Flood risk assessment of the Garita River in the urban zone of San Luis Potosí City, by hydrodynamic modeling.

Rapid and uncontrolled urban growth and land use changes in watersheds worldwide have led to increased surface runoff within metropolitan areas, coupled with climate change, creating a risk for residents during the rainy season. The city of San Luis Potosí is no exception to this phenomenon. One affected watercourse is the Garita Stream, which flows inside the city near urbanization. It is essential to analyze the effects of urban sprawl on this stream based on historical precipitation data for the town. Hydrological and topographical information were required to conduct this research. The hydrological study of the basin involved analyzing the region's geomorphology and historical climatological data. For the stream's topography, aerial photogrammetry using an unmanned aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment was employed to conduct topographic surveys in the area. To find out when the Garita stream would overflow and which areas are most likely to flood, numerical modeling was done using 1D, 2D, and 3D programs like SWMM5 (Storm Water Management Model), HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System), and EDFC Explorer (Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code). These models simulated different return periods and their correlation with current flooding events recorded in the area, thereby further proposing solutions to mitigate overflow issues. By conducting these simulations and analyzing the results, solutions can be suggested to address the overflow problems in the area based on historical flood events at various return periods caused by the Garita Stream.

Surface and groundwater flow exchanges and lateral hydrological connectivity in environments of the Matusagaratí Wetland, Panama.

The Matusagaratí wetland in the Panamanian Darien is one of the largest wetlands in Central America. These types of riverine wetlands, associated with large drainage basins, are complex hydrological environments where variations in water flows and exchanges condition the existence of different wetland habitats. The work aimed to establish the hydrological functioning of the Matusagaratí wetland in different sectors of the Balsas River, emphasizing the exchanges of surface and groundwater flows and the hydrological connectivity that exists between the different laterally linked wetland environments. For this purpose, a monitoring network for surface water and groundwater was established along transects intersecting various wetland environments in the middle and lower basin of the Balsas River. This network is complemented by measurement points for surface water located in streams and in the upper basin of the river. Data collected in sensors installed in boreholes were compared to river level and precipitation data. Continuous water level recording sensors were installed at the monitoring points, and samples were collected for the determination of major ions and stable isotopes. The results indicate that in the mangroves of the lower basin and in the cativo forests of the middle basin levee there is a strong exchange of water between the river and the shallow groundwater. This water exchange is strongly influenced by the tide which spreads from the estuary to the continent through the river. Meanwhile, in the middle basin, mixed forests and orey forests developed on the alluvial plain exhibit a hydrological functioning that depends primarily on precipitation inputs. This study provides data that could serve as a basis for the management of this large tropical wetland that, despite having protection initiatives, could be hydrologically impacted by unsustainable socio-economic practices.

Thermomechanical Simulation of Orthogonal Metal Cutting with PFEM and SPH Using a Temperature-Dependent Friction Coefficient: A Comparative Study.

In this work, we apply the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) and Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) to simulate the orthogonal cutting chip formation of two workpiece materials, i.e., AISI 1045 steel and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. A modified Johnson-Cook constitutive model is used to model the plastic behavior of the two workpiece materials. No damage or strain softening is included in the model. The friction between the workpiece and the tool is modeled following Coulomb's law with a temperature-dependent coefficient. The accuracy of PFEM and SPH in predicting thermomechanical loads at various cutting speeds and depths against the experimental data are compared. The results show that both numerical methods can predict the rake face temperature of AISI 1045 with errors less than 34%. For Ti6Al4V, however, the temperature prediction errors are significantly higher than those of the steel alloy. Errors in force prediction were in the range of 10% to 76% for both methods, which compare very well with those reported in the literature. This investigation infers that the Ti6Al4V behavior under machining conditions is difficult to model on the cutting scale irrespective of the choice of numerical method.

Machine learning sheds light on physical-chemical and biological parameters leading to Abrolhos coral reef microbialization.

