Evaluation of chemical silage on egg quality parameters in ISA Brown line laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) / Evaluación del ensilado químico sobre los parámetros de calidad del huevo en gallinas ponedoras de la línea ISA Brown (Gallus gallus domesticus)

ABSTRACT In this study we evaluated the inclusion of chemical silage from red tilapia viscera (Oreochromis sp.) in diets for ISA Brown line laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and its influence on nutritional parameters and egg quality. A total of 56 16-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into two groups (one per diet), which in turn were subdivided into 7 groups, each with 4 birds. Eggs were collected during the first 13 weeks of laying. During this period the egg quality parameters were evaluated until week 11; the bromatological characterization of the egg was carried out in the 2nd and 4th week of laying. The results indicated that the inclusion of chemical silage in 17,18% dry matter does not result in statistically significant differences in egg quality parameters or in their bromatological composition, with respect to the control. This led to the conclusion that chemical silage can be used as an alternative to protein inputs such as fish meal and soybean cake in the diet of laying hens, without modifying the quality of the final product.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se evaluó la inclusion de ensilado químico de vísceras de tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp.) en dietas para gallinas ponedoras (Gallus gallus domesticus) de la raza Isa-Brown, y su influencia sobre parámetros nutricionales y la calidad del huevo. Se utilizó un total de 56 gallinas ponedoras de 16 semanas de edad divididas al azar en dos grupos (uno por dieta), los cuales a su vez se subdividieron en 7 grupos de 4 aves cada uno. Se les recolectó huevos durante las primeras 13 semanas de postura. Durante este periodo se realizó la evaluación de los parámetros de calidad del huevo hasta la semana 11. La caracterización bromatológica del huevo se realizo en las semanas 2 y 4, luego de haber sido puestos. Los resultados indicaron que la inclusion de ensilado químico en un 17,18% materia seca, no genera diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) en los parámetros de calidad del huevo ni en su composición bromatológica, con respecto al control. Esto permitió concluir que el ensilado químico puede ser usado como alternativa a insumos proteicos como harina de pescado y torta de soya en la alimentación de gallinas ponedoras, sin modificar la calidad del producto final.

Physical-chemical characteristics of designer and conventional eggs

The objective of this study was to compare the internal and external quality of conventional and designer eggs. In total, 120 Tetra SL laying hens were randomly allotted to two treatments (K and P groups), with 12 replicates of five hens each. The control group (K) was fed a standard layer diet, producing conventional eggs, and the P group was fed a modified diet supplemented with 5% of an oil mixture, 0.5 mg organic selenium/kg, 200 mg lutein/kg and 200 mg vitamin E/kg, producing designer eggs. Treatments did not influence (p>0.05) egg weight or egg component weights. Designer eggs presented higher albumen proportion and lower eggshell proportion than conventional eggs (p<0.01). Relative to egg quality parameters, designer eggs presented higher HU values (83.99 vs. 80.81; p=0.042), more intense yolk color (14.38 vs. 8.70; p<0.01), and lower albumen pH (8.39 vs. 8.67; p=0.007). Feeding treatments and duration of egg storage did not significantly influence egg yolk lipid oxidation (p>0.05).(AU)

Physical-chemical characteristics of designer and conventional eggs

The objective of this study was to compare the internal and external quality of conventional and designer eggs. In total, 120 Tetra SL laying hens were randomly allotted to two treatments (K and P groups), with 12 replicates of five hens each. The control group (K) was fed a standard layer diet, producing conventional eggs, and the P group was fed a modified diet supplemented with 5% of an oil mixture, 0.5 mg organic selenium/kg, 200 mg lutein/kg and 200 mg vitamin E/kg, producing designer eggs. Treatments did not influence (p>0.05) egg weight or egg component weights. Designer eggs presented higher albumen proportion and lower eggshell proportion than conventional eggs (p0.05).

