Prática do uso de máscaras no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19: um estudo transversal / Face mask use in the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

OBJETIVO: Investigar o uso de máscaras entre a população do estado do Rio de Janeiro, durante a pandemia da COVID-19. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo transversal online. A coleta de dados ocorreu via redes sociais e utilizou-se um formulário de informações gerais e a versão para o Português do Brasil da Face Mask Use Scale. Os testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal Wallis foram utilizados para comparação dos escores. Os aspectos éticos foram contemplados. RESULTADOS: Participaram 1.783 (100%) indivíduos. O escore obtido foi de 18,2 (DP=8,2), com itens variando entre 6,0 e 30 evidenciando que a prática do uso de máscaras foi de 60,6%. Ao avaliar a autoproteção, obteve-se 9,5 (DP=4,0) e a proteção do outro 8,7 (DP=4,6), variando entre 3,0 e 15,0. CONCLUSÃO: A prática do uso das máscaras foi negligenciada por parte da população deste estudo, sendo melhor sua utilização para a autoproteção do que para a proteção do outro.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate face mask use among the population of the state of Rio de Janeiro during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: This was an online cross-sectional study. Data were collected via social media using an online form to gather general information about the participants and administering the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Face Mask Use Scale. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests were used to compare the scores. All ethical aspects were considered. RESULTS: 1,783 (100%) individuals participated. The mean score was 18.2 (SD=8.2), with items ranging between 6.0 and 30, placing the practice of mask use at 60.6%. When evaluating self-protection, the mean score was 9.5 (SD=4.0), and protection of others, 8.7 (SD=4.6), ranging between 3.0 and 15.0. CONCLUSION: The practice of wearing face masks was neglected by the population of this study, and their use was geared more at self-protection than at the protection of others.

Effectiveness of an intervention focusing on diet and walking during pregnancy in the primary health care service / A efetividade de uma intervenção na atenção primária voltada para a dieta e caminhadas durante a gravidez / Efectividad de una intervención centrada en la dieta y paseos durante la gestación en el servicio de atención primaria en salud

Abstract: Interventions during prenatal care can mitigate negative outcomes of a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet during pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention that promoted healthy diet and leisure-time walking during antenatal care in a pragmatic, controlled, non-randomized intervention study. Physicians and nurses from all health care units of the Family Health Strategy model of health assistance participated in educational training to promote leisure-time walking and healthy diet during antenatal care visits. Pregnant women who received health care from these professionals constituted the intervention group (n = 181). The control group (n = 172) included pregnant women who received routine antenatal care, in health care units of the traditional model of health assistance. Data were collected in each trimester of pregnancy. Diet was investigated using a food frequency questionnaire adapted from Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance System for Chronic Non-Comunicable Diseases Through Telephone Interview (Vigitel). Leisure-time walking in a typical week was assessed using questions from the Physical Activity in Pregnancy Questionnaire. There were positive effects on leisure-time walking during the second trimester and the third trimester of pregnancy and on the women who achieved 150 minutes per week of walking during the third trimester. The intervention reduced the risk of pregnant women consuming soft drinks and/or commercially prepared cookies in the third trimester. This lifestyle intervention was partially effective, tripling the proportion of pregnant women who achieved the recommended walking time and reducing by half the proportion of women who had a high weekly consumption of soft drinks and industrially processed cookies.

Resumo: As intervenções durante o acompanhamento pré-natal podem mitigar os desfechos negativos do sedentarismo e da dieta não saudável durante a gravidez. Os autores buscaram avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção de promoção de dieta saudável e caminhadas no lazer durante o acompanhamento pré-natal, através de um estudo de intervenção pragmático, controlado, não-randomizado. Médicos e enfermeiros de todas as unidades da Estratégia Saúde da Família participaram da capacitação na promoção de caminhadas e diet saudável, como parte do acompanhamento pré-natal. O grupo da intervenção consistia em gestantes que receberam cuidados desses profissionais (n = 181). O grupo controle (n = 172) incluía as gestantes que recebiam os cuidados pré-natais usuais, nas unidades do modelo assistencial tradicional. Os dados eram coletados em cada trimestre da gestação. A dieta era investigada com um questionário de frequência alimentar, adaptado do Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel). As caminhadas no lazer em uma semana típica eram avaliadas com perguntas do Physical Activity in Pregnancy Questionnaire. Houve efeitos positivos sobre o tempo de caminhada no segundo e terceiro trimestres da gestação e nas mulheres que atingiam 150 minutos semanais de caminhadas no terceiro trimestre. A intervenção reduziu o risco de gestantes consumirem refrigerantes e/ou biscoitos industrializados no terceiro trimestre. A intervenção no estilo de vida foi parcialmente efetiva, triplicando a proporção de gestantes que atingiam o tempo recomendado de caminhada e reduzindo pela metade a proporção de mulheres com alto consumo semanal de refrigerantes e biscoitos industrializados.