Microbes play a central role in coral reef health. However, the relative importance of physical-chemical and biological processes in the control of microbial biomass are unknown. Here, we applied machine learning to analyze a large dataset of biological, physical, and chemical parameters (N = 665 coral reef seawater samples) to understand the factors that modulate microbial abundance in the water of Abrolhos reefs, the largest and richest coral reefs of the Southwest Atlantic. Random Forest (RF) and Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) models indicated that hydrodynamic forcing, Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and Total Nitrogen (TN) were the most important predictors of microbial abundance. The possible cumulative effects of higher temperatures, longer seawater residence time, higher nutrient concentration, and lower coral and fish biomass observed in coastal reefs resulted in higher microbial abundance, potentially impacting coral resilience against stressors.

Assessment of total evaporation rates and its surface distribution by tridimensional modelling and remote sensing.

In arid and semiarid environments, evaporation is responsible for significant water losses from reservoirs. This condition is of special concern in the Brazilian Northeast region, as this is one of the most populous semiarid areas in the planet. The present study aims to assess the spatio-temporal variability of evaporation rates on the water surface of Pentecoste reservoir, located in the Brazilian semiarid region, by using both the hydrodynamic model Delft3D and a remote sensing technique (RS). While RS has already been used to evaluate the spatial distribution of evaporation rates in lakes, Delft3D was innovatively tested and applied for this purpose for the first time in this study. The calibration results showed an accurate reproduction of the water level variability (r2 of 0.997), along with a satisfactory calibration of the reservoir's thermal structure for the full water column (MAE of 0.539 °C, RMSE of 0.572 °C, and NMAE of 0.008). Curves relating monthly evaporation rates with air temperature and wind speed showed strong correlation between those variables (r2 of 0.817 for air temperature and 0.849 for wind speed). Also, the averaged evaporation rates modeled by Delft3D differed by less than 5% compared to RS. Regarding the spatial distribution results, for the wet period the evaporation patterns were similar to those of RS, while in the dry period RS provided a more stable evaporation pattern when compared to Delft3D. The innovative approach proposed in the present study can be used to better understand the evaporation dynamics in surface waters and optimize the location of damping evaporation structures, namely air diffusers, shading systems, and floating solar panels, which are important for improving water availability, not only in drylands.

Field Theory Approaches to Relativistic Hydrodynamics.

Just as non-relativistic fluids, oftentimes we find relativistic fluids in situations where random fluctuations cannot be ignored, with thermal and turbulent fluctuations being the most relevant examples. Because of the theory's inherent nonlinearity, fluctuations induce deep and complex changes in the dynamics of the system. The Martin-Siggia-Rose technique is a powerful tool that allows us to translate the original hydrodynamic problem into a quantum field theory one, thus taking advantage of the progress in the treatment of quantum fields out of equilibrium. To demonstrate this technique, we shall consider the thermal fluctuations of the spin two modes of a relativistic fluid, in a theory where hydrodynamics is derived by taking moments of the Boltzmann equation under the relaxation time approximation.

Aquatic resistance training repercussions on the dynamic stability in volleyball athletes / Repercussões do treino de resistência aquático sobre a estabilidade dinâmica dos atletas de vôlei / Repercusiones del entrenamiento de resistencia acuática en la estabilidad dinámica de los atletas de voleibol