The effect of dietary phytase on broiler performance and digestive, bone, and blood biochemistry characteristics

The dietary inclusion of phytase increases nutrient and energy bioavailability for broilers. The effect of phytase increases nutrients and energy bioavailability for either the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of nutrient and energy reduction in diets supplemented with phytase on the performance, gastrointestinal pH, organ and bone composition, and blood biochemistry of broilers between eight and 21 days of age. In the study, 1.120 male Cobb 500(r) broilers, with 161±1g average weight, were used. At eight days of age, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement with eight replicates of 20 broiler each. Treatments corresponded to reduction of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), amino acids and energy, or reduction of Ca, P, amino acids and energy; supplementation or not of phytase; and a positive control treatment. Broiler fed the diet with reduced Ca and P levels and phytase supplementation presented the best performance of all groups. The diet with reduced amino acid and energy levels and phytase addition reduced gizzard and proventriculus pH. Dietary Ca and P reduction increased relative liver and heart weights, as well as albumin blood levels. The bones of broilers fed phytase-supplemented diets presented higher ash content.(AU)

The effect of dietary phytase on broiler performance and digestive, bone, and blood biochemistry characteristics

The dietary inclusion of phytase increases nutrient and energy bioavailability for broilers. The effect of phytase increases nutrients and energy bioavailability for either the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of nutrient and energy reduction in diets supplemented with phytase on the performance, gastrointestinal pH, organ and bone composition, and blood biochemistry of broilers between eight and 21 days of age. In the study, 1.120 male Cobb 500(r) broilers, with 161±1g average weight, were used. At eight days of age, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments in a 3x2+1 factorial arrangement with eight replicates of 20 broiler each. Treatments corresponded to reduction of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), amino acids and energy, or reduction of Ca, P, amino acids and energy; supplementation or not of phytase; and a positive control treatment. Broiler fed the diet with reduced Ca and P levels and phytase supplementation presented the best performance of all groups. The diet with reduced amino acid and energy levels and phytase addition reduced gizzard and proventriculus pH. Dietary Ca and P reduction increased relative liver and heart weights, as well as albumin blood levels. The bones of broilers fed phytase-supplemented diets presented higher ash content.

The use of light-emitting diodes (LED) in commercial layer production

Artificial lighting is one of the most powerful management tools available to commercial layer producers. Artificial light allows anticipating or delaying the beginning of lay, improving egg production, and optimizing feed efficiency. This study aimed at comparing the performance of commercial layers submitted to lighting using different LED colors or conventional incandescent lamps. The study was carried out in a layer house divided in isolated environments in order to prevent any influenced from the neighboring treatments. In total, 360 Isa Brown layers, with an initial age of 56 weeks, were used. The following light sources were used: blue LED, yellow LED, green LED, red LED, white LED, and 40W incandescent light. Birds in all treatment were submitted to a 17-h continuous lighting program, and were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet. A completely randomized experimental design with subplots was applied, with 24 treatments (six light sources and four periods) of three replicates. Egg production (%) was significantly different (p<0.05) among treatments, with the best results obtained with red LED, white LED, and incandescent light sources. Egg weight, feed intake, and internal egg quality (albumen height, specific gravity, and Haugh units) were not influenced (p>0.05) by light source. It was concluded that the replacement of incandescent light bulbs by white and red LEDs does not cause any negative effect on the egg production of commercial layers.(AU)

Increased shelf life of eggs through the use of propolis / Extensão da vida de prateleira de ovos pela cobertura com própolis

Due to its ease of obtaining, handling, price and biological value, the egg is one of the most consumed foods in the world. However, because it is basically for in natura use, offers risks when care is not observed on its handling, storage and shelf life. The objective of this research was to increase the shelf life of hens eggs (Gallus domesticus) using the bee propolis (Apis mellifera). Eggs were covered with a film of propolis and these eggs were compared with uncovered ones: unwashed and washed eggs. Weight loss, density, Haugh unit, height of the air chamber and survey of total coliform, coliform and Salmonella were evaluated. The coverage with propolis provided less weight loss, lower reduction of density and loss of the Haugh unit. The process also allow to kept the size of the air chamber. No coliforms or Salmonella were found in eggs coated with propolis. Thus, it was observed that the coverage of eggs with propolis increases the shelf life and maintains internal and microbiological qualities of the eggs.

Devido a sua facilidade de obtenção, manejo, preço e valor biológico, o ovo é um dos alimentos mais consumidos no mundo. No entanto, por ser basicamente utilizado in natura, oferece risco quando alguns cuidados não são observados em seu manuseio, armazenamento e prazo de validade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estender o período de validade dos ovos através do uso de própolis de abelhas (Apis mellifera). Os ovos foram cobertos com uma película de própolis e comparados com ovos não lavados e lavados. Foram avaliadas a perda de massa, massa específica, unidade Haugh, altura da câmara de ar e a presença de bactérias dos grupos coliformes totais, termotolerantes e do gênero Salmonella. A cobertura com própolis promoveu menor perda de massa, menor redução da massa específica, menor perda da unidade Haugh com manutenção do tamanho da câmara de ar. Coliformes ou bactérias do gênero Salmonella não foram encontrados em ovos revestidos com própolis. Assim, observou-se que a cobertura de ovos com própolis mantém as qualidades internas e microbiológicas por mais tempo, aumentando a vida de prateleira dos mesmos.