Resumen: Las intervenciones durante el cuidado prenatal pueden mitigar los resultados negativos de un estilo de vida sedentario y una dieta insana durante el embarazo. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la efectividad de una intervención que promovió una dieta saludable y los paseos en el tiempo de ocio, durante el cuidado prenatal, en un estudio pragmático, controlado y de intervención no aleatoria. Médicos y enfermeras de todas las unidades de cuidado de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia, modelo de asistencia a la salud, participaron en la formación educacional para promover los paseos durante el tiempo de ocio, así como una dieta saludable durante las visitas de cuidado prenatal. Las mujeres embarazadas que recibieron asistencia de estos profesionales constituyeron el grupo de intervención (n = 181). El grupo de control (n = 172) incluyó a mujeres embarazadas, con una rutina de cuidados prenatales, en unidades de atención del modelo tradicional de asistencia en salud. Los datos fueron recabados en cada trimestre de embarazo. La dieta fue investigada usando el cuestionario de frecuencia de comidas adaptado del Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas No Transmisibles por Entrevista Telefónica (Vigitel). Los paseos en el tiempo de ocio en una semana típica se evaluaron usando preguntas del Physical Activity in Pregnancy Questionnaire. Hubo efectos positivos por los paseos durante el tiempo de ocio en el segundo y tercer trimestre de embarazo, así como en las mujeres que alcanzaron 150 minutos por semana de paseos durante el tercer trimestre. La intervención redujo el riesgo de mujeres embarazadas que consumían refrescos y/o galletas empaquetadas en el tercer trimestre. La intervención en el estilo de vida fue parcialmente efectiva, triplicando la proporción de mujeres embarazadas que lograron el tiempo de paseos recomendados y redujeron a la mitad la proporción de mujeres que tuvieron una alta frecuencia semanal de consumo de refrescos y galletas procesadas industrialmente.

Apreensões de trabalhadores hospitalares sobre orientações para o cuidado de pessoas em nutrição enteral domiciliar / The apprehensions of hospital workers regarding guidance in the care of people experiencing home enteral nutrition

Objetivo: Analisar apreensões de trabalhadores hospitalares sobre orientações para o cuidado de pessoas adultas e idosas em nutrição enteral domiciliar. Métodos: Abordagem qualitativa por intervenção hermenêutico-dialética, orientada pela Teoria da Difusão de Inovações. Realizou-se encontro único, mediado por grupo focal em uma oficina de trabalho, em agosto de 2018, junto à equipe multiprofissional de um hospital público de ensino (n=14 participantes). Registros textuais resultantes da oficina foram analisados por categorias semânticas. Resultados: Participantes reportaram tempo médio de atuação de 11 anos no hospital de ensino; 50% apresentavam pós-graduação.Aspectos condicionantes para orientações qualificadas na alta hospitalar e no cuidado doméstico permearam dificuldades relacionadas à rotina e ao trabalho em equipe, como a interação e a comunicação entre as diferentes categorias; dificuldades relacionadas ao cuidado continuado em rede de serviços de saúde devido à fragmentação dos pontos de atenção. A integração ensino-serviço foi apontada como potencialidade para a superação dessas limitações. Conclusão: A abordagem permitiu reconhecer condições contextualizadas para orientação ao cuidado domiciliar de pessoas com sonda e nutrição enteral, a partir das equipes hospitalares, que podem coincidir com cenários similares e também incrementar a produção científica nacional sobre o tema, ainda escassa. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the understanding of hospital workers with regards to the guidance for the care of adult and elderly people in home enteral nutrition. Methods: qualitative approach through hermeneutic-dialectic intervention, guided by the Theory of the Diffusion of Innovations. A single meeting, mediated by a focus group in a workshop, was held in August 2018, together with the interdisciplinary team of a public teaching hospital (n = 14 participants). Textual records resulting from the workshop were analyzed in semantic categories. Results: Participants had an average time of 11 years in the teaching hospital. 50% had a postgraduate degree. Conditioning factors for qualified hospital discharge guidelines were related to routine and teamwork difficulties, such as interaction and communication between the different categories, and to difficulties regarding the continued care in the network of health services, due to the fragmentation of the attention services. The teaching-service integration was pointed out as a potential for overcoming these limitations. Conclusion: The approach allowed the recognition of contextual conditions for hospital teams to guide the home care of people with tubes and enteral nutrition, conditions which may coincide with those in similar settings and increase the scarce national scientific production on the subject. (AU)