ABSTRACT Introduction Resistance training is considered a practical pathway for increasing strength and speed. Objective Explore the aquatic resistance training on the dynamic stability in volleyball athletes. Methods Using aquatic resistance training reinforcement, 20 first-level national male volleyball athletes were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The time of the experiment was ten weeks. In the end, lower limb muscle strength, jumping ability, dynamic stability, and muscle pain were compared. Residual effects were also checked six weeks after the end of the experiment. Results The aquatic resistance training group stopped training for six weeks, peak torque at 60°/s, 180°s of relative knee extension, jump height, full arm swing, and all three phases of the high jump were significantly better than the preliminary test; water entry speed in the vertical direction was also significantly better one week after training. Conclusion Aquatic resistance training can significantly improve the dynamic stability of the lower limbs, and its effect can be maintained up to 6 weeks after completion. It is recommended to apply resistance enhancement training to maintain fitness, especially for long periods. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução O treino de resistência é considerado um meio eficaz para aumento de força e a velocidade. Objetivo Explorar as repercussões do treino de resistência aquática sobre a estabilidade dinâmica dos atletas de vôlei. Métodos 20 atletas de primeiro nível nacionais de vôlei masculino, foram divididos aleatoriamente em um grupo de treinamento para controle e outro grupo experimental com reforço utilizando treino de resistência aquático. O tempo do experimento foi de 10 semanas. Ao final, foram comparadas força muscular do membro inferior, capacidade de salto, estabilidade dinâmica, dor muscular. Foram verificados também os efeitos residuais em seis semanas após o término do experimento. Resultados O grupo de treino de resistência aquática parou de treinar por 6 semanas, com pico de torque a 60°/s, 180°s de extensão relativa do joelho, a altura de salto, o balanço completo dos braços e as três fases do salto em altura foram significativamente melhores do que o teste primário; a velocidade de entrada na água na direção vertical também foi significativamente melhor uma semana após o treinamento. Conclusão O treino de resistência aquático pode melhorar significativamente a estabilidade dinâmica dos membros inferiores e seu efeito pode ser mantido até 6 semanas após o término. Recomenda-se aplicar o treino de aprimoramento da resistência para manter o condicionamento físico, especialmente por longos períodos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción El entrenamiento de resistencia se considera una forma eficaz de aumentar la fuerza y la velocidad. Objetivo Explorar las repercusiones del entrenamiento de resistencia acuática en la estabilidad dinámica de los atletas de voleibol. Métodos 20 atletas masculinos de voleibol de primer nivel nacional, fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo de entrenamiento de control y otro grupo experimental con refuerzo mediante entrenamiento de resistencia acuática. El tiempo del experimento fue de 10 semanas. Al final, se comparó la fuerza muscular de las extremidades inferiores, la capacidad de salto, la estabilidad dinámica y el dolor muscular. También se comprobaron los efectos residuales a las seis semanas de finalizar el experimento. Resultados El grupo de entrenamiento de resistencia acuática dejó de entrenar durante 6 semanas, el pico máximo de torque a 60°/s, la extensión relativa de la rodilla a 180°s, la altura del salto, el balanceo completo del brazo y las tres fases del salto de altura fueron significativamente mejores que en la prueba primaria; la velocidad de entrada al agua en la dirección vertical también fue significativamente mejor una semana después del entrenamiento. Conclusión El entrenamiento de resistencia acuática puede mejorar significativamente la estabilidad dinámica de los miembros inferiores y su efecto puede mantenerse hasta 6 semanas después de su realización. Se recomienda aplicar un entrenamiento de mejora de la resistencia para mantener la forma física, especialmente durante largos periodos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in healthy pediatric subjects.

Objective: To evaluate cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, using cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (cine-PC MRI), in healthy pediatric subjects, determining the normal flow values in this population, as well as identifying differences related to age, sex, and body surface area. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 32 healthy children and adolescents, in whom the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the cerebral aqueduct was evaluated quantitatively with cine-PC MRI. We used specialized software to analyze the images obtained with cine-PC MRI, drawing a region of interest on the aqueduct. A flow-time curve was obtained, as were automated measurements of the various parameters. Results: The following normal (mean) values were obtained: net flow, 1.10 ± 0.99 mL/m; stroke volume, 12.2 ± 10.1 µL/cycle; mean velocity, 0.72 ± 1.00 cm/s; peak systolic velocity, 5.28 ± 2.30 cm/s; peak diastolic velocity, 4.51 ± 1.77 cm/s. These values were not affected by age or sex. In addition, body surface area was not found to correlate significantly with mean velocity or stroke volume. Conclusion: In children and adolescents, the basic cerebrospinal fluid flow parameters, as determined by cine-PC MRI, appear to be independent of age and sex.

Objetivo: Avaliar a dinâmica do fluxo do líquido cerebrospinal por cine-ressonância magnética com contraste de fase em crianças saudáveis, para determinar os valores normais de fluxo nesta população, bem como a diferença entre medições distintas de acordo com idade, sexo ou área da superfície corporal. Materiais e Métodos: Convocamos 32 crianças saudáveis em uma análise descritiva de prevalência para a avaliação quantitativa do fluxo do líquido cerebrospinal pelo aqueduto de Sylvius. A análise foi realizada por meio de software especializado, desenhando uma região de interesse no aqueduto. Uma curva de fluxo-tempo e medições automáticas de diversos parâmetros foram obtidas. Resultados: Os seguintes valores normais foram obtidos: fluxo efetivo de 1,10 ± 0,99 mL/m; volume médio de 12,2 ± 10,1 µL/ciclo; velocidade média de 0,72 ± 1,00 cm/s; pico de velocidade sistólica de 5,28 ± 2,30 cm/s; pico de velocidade diastólica de 4,51 ± 1,77 cm/s. Esses valores não foram afetados pela idade ou sexo das crianças. Além disso, não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a área corporal, a velocidade média e o volume sistólico. Conclusão: De modo geral, os parâmetros básicos do fluxo do líquido cerebrospinal independem de idade e sexo em crianças.

Cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics in healthy pediatric subjects / Avaliação da dinâmica do fluxo do líquido cerebrospinal por cine-ressonância magnética com contraste de fase em crianças saudáveis

Abstract Objective: To evaluate cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, using cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (cine-PC MRI), in healthy pediatric subjects, determining the normal flow values in this population, as well as identifying differences related to age, sex, and body surface area. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 32 healthy children and adolescents, in whom the flow of cerebrospinal fluid through the cerebral aqueduct was evaluated quantitatively with cine-PC MRI. We used specialized software to analyze the images obtained with cine-PC MRI, drawing a region of interest on the aqueduct. A flow-time curve was obtained, as were automated measurements of the various parameters. Results: The following normal (mean) values were obtained: net flow, 1.10 ± 0.99 mL/m; stroke volume, 12.2 ± 10.1 μL/cycle; mean velocity, 0.72 ± 1.00 cm/s; peak systolic velocity, 5.28 ± 2.30 cm/s; peak diastolic velocity, 4.51 ± 1.77 cm/s. These values were not affected by age or sex. In addition, body surface area was not found to correlate significantly with mean velocity or stroke volume. Conclusion: In children and adolescents, the basic cerebrospinal fluid flow parameters, as determined by cine-PC MRI, appear to be independent of age and sex.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a dinâmica do fluxo do líquido cerebrospinal por cine-ressonância magnética com contraste de fase em crianças saudáveis, para determinar os valores normais de fluxo nesta população, bem como a diferença entre medições distintas de acordo com idade, sexo ou área da superfície corporal. Materiais e Métodos: Convocamos 32 crianças saudáveis em uma análise descritiva de prevalência para a avaliação quantitativa do fluxo do líquido cerebrospinal pelo aqueduto de Sylvius. A análise foi realizada por meio de software especializado, desenhando uma região de interesse no aqueduto. Uma curva de fluxo-tempo e medições automáticas de diversos parâmetros foram obtidas. Resultados: Os seguintes valores normais foram obtidos: fluxo efetivo de 1,10 ± 0,99 mL/m; volume médio de 12,2 ± 10,1 μL/ciclo; velocidade média de 0,72 ± 1,00 cm/s; pico de velocidade sistólica de 5,28 ± 2,30 cm/s; pico de velocidade diastólica de 4,51 ± 1,77 cm/s. Esses valores não foram afetados pela idade ou sexo das crianças. Além disso, não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a área corporal, a velocidade média e o volume sistólico. Conclusão: De modo geral, os parâmetros básicos do fluxo do líquido cerebrospinal independem de idade e sexo em crianças.

Beach strandings of Tehuelche scallop, Aequipecten tehuelchus, in Patagonia: Multi-scale processes and management implications.

The magnitude and causal mechanisms of a massive beach stranding of Tehuelche scallops that occurred in November 2017 in San José Gulf, Argentina, were investigated with the long-term goal of improving the assessment and management of the scallop fishery. The biomass of scallops washed ashore and deposited over a 10-km stretch of coast was estimated by quadrat sampling and compared with the results of a scallop stock assessment survey conducted three months prior to the stranding event. The resulting estimate of total biomass loss was in the order of 200 t, representing 10% of the estimated total scallop biomass in the San José gulf. The stranding coincided with persistent strong southerly winds (13 m/s) blowing for 24 h in San José Gulf, and large-scale windstorms that affected the southern tip of South America. Surface waves predicted under such windstorm conditions could generate strong bottom orbital velocities at shallow waters (<10 m depth), sufficient to drag and transport ashore scallops by Stokes drift (600-2000 m in 24 h). Analysis of local wind data recorded over a 6.8-year period indicated that such windstorm conditions occurred with an average frequency of 7.7 times per year, implying that beach strandings could have a significant impact on the scallop resource and its fishery. The actual impact of windstorms would depend on the location, depth and size composition of scallop beds, shallow beds (<10 m depth) being more susceptible to stranding risks. The use of spatial harvest control rules, instead of the global total allowable catch used at present, could reduce the risks of yield loss by directing the harvest to the more vulnerable scallop beds.

