Histogenesis of the Gubernaculum During Testis Descent in the Goat Fetus (Capra marghoz) / Histogénesis del Gubernaculum Durante el Descenso Testicular en el Feto de Cabra (Capra marghoz)

SUMMARY: Testicular descent is a complex process that only occurs in mammals. The role of the gubernaculum during testicular descent has been explained mainly by its capacity for dilatation and contraction. This study tried to investigate the changes in the structure of the fibers and cells of the gubernaculum in different age levels of testicular descent in goat fetuses. Embryo samples were collected and grouped in such a way that 60 male goat fetuses were obtained from 100 pregnant does (Capra marghoz). The samples were classified based on the average length (CRL) of the used embryos into 6 age groups. Tissues of the gubernaculum were stained using Masson's Trichrome method to observe collagen fibers under light microscopy. In the present study, growth and orientation of collagen fibers of gubernaculum were observed from the age of 51 days in a manner that the arrangement and order of fibroblasts and collagens to be associated with the onset of testicular migration order and collagen fibers until the end of the third month. Further, changes in the cell arrays and strings were observed after the age of 111 days in such a way that near the birth date, the gubernaculum converted into atrophy tissue. It can be said that from the beginning of the period of testicular descent until its completion, the tissue of the gubernaculum undergoes cellular changes, such as deformation and increase and secretion in connective fibers.

El descenso testicular es un proceso complejo que solo ocurre en los mamíferos. El papel del gubernaculum durante este proceso se ha explicado principalmente por su capacidad de dilatarse y contraerse. En este trabajo, se investigaron los cambios en la estructura de las fibras y células del gubernaculum en diferentes etapas del descenso testicular y edades en fetos de cabra. Se recolectaron muestras de embriones, agrupándose de manera que se obtuvieron 60 fetos de macho cabrío a partir de 100 hembras preñadas (Capra marghoz). Las muestras se clasificaron según la longitud media (CRL) de los embriones utilizados, dividiéndose en seis grupos de edad. Los tejidos del gubernaculum se tiñeron utilizando la técnica de Tricrómico de Masson para observar las fibras de colágeno bajo microscopía óptica. En el presente estudio, se observó el crecimiento y la orientación de las fibras colágenas del gubernaculum a partir de los 51 días de edad. La disposición y el orden de los fibroblastos y colágeno se asociaron con el inicio de la migración testicular, observándose las fibras colágenas hasta el final del tercer mes. Además, se detectaron cambios en las matrices y cadenas de células después de los 111 días de edad. Cerca de la fecha de nacimiento, el gubernaculum se convirtió en tejido atrofiado. En conclusión, desde el inicio hasta la finalización del período de descenso testicular, el tejido del gubernaculum sufre cambios celulares, como deformación y aumento de secreción en las fibras conectivas.

Corrigendum: Morphogenetic and Histogenetic Roles of the Temporal-Spatial Organization of Cell Proliferation in the Vertebrate Corticogenesis as Revealed by Inter-specific Analyses of the Optic Tectum Cortex Development.

[This corrects the article on p. 67 in vol. 10, PMID: 27013978.].

Morphogenetic and Histogenetic Roles of the Temporal-Spatial Organization of Cell Proliferation in the Vertebrate Corticogenesis as Revealed by Inter-specific Analyses of the Optic Tectum Cortex Development.

The central nervous system areas displaying the highest structural and functional complexity correspond to the so called cortices, i.e., concentric alternating neuronal and fibrous layers. Corticogenesis, i.e., the development of the cortical organization, depends on the temporal-spatial organization of several developmental events: (a) the duration of the proliferative phase of the neuroepithelium, (b) the relative duration of symmetric (expansive) versus asymmetric (neuronogenic) sub phases, (c) the spatial organization of each kind of cell division, (e) the time of determination and cell cycle exit and (f) the time of onset of the post-mitotic neuronal migration and (g) the time of onset of the neuronal structural and functional differentiation. The first five events depend on molecular mechanisms that perform a fine tuning of the proliferative activity. Changes in any of them significantly influence the cortical size or volume (tangential expansion and radial thickness), morphology, architecture and also impact on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis affecting the cortical wiring. This paper integrates information, obtained in several species, on the developmental roles of cell proliferation in the development of the optic tectum (OT) cortex, a multilayered associative area of the dorsal (alar) midbrain. The present review (1) compiles relevant information on the temporal and spatial organization of cell proliferation in different species (fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals), (2) revises the main molecular events involved in the isthmic organizer (IsO) determination and localization, (3) describes how the patterning installed by IsO is translated into spatially organized neural stem cell proliferation (i.e., by means of growth factors, receptors, transcription factors, signaling pathways, etc.) and (4) describes the morpho- and histogenetic effect of a spatially organized cell proliferation in the above mentioned species. A brief section on the OT evolution is also included. This section considers how the differential operation of cell proliferation could explain differences among species.

