Dietary Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Related to Obesity and Highly Underweight Among Urban Chinese High School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: This study aimed to identify dietary knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to obesity and highly underweight among urban Chinese high school students. Methods: Using the data of 403 high school students from a cross-sectional survey in 2022, multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted with the body mass index as the objective variable (reference: normal weight), dietary knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors as the explanatory variables, adjusted for sex. Results: Both obesity and highly underweight were most strongly related to incorrect dietary knowledge of desirable types of diets. Additionally, obesity was related to inappropriate dietary attitudes regarding the importance of diet, eating at irregular meal-times, and eating without chewing well, while highly underweight was related to picky eating and not having three meals per day, but not related to attitudes. Conclusion: The incorrect knowledge of desirable type of diet was related to both obesity and highly underweight, while other risk factors of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to obesity or highly underweight differed respectively. These findings should be useful in examining effective nutrition education for urban Chinese high school students.

Parenting style and the non-cognitive development of high school student: evidence from rural China.

Introduction: Understanding the relationship between parenting style and the non-cognitive development of high school students is crucial, particularly in rural China. Non-cognitive abilities, including traits such as emotional regulation, resilience, and interpersonal skills, play a significant role in students' overall development and future success. This study aims to investigate how different parenting styles impact non-cognitive abilities among high school students in rural China. Methods: This study surveyed 6,549 high school students and their primary caregivers in rural China. The students had an average age of 17.61 years, with 48% being male, and 62% of Han ethnicity. Primary caregivers self-reported their parenting styles, while the students' non-cognitive abilities were assessed using the Big Five Inventory-Short (BFI-S). The relationship between parenting style and non-cognitive development was analyzed using two distinct methods: two dimensions (authoritative and authoritarian) and four categories of parenting styles. Results: The study revealed that an authoritative parenting style had a positive impact on the non-cognitive abilities of students. Conversely, a negative association was observed between the authoritarian parenting style and the students' non-cognitive development. This association was more pronounced in the non-cognitive developmental scores of girls compared to boys. Additionally, parents from wealthier families or those with higher levels of education were more likely to adopt an authoritative parenting style rather than an authoritarian one. Discussion: The results of this study highlight the significant influence of parenting styles on the non-cognitive development of high school students in rural China. Authoritative parenting, characterized by warmth and structure, appears to foster better non-cognitive outcomes, while authoritarian parenting, marked by strictness and less warmth, is associated with poorer non-cognitive development. The gender differences observed suggest that girls may be more sensitive to variations in parenting style. Furthermore, the socioeconomic and educational background of parents plays a crucial role in determining the parenting style adopted. These findings underscore the importance of developing and implementing parenting training interventions in rural China, aimed at promoting authoritative parenting practices to enhance the non-cognitive development of students.

Gender-specific factors of suicidal ideation among high school students in Yunnan province, China: A machine learning approach.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal ideation (SI) assumes a pivotal role in predicting suicidal behaviors. The incidence of SI among high (junior and senior) school students is significantly higher than that of other age groups. The aim of this study is to explore the gender differences in SI among high school students in Yunnan Province. METHOD: A total of 6180 students in grades 7-12 in Yunnan province, China from May 2021 to May 2022 participated in this survey. Univariate analysis was employed to describe the influencing factors of male and female students' SI. Subsequently, data were stratified by gender. Adopting machine learning technique, including Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) and Boruta algorithm, and logistic regression model to estimate the direction and effect magnitude of the influencing factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of SI was significantly higher for females (31.34 %) than males (16.73 %). The logistic regression model was established using the variables screened by Boruta algorithm, indicated that anxiety, depression, suffering emotion abuse or emotion neglect in childhood, non-suicidal self-injury, evening chronotype are common risk factors for SI in male and female students. Notably, female students who exhibited aggressive behavior, have experienced bullying, and were in the junior high school learning stage were more likely to report SI than their male counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Females showed more vulnerability to SI than males especially among females in junior high school, reporting aggressive behavior and bullying experiences. Tailored prevention strategies, informed by these gender-related distinctions, should be developed and implemented.