Simple mid-depth transverse baffles to improve bacterial disinfection in a shallow maturation pond - performance evaluation and CFD simulation.

Sunlight-mediated disinfection in wastewater treatment ponds is widely recognised as the main role for disinfection, but pathogen removal can be limited by poor light penetration in the water column. The aim of this research is to evaluate a different and simple type of intervention for improving bacterial disinfection, by placing mid-depth transverse baffles perpendicular to the theoretical flow in an existing shallow maturation pond, aiming at increasing the opportunity for bacteria to receive radiation at the upper layers of the pond. In order to understand the hydrodynamic mechanisms and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed intervention, a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model was applied, including the transverse baffles and a particle-tracking model. This was complemented by monitoring E. coli in the pond, in the phase before and after inclusion of the transversal baffles. Overall, the transverse baffles increased disinfection efficiency by moulding/re-routing the hydrodynamic flow and increasing microorganism exposure to the sunlight.

Mitral valve-in-valve: defining the indication limits by in vitro hydrodynamic tests in a brazilian transcatheter prosthesis

Abstract Introduction: Reoperations in cardiac surgery represent a clinical challenge, particularly because of the higher rate of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Mitral valve reoperation owing to bioprosthesis dysfunction, transcatheter treatment with a prosthesis implantation over the prosthesis has emerged as an alternative, especially for patients with a previous approach. In this study, we analyzed the hydrodynamic behavior of transcatheter prosthesis implantation in conventional mitral bioprostheses through hydrodynamic tests and produced a recommendation for the size of transcatheter valve most adequate for valve-in-valve procedure. Methods: Mitral bioprostheses were attached to a flow duplicator and different combinations of transcatheter prostheses were implanted inside. The equipment simulates the hydrodynamic behavior of the valves submitted in vitro and determines transvalvular pressures and flow parameters. Results: All tests could be performed. Better hydrodynamic performance occurred for transcatheter prostheses 1 mm smaller than bioprostheses, except for the 27-mm bioprostheses. Effective valve areas (cm²) and transvalvular gradients (mmHg) were, respectively: Bioprosthesis × Inovare: 27 × 28 mm: 1.65 and 5.95/29 × 28 mm and 31 × 30 mm: 2.15 and 3.6. Conclusion: The mitral valve-in-valve implantation proved to be feasible in vitro. The use of 27-mm bioprostheses should be judicious, with preference for a 26-mm transcatheter valve. In the 29 and 31-mm bioprostheses, the implantation was very satisfactory, with good effective valve areas and transvalvular gradients, with preference for smaller transcatheter valves.

Hypersaline Pore Water in Gulf of Mexico Beaches Prevented Efficient Biodegradation of Deepwater Horizon Beached Oil.

The 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout released 3.19 million barrels (435 000 tons) of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Driven by currents and wind, an estimated 22 000 tons of spilled oil were deposited onto the northeastern Gulf shorelines, adversely impacting the ecosystems and economies of the Gulf coast regions. In this work we present field work conducted at the Gulf beaches in three U.S. States during 2010-2011: Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida, to explore endogenous mechanisms that control persistence and biodegradation of the MC252-oil deposited within beach sediments as deep as 50 cm. The work involved over 1500 measurements incorporating oil chemistry, hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations, nutrient and DO concentrations, and intrinsic beach properties. We found that intrinsic beach capillarity along with groundwater depth provides primary controls on aeration and infiltration of near-surface sediments, thereby modulating moisture and redox conditions within the oil-contaminated zone. In addition, atmosphere-ocean-groundwater interactions created hypersaline sediment environments near the beach surface at all the studied sites. The fact that the oil-contaminated sediments retained near or above 20% moisture content and were also eutrophic and aerobic suggests that the limiting factor for oil biodegradation is the hypersaline environment due to evaporation, a fact not reported in prior studies. These results highlight the importance of beach porewater hydrodynamics in generating unique hypersaline sediment environments that inhibited oil decomposition along the Gulf shorelines following DWH.