The use of light-emitting diodes (LED) in commercial layer production

Artificial lighting is one of the most powerful management tools available to commercial layer producers. Artificial light allows anticipating or delaying the beginning of lay, improving egg production, and optimizing feed efficiency. This study aimed at comparing the performance of commercial layers submitted to lighting using different LED colors or conventional incandescent lamps. The study was carried out in a layer house divided in isolated environments in order to prevent any influenced from the neighboring treatments. In total, 360 Isa Brown layers, with an initial age of 56 weeks, were used. The following light sources were used: blue LED, yellow LED, green LED, red LED, white LED, and 40W incandescent light. Birds in all treatment were submitted to a 17-h continuous lighting program, and were fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet. A completely randomized experimental design with subplots was applied, with 24 treatments (six light sources and four periods) of three replicates. Egg production (%) was significantly different (p 0.05) among treatments, with the best results obtained with red LED, white LED, and incandescent light sources. Egg weight, feed intake, and internal egg quality (albumen height, specific gravity, and Haugh units) were not influenced (p>0.05) by light source. It was concluded that the replacement of incandescent light bulbs by white and red LEDs does not cause any negative effect on the egg production of commercial layers.

Increased shelf life of eggs through the use of propolis / Extensão da vida de prateleira de ovos pela cobertura com própolis

Due to its ease of obtaining, handling, price and biological value, the egg is one of the most consumed foods in the world. However, because it is basically for in natura use, offers risks when care is not observed on its handling, storage and shelf life. The objective of this research was to increase the shelf life of hens eggs (Gallus domesticus) using the bee propolis (Apis mellifera). Eggs were covered with a film of propolis and these eggs were compared with uncovered ones: unwashed and washed eggs. Weight loss, density, Haugh unit, height of the air chamber and survey of total coliform, coliform and Salmonella were evaluated. The coverage with propolis provided less weight loss, lower reduction of density and loss of the Haugh unit. The process also allow to kept the size of the air chamber. No coliforms or Salmonella were found in eggs coated with propolis. Thus, it was observed that the coverage of eggs with propolis increases the shelf life and maintains internal and microbiological qualities of the eggs.

Devido a sua facilidade de obtenção, manejo, preço e valor biológico, o ovo é um dos alimentos mais consumidos no mundo. No entanto, por ser basicamente utilizado in natura, oferece risco quando alguns cuidados não são observados em seu manuseio, armazenamento e prazo de validade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estender o período de validade dos ovos através do uso de própolis de abelhas (Apis mellifera). Os ovos foram cobertos com uma película de própolis e comparados com ovos não lavados e lavados. Foram avaliadas a perda de massa, massa específica, unidade Haugh, altura da câmara de ar e a presença de bactérias dos grupos coliformes totais, termotolerantes e do gênero Salmonella. A cobertura com própolis promoveu menor perda de massa, menor redução da massa específica, menor perda da unidade Haugh com manutenção do tamanho da câmara de ar. Coliformes ou bactérias do gênero Salmonella não foram encontrados em ovos revestidos com própolis. Assim, observou-se que a cobertura de ovos com própolis mantém as qualidades internas e microbiológicas por mais tempo, aumentando a vida de prateleira dos mesmos.

Efecto de la temperatura y el volteo durante elalmacenamiento sobre la calidad del huevo comercial / Efeito da temperatura e volteio durante a armazenagem sobre a qualidadedo ovo comercial / Efeito da temperatura e volteio durante a armazenagem sobre a qualidade do ovo comercial