Psychological Distress Among High School Students in Bangkok Thailand.

Introduction: This study investigated psychological distress among high school students in Thailand.A sample of 8,345 students from thirty-five Bangkok schools voluntarily participated, responding to a questionnaire and undergoing stress assessments. Socio-demographic factors including grade level, school scale, hometown, parental marital status, presence of siblings, gender, health conditions, online classes, and family monthly income were analyzed. Results: Of the participants, 1,087 (13.02%) experienced psychological distress. Grade level, school scale, hometown, parental marital status, and siblings' presence showed no significant associations with distress. However, being female or transgender correlated with higher distress levels. Students with health issues and those in online classes also experienced elevated distress. Additionally, a family monthly income below 10,000 Thai Baht was associated with distress. Conclusion: This study sheds light on factors contributing to psychological distress in high school students. It highlights the need for tailored support for vulnerable groups within the student population, emphasizing the role of educators, policymakers, and mental health professionals in addressing these challenges.

Self-compassion moderates the relationship between neuroticism and depression in junior high school students.

Neuroticism, an emotion-related personality trait, is often associated with a greater susceptibility to depression. On the other hand, self-compassion involves treating oneself in a peaceful, mindful, and friendly manner, particularly in the face of failure or frustration. The study investigated the relationship between neuroticism and depression in junior high school students, as well as the moderating role of self-compassion. A total of 757 junior high school students participated in the survey, which included the Children's Depression Inventory, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, Short Scale for Chinese, and the Chinese version of the Self-Compassion Scale. The results revealed that neuroticism positively predicted depression, while self-compassion had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between neuroticism and depression. Specifically, higher levels of self-compassion were associated with a weaker link between neuroticism and depression. These findings suggest that interventions promoting self-compassion may be beneficial for students exhibiting neurotic tendencies.

Effects of perspective taking on attention bias to body-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance.

Using lexical judgment tasks, the present study explored whether perspective taking affected attention bias to body-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. Experiment 1 examined the junior high school students' attention bias to body schema-related words; the results showed the body image disturbance group responded significantly more quickly to negative body schema-related words than positive words, whereas the control group did not show a significant difference between positive and negative words. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the positive or negative body schema-related words were suitable to describe themselves, when adopting their own perspective or that of another person. The results showed that reaction times to negative words were significantly shorter than to positive words when adopting a self-perspective. When taking another's perspective, there was no significant difference of reaction time between positive and negative words. This result demonstrated that perspective taking reduced attention bias to negative body schema-related information among junior high school students with body image disturbance. The present research suggests that guiding adolescents to view themselves from different perspectives can help them form a more accurate and objective body image.

The influence of daily life events on learning crafting and the intervening roles of academic emotions and regulatory focus in high school students.

BACKGROUND: The adaptation of students to academic challenges in high school is crucial for academic performance. This study proposes the concept of "learning crafting," a previously under-researched area, and investigates its associated variables. METHODS: Using a diary method, we studied 187 Chinese high school students (64% female; Mage = 15.57) over a 9-day period. We examined the effect of daily life events on learning crafting, and considered academic emotions as mediators and regulatory focus as moderators. RESULTS: Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that daily positive events were positively correlated with learning crafting at both within-person and between-person levels. Positive academic emotions served as mediators of this relationship. Furthermore, promotion focus had a positive moderating effect on the relationship between daily positive events and positive academic emotions. Conversely, daily negative events were only negatively correlated with learning crafting at the between-person level, and no additional significant relationships were identified. CONCLUSION: This study elucidated the effect of daily life events on learning crafting, its mediating mechanisms, and conditional factors. These results not only contribute to crafting theory, but also provide theoretical underpinnings for future interventions targeting high school students' learning crafting.