Mitral Valve-In-Valve: Defining the Indication Limits by in vitro Hydrodynamic Tests in a Brazilian Transcatheter Prosthesis.

INTRODUCTION: Reoperations in cardiac surgery represent a clinical challenge, particularly because of the higher rate of perioperative morbidity and mortality. Mitral valve reoperation owing to bioprosthesis dysfunction, transcatheter treatment with a prosthesis implantation over the prosthesis has emerged as an alternative, especially for patients with a previous approach. In this study, we analyzed the hydrodynamic behavior of transcatheter prosthesis implantation in conventional mitral bioprostheses through hydrodynamic tests and produced a recommendation for the size of transcatheter valve most adequate for valve-in-valve procedure. METHODS: Mitral bioprostheses were attached to a flow duplicator and different combinations of transcatheter prostheses were implanted inside. The equipment simulates the hydrodynamic behavior of the valves submitted in vitro and determines transvalvular pressures and flow parameters. RESULTS: All tests could be performed. Better hydrodynamic performance occurred for transcatheter prostheses 1 mm smaller than bioprostheses, except for the 27-mm bioprostheses. Effective valve areas (cm²) and transvalvular gradients (mmHg) were, respectively: Bioprosthesis × Inovare: 27 × 28 mm: 1.65 and 5.95/29 × 28 mm and 31 × 30 mm: 2.15 and 3.6. CONCLUSION: The mitral valve-in-valve implantation proved to be feasible in vitro. The use of 27-mm bioprostheses should be judicious, with preference for a 26-mm transcatheter valve. In the 29 and 31-mm bioprostheses, the implantation was very satisfactory, with good effective valve areas and transvalvular gradients, with preference for smaller transcatheter valves.

Spatial distribution of butyltins and imposex in eastern Brazilian Amazon.

Spatial distribution of Butyltins (BTs) in surface sediments and gastropod tissues were quantified, with samples taken from an estuarine system of the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The imposex incidence was also assessed using Thaisella coronata (Gastropoda, Mollusca). The sediment sampling was carried out at 19 sites and T. coronata in 6 of those. The highest BTs levels were detected in sediments of a Marine Extractive Reserve (27.1 ng Sn g-1) and in an urban area (19.8 ng Sn g-1). In T. coronata tissues, BTs levels ranged from <5 to 142 ng Sn g-1. Imposex incidence ranged from 0% to 100% and VDSII (penile papillae) was registered in gastropods from 5 out of 6 sampled sites. The results suggest that BTs concentrations are related to sampled area use, but also to the local hydrodynamics, highlighting the importance of an effective control in the use of TBT-based antifouling paints in the Eastern Amazon.

Uncertainty Relations in the Madelung Picture.

Madelung showed how the complex Schrödinger equation can be rewritten in terms of two real equations, one for the phase and one for the amplitude of the complex wave function, where both equations are not independent of each other, but coupled. Although these equations formally look like classical hydrodynamic equations, they contain all the information about the quantum system. Concerning the quantum mechanical uncertainties of position and momentum, however, this is not so obvious at first sight. We show how these uncertainties are related to the phase and amplitude of the wave function in position and momentum space and, particularly, that the contribution from the phase essentially depends on the position-momentum correlations. This will be illustrated explicitly using generalized coherent states as examples.

Comparison of first-order kinetic models for sewage treatment in horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands.

There are several techniques for sizing horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands systems (CWs), and mathematical models have been frequently used for this purpose because they more accurately represent the liquid behaviour in these reactors. The P-k-C* model has already been used in the prediction of organic matter removal in CWs, but it has been little explored in the literature. On other hand, the model proposed by Chan and Chu [Modeling the reaction kinetics of Fenton's process on the removal of atrazine. Chemosphere. 2003;51(4):305-311] was not known for prediction of organic matter removal in CW systems. In the present work, the kinetic data for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 28 horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetlands were used to compare the performance of two pseudo-first-order kinetic models (P-k-C* model and model from Chan and Chu. The comparisons of nonlinear regressions were performed considering Akaike information criterion (AIC), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and adjusted coefficient of determination (Radj2). In general, both models were able to provide good predictions of relative remaining concentration (C/C0). However, the Chan and Chu model produced higher adjustment coefficients, showing the potential to be used in modelling and simulation of the degradation kinetics of organic matter in wetlands.