El huevo es uno de los alimentos más completos desde el punto de vista nutricional y sanitario, perouna vez fuera de la gallina estas propiedades comienzan a deteriorarse. Varios autores concuerdanque en el transcurso del tiempo y sobre todo a temperatura ambiente (24 ºC), la calidad inicial vadisminuyendo hasta desaparecer al cabo de 3 - 4 semanas. El presente estudio consistió en evaluardos métodos de conservación para los huevos, en el primero se almacenaron los huevos a temperaturaambiente (23 ºC) y en el segundo a refrigeración (4 ºC). Ambos métodos de conservación se sometierona la manipulación del huevo, que consistían en el volteo o no de las unidades experimentales. Seutilizaron 192 huevos con 32 replicas por tratamiento. Para el análisis estadístico se empleó el diseñode clasificación experimental completamente aleatorizado en arreglo factorial 22 efecto fijo balanceadocon efecto interactivo del tiempo, donde se realizó el análisis particular para cada periodo y entreperiodos; se utilizó la técnica MANOVA con contrastes canónicos ortogonales para determinar por elmétodo de máxima verosimilitud, la dimensionalidad, donde se comparan los efectos de los tratamientos.Para comprobar los parámetros de calidad interna con respecto al índice de la yema (IY), y unidadesHaugh (UH) se realizaron mediciones de altura de albúmina, altura y diámetro de yema a los 0, 10 y 20días de almacenamiento en las unidades experimentales. El experimento presentó diferencias altamentesignificativas (p<0.001) entre los ambientes de conservación, pero en los tratamientos volteo y no volteono se encontraron diferencias significativas (p>0.05). El medio de conservación que presentó durantetodo el periodo de evaluación los mejores resultados de calidad de huevo IY y UH fue el de refrigeración. En conclusión, este trabajo confirma la importancia que juega la temperatura en el almacenaje y laconservación de la calidad del huevo.

From a sanitary and nutritional point of view the egg is one of the most complete foods, however onceoutside of the hen its’ properties begin to deteriorate. Several authors agree that in time and especiallyat a room temperature (24 ºC), the initial quality decreases up to its disappearance at 3-4 weeks. Thecurrent study consisted of the assesment of two conservation methods for the eggs. The eggs were storedat room temperature (23 ºC) in the first method and in the second at a refrigerating temperature (4 ºC).Both conservation methods were submitted to egg manipulation which consisted of turning over or notthe experimental units. 192 eggs were used with 32 replicas per treatment. For the statistic analysis thecompletely randomized experimental classification design was used in a factorial arrangement of 22 with afixed balanced effect, with an interactive effect over the time where each particular analysis took place forevery period and between periods. The MANOVA technique was used with orthogonal canonic contrasts todetermine by the method of maximum verisimilitude the dimensionality where the effects of the treatmentsare compared. In order to prove the parameters of internal quality in regards to the yolk index (YI) andHaugh units (HU), albumin was measured in terms of height and the yolk was measured in height anddiameter at 0, 10 and 20 days of storage of the experimental units. The experiment presented highlysignificant differences (p<0.001) between the conservation environments, however in the turned over andnot turned over treatments no significant differences were found (p<0.05). The conservation method thatproved best results during the whole evaluation period over egg quality YI and HU was the refrigeration.In conclusion, this essay confirms the importance that temperature has over the storage and preservationof egg quality.

O ovo é um dos alimentos mais complexos desde o ponto de vista nutricional e sanitário, mais, depois dapostura as propriedades iniciam ha deteriorar-se. Vários autores concordam que no transcurso do tempoe sobre tudo à temperatura do ambiente (24 ºC), a qualidade inicial vá diminuindo até desaparecer entreas 3 e 4 semanas. O presente estúdio consistiu em avaliar dois métodos de conservação do ovo. O primeirométodo armazenaram-se os ovos a temperatura do ambiente (23 ºC) e o segundo a refrigeração (4 ºC). Nosdois métodos os ovos foram submetidos a manipulação, a qual consistia no volteio ou não das unidadesexperimentais. Foram utilizados 192 ovos com 32 repetições por tratamento. Para a análises estatísticofoi utilizado um delineamento fatorial 22, com efeito interativo do tempo, onde foi realizado um análisesparticular para cada período e entre períodos; foi utilizado um MANOVA com contrastes canônicosortogonais, por máxima verossimilhança restrita. Para comprovar os parâmetros de qualidade internacom respeito ao índice da gema (IY), e unidades Haugh (UH) foram realizadas mensurações de altura daalbumina, altura e diâmetro da gema aos 0, 10 e 20 dias de armazenamento mas unidades experimentais. Oexperimento apresentou diferencias altamente significativas (p<0.001) entre os ambientes de conservação,mais nos tratamentos volteio e não volteio não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p>0.05).O meio de conservação que apresentou durante todo o período de avaliação os melhores resultados dequalidade do ovo IG e UH foi a refrigeração. Em conclusão, este trabalho confirma a importância que tema temperatura na armazenagem e a conservação da qualidade do ovo.