E-cigarette use among high school students in Wuhan City / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate the use of e-cigarette and analyze its influencing factors among high school students in Wuhan City, so as to provide insights into developing control measures for adolescents.@*Methods@#From September to November 2019, high school students in Wuhan City were selected by the multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, and basic information, e-cigarette use and second-hand smoke exposure were collected through questionnaire surveys. Proportions of e-cigarette current use and attempt to use were analyzed, and factors affecting the current use of e-cigarettes were identified using a multivariable logistic regression model.@*Results@#Totally 5 700 questionnaires were allocated, and 5 602 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective rate of 98.28%. The respondents included 2 925 males (52.21%) and 2 677 females (47.79%); 4 033 high school students (71.99%) and 1 569 vocational high school students (28.01%). The proportion of attempt to use e-cigarettes was 9.23%, and the proportion of current e-cigarette use was 2.03%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified male (OR=2.112, 95%CI: 1.285-3.471), vocational high school (OR=1.967, 95%CI: 1.214-3.186), private high school (OR=9.684, 95%CI: 5.648-16.605), family second-hand smoke exposure (OR=3.064, 95%CI: 1.741-5.392), second-hand smoke exposure in public places (OR=4.402, 95%CI: 1.687-11.484) and having close friends who were smokers (OR=6.432, 95%CI: 3.219-12.852) as factors affecting current e-cigarette use among high school students.@*Conclusions@#The proportion of current e-cigarette use among high school students in Wuhan City was 2.03%. Male, vocational high school, private high school, second-hand smoke exposure and having close friends who were smokers may be promoting factors for e-cigarette use.

A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of how two intervention methods affect the anxiety, sleep quality, and physical activity of junior high school students under quarantine.

Purpose: This study investigated levels of anxiety and sleep quality and their association with physical activity in junior high school students under quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also tests the effectiveness of physical activity and psychological nursing interventions in alleviating anxiety 'and improving sleep quality. Methods: In July 2021, 14,000 home-quarantined junior high school students in Yangzhou City (China) were selected by random cluster sampling to complete an online survey. We then selected 95 junior high school students for an 8-week longitudinal experiment exploring whether the two types of intervention made positive contributions to students' anxiety, sleep quality, and physical activity. Results: The cross-sectional study revealed that physical activity was significantly related to anxiety and sleep quality. In the longitudinal study, students who underwent the exercise intervention or the psychological nursing intervention experienced significant improvement in their anxiety levels. The exercise intervention also promoted improved sleep quality. Overall, the exercise intervention was more effective than the psychological nursing intervention in reducing levels of anxiety and sleep disorders. Conclusion: During the epidemic period, junior high school students should be encouraged to spend more time engaging in physical activity, and their sleep quality and anxiety shouldbe focused on.

The impact of a medical drama featuring a hospital pharmacist on the perception of pharmacists among high school students and guardians: A quasi-experimental study.

Background: A pharmacist's work has shifted from non-personal to in-person services; especially in a super-aging society, further collaboration with other professions is needed. Communication has become an essential skill for pharmacists. However, there is limited public awareness about the work of pharmacists, and their perception among high school students is unclear. Medical dramas have been reported as educational tools for students, including their role in influencing the career choices of health professionals. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a TV drama featuring a hospital pharmacist on perceptions of pharmacists among high school students and guardians. Methods: An online survey involving 300 high school students and 300 guardians with their own high school children was conducted before the drama aired, and a post-survey conducted after it finished airing. Regular viewing was defined as exposure in this study. A difference-in-differences approach was used to compare the change in perceptions toward pharmacists' work, required knowledge, aptitude, and communication needs. Results: Comparing before and after they viewed the drama, high school students had significant differences in their perceptions of pharmacist duties such as "one-dose package dispensing" and "health consultation other than medicine," while guardians had different perceptions of "collaboration with health care professionals" and "information sharing about medication therapy." Regarding pharmacist aptitude, only guardians showed significant differences in their perceptions of skills such as "precision," "cooperativeness," and "decisiveness." There were no significant differences in the perceived level of communication required for pharmacists. Conclusions: The results indicated that the portrayal of the pharmacist in the drama may have had some impact on high school students and guardians and was considered useful as an opportunity to learn about pharmacists. However, it was suggested that pharmacists should make the public understand that their work requires real-world communication skills.

Effectiveness of the Positive Youth Development (PYD) Program on reducing aggression among high school female students.