Produção de pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo em sistemade recirculação de água com tanques retangulares e diferentes designs de entrada de água / Nile tilapia post-larvae production in a recirculating aquaculture system with rectangular tanks and different water inlet designs

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes formas de entrada de água em tanques retangulares na produção de pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo em sistema de recirculação. 720 animais com peso de 0,02 g e comprimento de 12.52 mm foram distribuídos em 12 tanques retangulares, com relação de comprimento/largura de 1,20 e vazão de entrada de água de 3,2 vezes o volume útil dos tanques. Os tratamentos consistiram em três designs de entrada de água: superior, única vertical submersa e dupla vertical submersa, com quatro repetições cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho produtivo (peso e comprimento final, taxa de crescimento específico, fator de condição e sobrevivência) e a qualidade de água (pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, sólidos dissolvidose condutividade elétrica). O oxigênio dissolvido foi avaliado nas quatro extremidades e ao centro de cada tanque para verificar a existência de zonas mortas. Além disso, foi verificado a concentração de sólidos suspensos, 30 minutos após o arraçoamento aos 21 dias de estudo. O design de entrada de água não influenciou no desempenho produtivo e nos parâmetros gerais de qualidade de água (p>0,05). Não houve diferença na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido dentro do tanque do mesmo tratamento, indicando que não houve formação de zonas mortas (p>0,05). Houve diferença na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido nas extremidades e no centro dos tanques, devido aos tratamentos, onde os menores valores foram verificados para os tanques com entrada de água única vertical submersa (p<0,05). Os tanques com dupla entrada vertical submersa apresentaram menor concentração de sólidos suspensos, em comparação aos demais tratamentos (p<0,05). Dessa forma, não é indicado a utilização de entrada única vertical submersa e como nãohouve influência negativa no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de água, é possível produzir pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo com entrada de água superior.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the water inlet design in rectangular tanks, on the water quality and productive performance of Nile tilapia post-larvae. 720 animals weighing 0.02 g and 12.52 mm in length were distributed in 12 rectangular tanks, with a length/width ratio of 1.20 and a water inlet flow of 3.2 times the useful volume of the tanks. The treatments consisted of three water inlet designs: upper, single vertical submerged, and double vertical submerged, distributed in four replicates each. Productive performance (weight and final length, specific growth rate, condition factor and survival) and water quality (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, dissolved solids and electrical conductivity) parameter were evaluated. Dissolved oxygen was evaluated at the four ends and center of each tank to check for dead zones. In addition, the suspended solids concentration was evaluated 30 minutes after feeding at 21 days of study. The water inlet design did not influence theproductive performance and the general parameter of water quality (p>0.05). There was no difference in the concentration of dissolved oxygen within the tank for each treatment, which indicates that there was no formation of dead zones (p>0.05). There wasa difference in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the extremities and the center of the tanks due to the treatments, where the lowest values were verifies for the tanks with submerged vertical water inlet (p<0.05). The tanks with submerged verticaldouble inlets showed a lower concentration of suspended solids, compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). Thus, the use of a single vertical submerged inlet is not indicated and there was no negative influence on production performance and water quality,it is possible to produce Nile tilapia post-larvae with upper water inlet.(AU)

Produção de pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo em sistemade recirculação de água com tanques retangulares e diferentes designs de entrada de água / Nile tilapia post-larvae production in a recirculating aquaculture system with rectangular tanks and different water inlet designs

