts were isolated by conventional phytochemical methods which consisted of three terpenoids ((1), (3) and (4)) and four phenolic compounds ((2), (4)-(6)). Their contents were determined by HPLC in six different samples from different locations. The results indicated that ursolic acid (1), hispidulin (2), verbenaline (3), hastatoside (4), verbascoside (5), hispidulin 7-O-ß-d-glucuronopyranoside (6) and pectolinaringenin-7-O-α-d-glucuronopyranoside (7) were the main constituents and ranged from 0.17 to 3.37 mg/g of dried plant, with verbascoside being the most abundant and with a significant antioxidant activity in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hispidulin was the only active compound against T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum. The aqueous extract showed no significant toxicity (LD50: > 5000 mg/mL). To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive report of the chemical characterization of V. carolina and also of the activity of its constituents towards reactive oxygen species and dermatophytes, and its safety for consumption.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Verbena/chemistry , Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry , Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Medicine, Traditional , Mice , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/isolation & purification , Phenols/pharmacology , Phytochemicals/chemistry , Phytochemicals/isolation & purification , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism , Secondary Metabolism , Terpenes/chemistry , Terpenes/isolation & purification , Terpenes/pharmacologyABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination of instant coffee samples collected in the market of the city of São Paulo, Brazil from August to December, 2004. The EN 14133/2003 method, originally developed to quantify OTA in wine, grape juice and beer samples, was evaluated and approved for analyzing OTA in instant coffee samples. OTA was isolated in an immunoaffinity column and quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The established detection and quantification limits were 0.16 and 0.52 ng/g, respectively. The recoveries from spiked samples were 92.6 ± 1.7, 83.7 ± 0.8, and 91.0 ± 1.2 % at levels of 3.0, 5.0, and 8.0 ng/g, respectively. Of a total of 82 samples analised, 81 (98.8%) contained OTA at levels ranging from 0.17 to 6.29 ng/g. The high frequency of OTA occurrence in the instant coffee samples demonstrates the importance of an effective control of this product by governmental authorities and industries. The rapid methodology for OTA analysis in instant coffee used in this study was defined and validated, permitting it´s use for quality control of this product.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a contaminação por OTA em amostras de café solúvel comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil no período de agosto a dezembro de 2004. O método EN 14133/2003, originalmente desenvolvido para quantificar OTA em amostras de vinho, suco de uva e cerveja, foi avaliado e aprovado para análise de OTA em amostras de café solúvel. OTA foi isolada em coluna de imunoafinidade e quantificada por CLAE com detecção em fluorescência. Os limites de detecção e quantificação do método foram 0,16 e 0,52 ng/g, respectivamente. Os percentuais médios de recuperação foram de 92,6% (3 ng/g), 83,7% (5 ng/g) e 91,0% (8 ng/g), com coeficientes de variação de 1,7 (3 ng/g), 0,8 (5 ng/g) e 1,2 (8 ng/g). A análise das 82 amostras de café solúvel revelou a presença de ocratoxina A em 81 amostras (98,8%), com concentrações variando de 0,17 a 6,29 ng/g. A elevada ocorrência de OTA nas amostras analisadas indica a importância de um controle efetivo desse produto por parte das autoridades governamentais e das indústrias alimentícias. A metodologia rápida utilizada nesse estudo para análise de OTA em amostras de café solúvel foi definida e validada, podendo ser utilizada no controle de qualidade deste produto.
ABSTRACT
During the summer of 2005, a total of 101 samples of wines and grape juices purchased from supermarkets and retail stores in São Paulo city were analysed for the presence of Ochratoxin A (OTA). OTA was evaluated in 29 red wines and 38 grape juices produced in Brazil and in 34 imported red wines (from Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain and South Africa). OTA was extracted in an immunoaffinity column and detected by HPLC with fluorescence detection, according to EN 14133/2003. The detection and quantification limits established were 0.01 and 0.03 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries for wine samples were 94.1, 82.5, 86.1% and the relative standard deviation were 6.10, 1.03, 4.11% at levels of 0.03, 2.0, 5.0 ng/mL, respectively. For grape juice, the recovery was 86.2% and the RSD was 2.01% at a level of 0.4 ng/mL. OTA contamination was found in nine of the 29 Brazilian red wines with levels ranging from 0.10 to 1.33 ng/mL and in 18 of the 34 imported red wines with levels ranging from 0.03 to 0.32 ng/mL. OTA was not detected in any of the grape juice samples analysed. Although the results from the wine samples analysed for the presence of OTA were below to the limits established by EC 123/2005 (2.0 ng/mL), low and continuous exposure to this mycotoxin could be a risk to human health.
Durante o verão de 2005, um total de 101 amostras de vinho tinto e suco de uva, compradas em supermercados e lojas especializadas na cidade de São Paulo, foram analisadas para a presença de Ocratoxina A (OTA). OTA foi pesquisada em 29 amostras de vinho tinto e 38 de suco de uva produzidos no Brasil e em 34 amostras importadas de vinho tinto (provenientes da Argentina, Chile, Uruguai, França, Itália, Portugal, Espanha e África do Sul). OTA foi extraída em coluna de imunoafinidade e detectada por CLAE com detector de fluorescência, de acordo com EN 14133/2003. Os limites de detecção e quantificação estabelecidos foram 0,01 e 0,03 ng/mL, respectivamente. Os percentuais médios de recuperação das amostras de vinho tinto foram de 94,1; 82,5; 86,1% com coeficientes de variação de 6,10; 1,03; 4,11% para os níveis de 0,03; 2,0; 5,0 ng/mL, respectivamente. Para suco de uva, o percentual médio de recuperação foi de 86,2%, com coeficiente de variação de 2.01% para o nível 0.4 ng/mL. Os resultados de análise demonstraram uma contaminação por OTA em 9 das 29 amostras de vinho tinto provenientes do Brasil, com níveis de contaminação variando de 0,10 a 1,33 ng/mL e em 18 de 34 amostras de vinho tinto importado, com níveis variando de 0,03 a 0,32 ng/mL. OTA não foi detectada em nenhuma amostra de suco de uva analisada. Embora os resultados das amostras de vinho analisadas para a presença de OTA estejam inferiores aos limites máximos estabelecidos pela Comunidade Européia - EC 123/2005 (2,0 ng/mL), uma exposição pequena e contínua por essa micotoxina pode trazer um sério risco à saúde humana.