BACKGROUND: The positive youth development program highlights the abilities of adolescents and young people. This concept emphasizes that teenagers are capable of making positive changes (such as: flexibility, Responsibility, Identify abilities). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Positive Youth Development (PYD) program on reducing aggression among high school female students in Yazd city. Iran. METHODS: This was a quasi-experimental study, using pretest-posttest design with a control group. In the 2019-2020 academic year, the statistical population comprised all female students in high school first and second years in the city of Yazd, Iran. Using purposive sampling and based on include and exclude criteria (high risk of aggression due to their scores on a screening test and Parental consent to participate in the class) 30 female students were selected. Randomly, they were assigned to an experimental(n = 15) and control groups(n-15). The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire was conducted on students. The experimental group had 8 intervention sessions, whereas the control group received no intervention. The data were subsequently examined using Analysis of Covariance(ANCOVA). RESULTS: The dependent t-test revealed a significant difference between the pretest-posttest aggression scores in the experimental group, but there was no significant difference in the control group. There was no significant difference in the mean scores of physical aggression, anger, and hostility in the experimental and control groups, but a significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in the mean verbal aggression scores. CONCLUSION: training of positive youth development did not affect on aggression and its three dimensions (physical aggression, anger, and hostility) and only affected adolescent verbal aggression.

Body Image Perception and Satisfaction of Junior High School Students: Analysis of Possible Determinants.

Body image (BI) is a multidimensional construct that refers to one's perceptions of and attitudes toward one's own physical characteristics. Adolescence is a critical developmental stage in which concerns about BI increase. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate body image and aesthetic body shape standards in a sample of middle school students living in China. The researchers gathered demographic information, as well as height and weight data, for their study. They used a body silhouette to assess body image perception and body shape aesthetics and calculated two indexes: BIP, which measures the accuracy of self-perception and the estimation of bodily dimensions, and BIS, which indicates the difference between an individual's perceived and ideal body images. A total of 1585 students in three grades at two middle schools were included in the study (759 = female, mean age = 13.67 ± 0.90; 839 = male, mean age = 13.70 ± 0.90). The results showed that the BIP bias rate of middle school students was 55.7%, and the BI dissatisfaction rate was 81.0%. Females tended to overestimate their body shape and desire to be thinner compared to males. Students with a higher BMI grading were more prone to underestimating their body shape and aspiring to be thinner. Furthermore, 8.6% of students chose underweight as the ideal body type for boys, while 22.6% chose underweight as the ideal body type for girls. In conclusion, there are significant gender differences in the aesthetic standards of body shape, and adolescents believe that for women, a thin body shape is beautiful.

Parental burnout and adolescents' academic burnout: Roles of parental harsh discipline, psychological distress, and gender.

Parental burnout is an emerging hot issue in discussions about children's mental health and development. However, little is known about the underlying psychological mechanisms of parental burnout on children's academic burnout. To fill in this gap, we aim to examine the relationship between parental burnout and adolescents' academic burnout, as well as the mediating effects of harsh discipline, adolescents' psychological distress, and the moderating effect of gender. A sample of 871 junior high school students (477 boys and 394 girls) and their primary caregivers from Eastern China participated in this study. The results showed a direct relationship between parental burnout and academic burnout as well as an indirect relationship through the mediating role of psychological distress and the chain-mediating roles of parental harsh discipline and psychological distress. Furthermore, we discovered that fathers' parental burnout had a stronger effect on children's psychological distress than mothers. These findings contribute to our understanding of how parental burnout relates to children's academic burnout and underline the significance of fathers' parental burnout.

The relationship between social anxiety and self-injury of junior high school students: Mediation by intolerance of uncertainty and moderation by self-esteem.