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes formas de entrada de água em tanques retangulares na produção de pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo em sistema de recirculação. 720 animais com peso de 0,02 g e comprimento de 12.52 mm foram distribuídos em 12 tanques retangulares, com relação de comprimento/largura de 1,20 e vazão de entrada de água de 3,2 vezes o volume útil dos tanques. Os tratamentos consistiram em três designs de entrada de água: superior, única vertical submersa e dupla vertical submersa, com quatro repetições cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho produtivo (peso e comprimento final, taxa de crescimento específico, fator de condição e sobrevivência) e a qualidade de água (pH, oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, sólidos dissolvidose condutividade elétrica). O oxigênio dissolvido foi avaliado nas quatro extremidades e ao centro de cada tanque para verificar a existência de zonas mortas. Além disso, foi verificado a concentração de sólidos suspensos, 30 minutos após o arraçoamento aos 21 dias de estudo. O design de entrada de água não influenciou no desempenho produtivo e nos parâmetros gerais de qualidade de água (p>0,05). Não houve diferença na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido dentro do tanque do mesmo tratamento, indicando que não houve formação de zonas mortas (p>0,05). Houve diferença na concentração de oxigênio dissolvido nas extremidades e no centro dos tanques, devido aos tratamentos, onde os menores valores foram verificados para os tanques com entrada de água única vertical submersa (p<0,05). Os tanques com dupla entrada vertical submersa apresentaram menor concentração de sólidos suspensos, em comparação aos demais tratamentos (p<0,05). Dessa forma, não é indicado a utilização de entrada única vertical submersa e como nãohouve influência negativa no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de água, é possível produzir pós-larvas de tilápia do Nilo com entrada de água superior.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the water inlet design in rectangular tanks, on the water quality and productive performance of Nile tilapia post-larvae. 720 animals weighing 0.02 g and 12.52 mm in length were distributed in 12 rectangular tanks, with a length/width ratio of 1.20 and a water inlet flow of 3.2 times the useful volume of the tanks. The treatments consisted of three water inlet designs: upper, single vertical submerged, and double vertical submerged, distributed in four replicates each. Productive performance (weight and final length, specific growth rate, condition factor and survival) and water quality (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, dissolved solids and electrical conductivity) parameter were evaluated. Dissolved oxygen was evaluated at the four ends and center of each tank to check for dead zones. In addition, the suspended solids concentration was evaluated 30 minutes after feeding at 21 days of study. The water inlet design did not influence theproductive performance and the general parameter of water quality (p>0.05). There was no difference in the concentration of dissolved oxygen within the tank for each treatment, which indicates that there was no formation of dead zones (p>0.05). There wasa difference in the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the extremities and the center of the tanks due to the treatments, where the lowest values were verifies for the tanks with submerged vertical water inlet (p<0.05). The tanks with submerged verticaldouble inlets showed a lower concentration of suspended solids, compared to the other treatments (p<0.05). Thus, the use of a single vertical submerged inlet is not indicated and there was no negative influence on production performance and water quality,it is possible to produce Nile tilapia post-larvae with upper water inlet.

Microsurgical Cisternostomy for Treating Critical Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury - An alternative Therapeutic Approach

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality around the world. Few advances regarding surgical approaches have been made in the past few years to improve its outcomes. Microsurgical cisternostomy is a well-established technique used in vascular and skull base surgery and recently emerges as a suitable procedure with lesser costs and morbidity when compared with decompressive craniectomy in patients with diffuse TBI. This study aims to describe the technique, indications, and limitations of cisternostomy and to compare it with decompressive craniectomy (DC). Methods A prospective study is being conducted after obtaining approval of the local human ethics research committee. Once the inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied, the patients are submitted to microsurgical cisternostomy, pre and postoperative neurological status and brain computed tomography (CT) evaluation. A detailed review was also performed, which discusses diffuse TBI, DC, and cisternostomy for the treatment of TBI. Results Two patients were submitted to cisternostomy after TBI and the presence of acute subdural hematoma and hugemidline shift at admission computed tomography. The surgery was authorized by the family (the informed consent form was signed). Both patients evolved with a good recovery after the procedure, and had a satisfactory control brain CT. No further surgeries were required after the initial cisternostomy. Conclusions Cisternostomy is an adequate technique for the treatment of selected patients affected by diffuse TBI, and it is a proper alternative to DC with lesser costs and morbidity, since a single neurosurgical procedure is performed. A prospective study is being conducted for a better evaluation and these were the initial cases of this new protocol.