Morphological and morphometric aspects of early life stages of piabanha Brycon gouldingi (Characidae).

Adult specimens of piabanha Brycon gouldingi were collected from Rio das Mortes (Mato Grosso, Brazil), adapted to captivity and induced to spawn at Buriti Fisheries (Nova Mutum, MT, Brazil). The early developmental stages of B. gouldingi were then characterized. Samples were collected at pre-determined times from oocyte extrusion to total yolk absorption. Oocyte diameter, total larval length (LT ) and yolk-sac volume were measured. The mean ± s.d. duration of embryo developmental of B. gouldingi was 13·90 ± 0·06 h at 26·40 ± 1·13° C. The mean ± s.d. oocyte diameter was 1·13 ± 0·06 mm with 54% of oocytes ranging from 1·11 to 1·20 mm. Seven stages characterized the early developmental phase of this species: zygote, cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula, histogenesis-organogenesis and hatching, with unique features related to each stage. At hatching, the larvae measured 3·40 ± 0·07 mm, presented an elongated shape with yolk-sac volume of 0·46 ± 0·08 µl, non-pigmented eyes and exhibited swimming ability. When the yolk was completely absorbed at 55 h post-hatch, mean ± larval LT was 6·68 ± 0·65 mm, the eyes were highly pigmented and the teeth were visible. These are the first reported findings on the initial developmental stages of B. gouldingi and could be used to improve captive breeding management and conservation practices.

Ontogênese foliar em Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae) / Leaf ontogenesis in Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae)

A ontogênese foliar associada a análises histométricas podem fornecer respostas conclusivas sobre a obtenção da forma da folha, assim como detalhes estruturais que podem ser usados como subsídio taxonômico para Melastomataceae. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a ontogenia foliar de Lavoisiera mucorifera, elucidando os processos de origem e desenvolvimento dos tecidos e formato das folhas. Folhas de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram coletadas e processadas conforme técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. No primeiro nó nota-se a origem da lâmina a partir dos meristemas marginais e submarginais, bem como diferenças nos processos de divisão e expansão celular nas regiões mediana e apical, que proporcionam o formato lanceolado da folha. A partir do segundo nó observa-se que o sistema fundamental origina-se a partir das camadas adaxial, mediana e abaxial do mesofilo. Nos terceiro e quarto nós observa-se principalmente a formação de nervuras de terceira e quarta ordens. A partir do quinto nó, os tecidos estão completamente diferenciados sendo observados os caracteres: folhas isolaterais, cutícula espessa, epiderme unisseriada, estômatos anomocíticos, além de drusas e células esclerênquimáticas no mesofilo. Nossos resultados complementam os poucos estudos anatômicos na família, especialmente ao descrever a morfologia e desenvolvimento das emergências e tricomas.

The leaf ontogenesis associated to histometric analyzes can provide conclusive answers about the leaf shape formation, as well structural details that could be used as taxonomic subsidy in Melastomataceae. Our purpose was to describe the leaf ontogenesis of Lavoisiera mucorifera, and the processes cell elongation in leaf shape formation. Leaves of different developmental stages were collected and processed according to usual techniques in plant anatomy. At first nodethe origin of the leaf lamina from the sub-marginal and marginal meristems as well as differences in the processes of cell division and expansion in the middle and apical providing the format lanceolate leaf shape. At second node is observed that the ground system develops from adaxial, abaxial and median layers. At third and fourth nodes is observed mainly the vein ramification. From the fifth node the tissues are completely differentiated being observed characters like isobilateral leaves, thick cuticle, uniseriate epidermis, anomocytic stomata and druse e sclerenchymatic cells in the mesophyll. Our results also complement the few anatomical studies the family to describe the morphology and development of trichomes and emergences.

Características histopatológicas e inmunohistoquímicas de los mixomas cardiacos / Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of cardiac myxomas