Objective: The problem of adolescents' self-injury has gradually attracted social attention, however, a lack of research exists on the internal mechanism between social anxiety and self-injury. This study explored the relationship between social anxiety and self-injury in Chinese junior high school students. Method: An adolescent self-injury questionnaire, social anxiety scale, intolerance of uncertainty questionnaire and self-injury questionnaire were used to survey 614 junior high school students. Results: The results showed that: (1) social anxiety had a significant positive predictive effect on self-injury; (2) intolerance of uncertainty had a significant mediating effect between social anxiety and self-injury; and (3) self-esteem had a significant moderating effect on the mediating effect of intolerance of uncertainty. Conclusion: The study suggested that social anxiety in junior high school students has an impact on self-injury through mediation of intolerance of uncertainty and modulation of self-esteem.

Characteristics of House-Tree-Person Drawing Test in Junior High School Students with Depressive Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the drawing characteristics of the house-tree-person drawing test (HTP) in junior high school students with depressive symptoms. METHODS: A total of 167 junior high school students were recruited and completed HTP and questionnaires. 12 drawing characteristics of HTP were extracted and compared to explore the potential drawing characteristics of depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Among 12 drawing characteristics, eight drawing characteristics appeared more frequently in the depressed group (CES-D ≥ 20) than in the non-depressed group (CES-D < 20), while one drawing characteristic appeared with a lower frequency. Further, controlling for the risk perception of COVID-19, seven drawing characteristics, not suggestive of movement, lacking details, blackening the paper, drawing in an only dark color, drawing a detailed crown, hands behind the back, and omitting expression, emerged as predictors of depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 20) in junior high school students. CONCLUSION: Seven drawing characteristics of HTP are significantly associated with depressive symptoms in junior high school students. HTP is insightful for early screening for junior high school students with depressive symptoms.

Exploring physical and functional factors associated with lateral ankle sprains in junior high school basketball players / 体力科学

Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is one of the most common sport-related injuries among basketball players. Most basketball players experience a first LAS particularly in junior high school. Thus, it is crucial to develop effective prevention strategies for LAS in junior high school populations. However, the characteristics for first-time LAS are not clear. This study aimed to compare the physical and functional characteristics of junior high school basketball players with and without a history of LAS. Two hundred and thirty-eight junior high school basketball players (128 boys and 110 girls) volunteered for this study. We asked participants to complete a self-reported injury history questionnaire. We also assessed physical functions, including range of motion, muscular strength, dynamic balance, and performance. The prevalence of LAS was 75.6% (boys: 73.4%, girls: 78.2%). Boys with a history of LAS had significantly higher height, body mass, and BMI compared to those without a history of LAS (p<0.05). Girls with a history of LAS had significantly lower scores on the star excursion balance test in the anterior reaching direction compared with the control group (p=0.015). Various measures of physical function were associated with LAS, but these associations were different between boys’ and girls’ basketball players. These findings from this study indicate that clinicians should identify sex-specific impairments associated with LAS when designing targeted intervention programs.

Reliability and validity of the hidden hunger assessment scale in China-revised for high school students / 《全球健康杂志（英文）》

Objective:Hidden hunger remains a severe public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide.In China,challenges related to dietary imbalance and hidden hunger persist.Micronutrient inadequacy deserves more attention among adolescents,given its vital role in their growth and development;however,this problem appears to have been largely ignored.High school students,in particular,are often at a high risk of hidden hunger but have limited assessment tools available.Therefore,this study aims to revise the hidden hunger assessment scale for high school students(HHAS-HSS)in China and assess its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on a literature review,expert consultation,pre-experiment,and formal survey,a hidden hunger assessment scale was revised for high school students.The formal survey involved 9 336 high school students in 11 of the 16 cities in Anhui Province,China,and 9038 valid questionnaires were collected and included in the analysis.The item analysis,internal consistency reliability,test-retest reliability,content validity,exploratory factor analysis,and confirmatory factor analysis of the HHAS-HSS were examined.Results:The HHAS-HSS included a total of 4 dimensions and 12 items:"vegetables and food diversity"(three items),"fruits and dairy products"(three items),"micronutrient-dense foods"(four items),and"health condition and eating habits"(two items).The results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.758,a split-half reliability of 0.829,and a test-retest reliability of 0.793,indicating good internal consistency.Using the Bartlett's test and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test(KMO)to test the exploratory factor analysis presented a four-factor model of the HHAS-HSS,the KMO value was 0.820(P＜0.001),which indicated the possibility for factor confirmatory factor analysis.Using the maximum variance rotation method,four factors were obtained,and the cumulative variance explained rate was 57.974％.Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the division of the scale into four dimensions,and the fitting indices were x2=1417.656,x2/df=29.534,goodness-of-fit index=0.974,adjusted goodnesss-of-fit index=0.958,parsimonious goodness-of-fit index=0.600,normed fit index=0.938,incremental fit index=0.940,Tucker-Lewis index=0.917,comparative fit index=0.939,and root mean square error of approximation=0.056.Except for x2/df,all the indices reached the fitting standard,and the above results showed that the construct validity of the scale reached an acceptable level.Conclusions:The HHAS-HSS has good validity and reliability for Chinese high school students.It is a convenient self-report measure of hidden hunger risk.