Awareness, behavior and attitudes concerning sun exposure among beachgoers in the northern coast of Peru.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer incidence has increased over the last years, becoming a major public health problem. OBJECTIVE: To describe the awareness, behavior and attitudes concerning sun exposure among beachgoers in the northern coast of Peru. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Pimentel beach, Peru. The "Beach Questionnaire" was used and we surveyed all the beachgoers from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. and from March 5 to March 19. For the statistical analysis, sun exposure habits, sunburns history, knowledge, attitudes and practices were crossed with sex using the chi2 test. RESULTS: We surveyed 410 beachgoers, the most frequent phototype was type III (40.5%). Only the 13.66% of the respondents correctly answered the seven knowledge questions related to sun exposure and skin cancer. Men more frequently agreed that "when they are tanned their clothes looks nicer" (p = 0.048). Likewise, regarding the questions "Sunbathing is relaxing" and "Sunbathing improves my mood", men agreed or totally agreed with more frequency than women (63.64% vs. 46.15%, p < 0.001; and 61.36% vs 49.15%, p = 0.014, respectively). Regarding sun protection practices, women more frequently used sunshade (p = 0.001) and sunscreen (SPF ≥ 15) (p < 0.001) when compared to the male group. CONCLUSION: Sun exposure is a potentially preventable risk factor for skin cancer. Thus, awareness of the risks of UVR overexposure and adequate sun-protective behaviors and attitudes are essential. Our results, however, are not as favorable as expected. Public health efforts should encourage sun-safety precautions and intervention campaigns should be carried out in recreational settings, such as the beaches.

Knowledge, attitudes, representations and declared practices of nurses and physicians about obesity in a university hospital: training is essential.

In the context of a worldwide obesity epidemic, healthcare providers play a key role in obesity management. Knowledge of current guidelines and attitudes to prevent stigmatization are especially important. This study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perception of opportunity for intervention, declared practices and need for training and material of nurses and physicians about obesity in a Swiss University Hospital. A total of 834 physicians and nurses filled an online survey. The questionnaire was based on literature, exploratory interviews and expert committee review. It was pre-tested with 15 physicians and nurses. Participants declared a low level of negative attitudes towards individuals living with obesity. However, the results highlighted a lack of knowledge to diagnose obesity in adults and children, as well as confidence and training to care of patients with obesity. One-third of providers did not know how to calculate body mass index. Half of providers felt it was part of their role to take care of patients with obesity, even if 55% of them had the feeling that they did not have adequate training. Nurses and physicians working in a university hospital showed a low level of negative attitudes but a lack of knowledge and skills on obesity management. Training should be improved in this population to insure adequate and coherent messages and equal access to evidence-based treatment for patients living with obesity.

"You Get Reminded You're a Sick Person": Personal Data Tracking and Patients With Multiple Chronic Conditions.

BACKGROUND: Consumer health information technologies (HIT) that encourage self-tracking, such as diet and fitness tracking apps and disease journals, are attracting widespread interest among technology-oriented consumers (such as "quantified self" advocates), entrepreneurs, and the health care industry. Such electronic technologies could potentially benefit the growing population of patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCC). However, MCC is predominantly a condition of the elderly and disproportionately affects the less affluent, so it also seems possible that the barriers to use of consumer HIT would be particularly severe for this patient population. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to explore the perspectives of individuals with MCC using a semistructured interview study. Our research questions were (1) How do individuals with MCC track their own health and medical data? and (2) How do patients and providers perceive and use patient-tracked data? METHODS: We used semistructured interviews with patients with multiple chronic diseases and providers with experience caring for such patients, as well as participation in a diabetes education group to triangulate emerging themes. Data were analyzed using grounded theory and thematic analysis. Recruitment and analysis took place iteratively until thematic saturation was reached. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with 22 patients and 7 health care providers. The patients had an average of 3.5 chronic conditions, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, chronic pain, and depression, and had regular relationships with an average of 5 providers. Four major themes arose from the interviews: (1) tracking this data feels like work for many patients, (2) personal medical data for individuals with chronic conditions are not simply objective facts, but instead provoke strong positive and negative emotions, value judgments, and diverse interpretations, (3) patients track for different purposes, ranging from sense-making to self-management to reporting to the doctor, and (4) patients often notice that physicians trust technologically measured data such as lab reports over patients' self-tracked data. CONCLUSIONS: Developers of consumer health information technologies for data tracking (such as diet and exercise apps or blood glucose logs) often assume patients have unlimited enthusiasm for tracking their own health data via technology. However, our findings potentially explain relatively low adoption of consumer HIT, as they suggest that patients with multiple chronic illnesses consider it work to track their own data, that the data can be emotionally charged, and that they may perceive that providers do not welcome it. Similar themes have been found in some individual chronic diseases but appeared more complex because patients often encountered "illness work" connected to multiple diseases simultaneously and frequently faced additional challenges from aging or difficult comorbidities such as chronic pain, depression, and anxiety. We suggest that to make a public health impact, consumer HIT developers should engage creatively with these pragmatic and emotional issues to reach an audience that is broader than technologically sophisticated early adopters. Novel technologies are likely to be successful only if they clearly reduce patient inconvenience and burden, helping them to accomplish their "illness work" more efficiently and effectively.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices about sun exposure and photoprotection in outpatients attending dermatology clinics at four hospitals in Lima, Peru / Exposição solar e conhecimento, atitudes e práticas de fotoproteção em pacientes de unidades ambulatoriais de dermatologia em quatro hospitais de Lima, Peru