Los mixomas son los tumores cardiacos primarios más frecuentes, con una incidencia estimada de 0,5-1 por 10(6) individuos por año. Estos tumores han generado interés debido a su peculiar localización (el lado izquierdo del septum auricular cerca de la fossa ovalis), su presentación clínica variable y su histogénesis que aún no ha sido definida. La mayoría de los mixomas cardiacos son esporádicos mientras que aproximadamente el 10% de los casos forman parte del complejo de Carney. Esta neoplasia es de histogénesis incierta, sin embargo, se ha propuesto diferenciación endotelial, neurogénica, fibroblástica, muscular lisa, muscular cardiaca y raramente puede presentar diferenciación glandular. Recientemente, por la expresión de algunos factores específicos cardiomiogénicos, se ha propuesto un origen en células progenitoras mesenquimatosas cardiomiocíticas. Histológicamente los mixomas cardiacos están compuestos por células estelares fusiformes y poligonales inmersas en una matriz mixoide amorfa. Por inmunohistoquímica algunos marcadores endoteliales están presentes como el CD31, CD34 y FVIIIAg. Ha sido también informada positividad a la proteína S-100, calretinina, vimentina, desmina, miosina de músculo liso, CD56, α1-antitripsina, y α1-antiquimiotripsina. La resección quirúrgica es actualmente el único tratamiento. Presentamos en este artículo una revisión histopatológica e inmunohistoquímica de los mixomas cardiacos.

Mixomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors with an estimate incidence of 0,5-1 per 10(6) individuals per year. These tumors have generated interest due to their unique location (left side of the atrial septum near the fossa ovalis), variable clinical presentation and undefined histogenesis. Most cardiac myxomas occur sporadically while approximately 10% of diagnosed cases develop as part of Carney complex. This neoplasm is of uncertain histogenesis, however, endothelial, neurogenic, fibroblastic, and cardiac and smooth muscle cells differentiation has been proposed, and rarely glandular differentiation has been observed. Recently, due to the expression of certain cardiomyocyte-specific factors, an origin of mesenchymal cardiomyocytes progenitor cells has been suggested. Histologically cardiac myxomas are mainly composed of stellated, fusiform and polygonal cells, immersed in an amorphous myxoid matrix. Immunohistochemically some endothelial markers, such as CD31, CD34, FVIIIAg, are present. Positive staining has also been reported for S-100 protein, calretinin, vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle myosin, CD56, α1 antitrypsin and α 1 antichymotrypsin. Surgical resection is currently the only treatment of choice. We present in this article a histopathological and immunohistochemical review of cardiac myxomas.

[Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of cardiac myxomas]. / Características histopatológicas e inmunohistoquímicas de los mixomas cardiacos.

Mixomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors with an estimate incidence of 0,5-1 per 10(6) individuals per year. These tumors have generated interest due to their unique location (left side of the atrial septum near the fossa ovalis), variable clinical presentation and undefined histogenesis. Most cardiac myxomas occur sporadically while approximately 10% of diagnosed cases develop as part of Carney complex. This neoplasm is of uncertain histogenesis, however, endothelial, neurogenic, fibroblastic, and cardiac and smooth muscle cells differentiation has been proposed, and rarely glandular differentiation has been observed. Recently, due to the expression of certain cardiomyocyte-specific factors, an origin of mesenchymal cardiomyocytes progenitor cells has been suggested. Histologically cardiac myxomas are mainly composed of stellated, fusiform and polygonal cells, immersed in an amorphous myxoid matrix. Immunohistochemically some endothelial markers, such as CD31, CD34, FVIIIAg, are present. Positive staining has also been reported for S-100 protein, calretinin, vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle myosin, CD56, α1 antitrypsin and α 1antichymotrypsin. Surgical resection is currently the only treatment of choice. We present in this article a histopathological and immunohistochemical review of cardiac myxomas.

Gliossarcoma: um desafio clínico e terapêutico / Gliosarcoma: a clinical and therapeuctic challenge

O Gliossarcoma (GSa) é uma neoplasia primária rara do sistema nervoso central, caracterizada por padrão histológico bifásico que inclui os componentes glial e sarcomatoso. Os autores relatam o caso de um paciente masculino, de 49 anos de idade, que apresentou cefaleia como manifestação clínica predominante. O diagnostico foi suspeitado devido à arquitetura microscópica e confirmado pelo estudo imuno-histoquímico. Na terapêutica, foi submetido à craniotomia com microcirurgia para ressecção do tumor e tratamento radioterápico complementar. Dados epidemiológicos, histogênese e achados frequentes em exames de imagem são discutidos, assim como o tratamento e prognóstico.

The gliosarcoma (GSA) is a rare primary neoplasm of the central nervous system characterized by a biphasic histological pattern that includes the glial and sarcomatous components. Here the authors report the case of a 49-year-old male patient who presented headache as predominant clinical manifestation. The diagnosis was suspected on account of microscopic architecture and confirmed by immunohistochemical study. The patient underwent craniotomy with microsurgery for tumor resection and additional radiotherapy. Epidemiological data, histogenesis and common findings on imaging are discussed, as well as treatment and prognosis.