Association between alcohol dependence and overweight/obesity in high school students / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the association between alcohol dependence and overweight and obesity among high school students. MethodsThis study adopted stratified cluster sampling method. Four high schools （one vocational high school included） were selected as the research sites. We used self-designed questionnaires to investigate the drinking behavior of high school students. This study used propensity score matching method to control confounding factors （e.g gender， school type， etc.）. Then we compared the differences in drinking behavior between obese/overweight group and normal weight group after matching， and used a multivariate logistic regression model to analyze the relationship between drinking behavior and overweight and obesity. ResultsA total of 811 high school students participated in the survey. 60 people were excluded due to mild and moderate weight loss， and 751 people were normal or obese/overweight. After 1：1 propensity score matching， there were 217 people each in obese/overweight group and normal group. The characteristics of gender， school type， grade and family economic level of the two groups were balanced after matching. The difference was statistically significant （P<0.05） between obese/overweight and normal group in the following： drinking of alcohol at high school， alcohol dependence， the maximum drinks at one time， drinking of alcohol at family gatherings， whether bought alcohol for others， whether their family members recommended drinking， whether they have tried to quit drinking in the past year， and the time of blush after drinking. The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the degree of alcohol dependence （the alcohol use disorder score ≥ 8） was a risk factor for overweight and obesity （OR=3.600， 95%CI： 1.244‒10.424）. Besides， having bought alcohol for others and family members advising alcohol consumption were suggested to be protective factors for overweight and obesity （OR=0.525， 95%CI： 0.309‒0.890 and OR=0.377， 95%CI： 0.222‒0.641）. ConclusionHigh school students who have alcohol dependence suffer a higher risk of obesity/overweight， while high school students who may have drinking behaviors but do not have alcohol dependence have a lower risk of obesity/overweight. It is critical to guide young people on drinking in terms of health.

Prevalence and associated factors of bullying victimization among Chinese high school students in Shandong, China.

BACKGROUND: Bullying is a growing concern worldwide. However, there is insufficient research on the prevalence and factors associated with different forms of bullying in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of bullying victimization among Chinese high school students. METHODS: Data from the 2020-2021 cross-sectional survey of the DYH program were used. A total of 8203 high school students were randomly selected from all 17 cities in Shandong Province, China. Bullying victimization was measured using two separate questions and identified into three types: school bullying victims, cyberbullying victims, and combined bullying victims. The multinomial logit model was used to explore the factors related to bullying victimization. RESULTS: The prevalence of bullying victimization was 11.59 %, with 4.04 % of school bullying, 3.37 % of cyberbullying, and 4.18 % of combined bullying. Smoking was negatively associated with bullying victimizations. Male, physical exercise, peer relationships, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were significantly associated with school bullying victims and combined victims. Watching TV was an influencing factor for school bullying victims and cyberbullying victims. Single-child households, family economic status, drinking alcohol, parent-child relationships, and paranoia were correlated with different types of bullying victimization. LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design limited the examination of causal inferences. CONCLUSION: We should pay more attention to cyberbullying victimization, which has become as common as school bullying victimization among high school students. The associated factors explored in this study may contribute to understanding bullying victimizations and designing bullying intervention strategies among high school students in China.