BACKGROUND: To establish the knowledge, about sun exposure and photoprotection in outpatients treated at the dermatology clinics in four hospitals in Lima, Peru. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a sample of 364 patients selected using a systematic random sampling process in the four participating hospitals. The selected patients were interviewed to determine their knowledge, behavior and practices in relation to sun exposure and photoprotection. The chi-square test was used to identify any significant differences between knowledge and practices. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in this sample was 45.1 ± 21.4 years. Of the 364 patients, 55.9 percent were women and 54.8 percent had skin phototype IV. The principal risks related to sun exposure were skin cancer (80.5 percent) and sunburn (77.8 percent). Knowledge regarding sun protection was more evident in individuals with university/college education (p<0.001). In addition, 78.9 percent of the individuals reported that they knew about photo-protectors and 52.3 percent stated that they used them regularly. In general, women were more knowledgeable regarding sun protection (p=0.001). Of the total number of users of photoprotection, 38.4 percent used these products daily, while 61.6 percent used them only occasionally. The use of photo-protectors differed significantly in accordance with the individual's education level (p<0.001). In the majority of cases there was a statistically significant difference between knowledge and practice with respect to solar protection. CONCLUSIONS: The level of awareness of the outpatients treated at the dermatology clinics in these four hospitals in Lima, Peru about the risks of sun exposure is acceptable; however, a large proportion fail to incorporate regular solar protection as a practice in their daily life.

FUNDAMENTOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o conhecimento, sobre a exposição solar e fotoproteção em pacientes ambulatoriais tratados nas unidades de dermatologia de quatro hospitais em Lima, Peru. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal. A amostra foi formada por 364 pacientes originários dos quatro hospitais participantes. Os pacientes foram selecionados através de um processo de amostragem aleatória sistemática. Uma vez selecionados, os pacientes foram entrevistados para determinação do conhecimento, atitudes e práticas em relação à exposição ao sol e à fotoproteção. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para determinar diferenças significativas entre conhecimento e práticas. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tinham em média 45,1±21,4 anos de idade, 55,9 por cento eram mulheres e 54,8 por cento tinham pele fototipo IV. Os principais riscos relacionados à exposição solar foram câncer de pele (80,5 por cento) e queimaduras solares (77,8 por cento). Participantes com nível universitário apresentaram maior conhecimento sobre proteção solar (p <0,001). O conhecimento de fotoprotetores foi relatado por 78,9 por cento dos participantes enquanto o uso periódico dos fotoprotetores foi relatado por 52,3 por cento. As mulheres tinham conhecimento amplamente maior sobre proteção solar (p = 0,001). Do total de usuários de fotoprotetores, 38,4 por cento usavam o produto diariamente e 61,6 por cento usavam somente ocasionalmente. O uso de fotoprotetores variou significantemente com o nível de escolaridade (p <0,001). Na maioria dos casos se encontrou diferença estatisticamente significante entre o conhecimento sobre fotoproteção e práticas de fotoproteção. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes ambulatoriais tratados nas unidades de dermatologia desses quatro hospitais em Lima têm um nível aceitável de conhecimento mas um grande número deles não haviam incorporado práticas de fotoproteção nas rotinas pessoais.