Histogenesis of testicular parenchyma during prenatal life in buffalo / Histogénesis del parénquima testicular durante la vida intrauterina en el búfalo

The study was conducted on the testes of 18 buffalo foetii to reveal histogenesis and differentiation of different cells of testicular parenchyma. At 8.0 cm CVR (65 days) the seminiferous tubules were present at gonadal periphery and a network of polygonal mesenchymal cells was seen in the centre of testis. These tubules were surrounded by a distinct basement membrane and a single layer of peritubular cells at 10 cm CVR (74 days), which became double layered at 88.0 cm CVR (272 days). The testicular parenchyma at 12.0 cm CVR had two zones; outer zone having longitudinal tubules and inner zone having rounded tubules. But a reverse pattern of their arrangement was observed at 14.0 cm CVR (92 days). The pre-Sertoli cells were first observed in buffalo foetii of 8.0 cm CVR (65 days) in the periphery of seminiferous tubular epithelium whereas the gonocytes were demonstrable in the centre of tubules at 10.6 cm CVR (76 days). The fetal Leydig cells were also reported at 8.0 cm CVR (65 days) but at 14.0 cm CVR (92 days), the interstitium had considerably expanded due to the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into the Leydig cells.

El estudio fue realizado en los testículos de 18 fetos de búfalos, para revelar la histogénesis y diferenciación de las diferentes células de parénquima testicular. A los 8,0 cm de longitud corona-rabadilla (LCR) (65 días) los túbulos seminíferos estuvieron presentes en la periferia de la gónada y una red poligonal de células mesenquimales se observó en el centro del testículo. Estos túbulos estaban rodeados por una membrana basal y una sola capa de células peritubular a los 10 cm LCR (74 días), la cual se convirtió en una doble capa a los 88,0 cm LCR (272 días). El parénquima testicular a 12,0 cm LCR tenía dos zonas, zona exterior con túbulos longitudinales y zona interior con los túbulos redondeados transversalmente. Sin embargo, un patrón inverso en su disposición se observó a los 14,0 cm LCR (92 días). Las células pre-Sertoli se observaron primero en fetos de búfalos de 8,0 cm LCR (65 días) en la periferia del epitelio seminífero tubular, mientras que los gonocitos fueron visibles en el centro de los túbulos a 10,6 cm LCR (76 días). Las células de Leydig fetales también se observaron a los 8,0 cm LCR (65 días), pero a los 14,0 cm LCR (92 días), el intersticio tuvo una considerable expansión debido a la diferenciación de células mesenquimales en células de Leydig.

Neoplasia epitelial papilar y sólida de páncreas: aspectos clínico-patológicos / Neoplasia epitelial papilar and solid of pancreas: clinical - pathological aspects

La neoplasma Epitelial Papilar y Sólida (NEPS) de páncreas fue publicada por primera vez en 1959 por Virginia Kneeland Frantz, quien la denominó "Tumor papilar de páncreas benigno o maligno?" Desde entonces ha recibido numerosaos sinónimos: Neoplasia/tumor epitelial y papilar, Papilar, neoplasia quistica y Papilar, Tumor de Frantz y Tumor Solido Frantz-Gruber, Silcia, Capella y Kloppel, en 1997 publicaron este tumor bajo la denominación de Tumor Sólido "pseudopapilar". Es una entidad rara, que tiene fuerte predoinancia por el sexo femenino. El origen de este tumor no haaún aclarado y está en discusión si surge del peitelio ductal, de las células acinares o de las células endócrinas. Otras hipótesis sostienen que se originaría de células pancreáticas pluripotenciales. Recientemente, Abraham y col., observaron qeu el 90% pesentaban mutaciones en el gen B-catenina, mientras qeu los tumores estudiados de origen ductal no la tenían.

Neoplasia epitelial papilar y sólida de páncreas: aspectos clínico-patológicos / Neoplasia epitelial papilar and solid of pancreas: clinical - pathological aspects

La neoplasma Epitelial Papilar y Sólida (NEPS) de páncreas fue publicada por primera vez en 1959 por Virginia Kneeland Frantz, quien la denominó "Tumor papilar de páncreas benigno o maligno?" Desde entonces ha recibido numerosaos sinónimos: Neoplasia/tumor epitelial y papilar, Papilar, neoplasia quistica y Papilar, Tumor de Frantz y Tumor Solido Frantz-Gruber, Silcia, Capella y Kloppel, en 1997 publicaron este tumor bajo la denominación de Tumor Sólido "pseudopapilar". Es una entidad rara, que tiene fuerte predoinancia por el sexo femenino. El origen de este tumor no haaún aclarado y está en discusión si surge del peitelio ductal, de las células acinares o de las células endócrinas. Otras hipótesis sostienen que se originaría de células pancreáticas pluripotenciales. Recientemente, Abraham y col., observaron qeu el 90% pesentaban mutaciones en el gen B-catenina, mientras qeu los tumores estudiados de origen ductal no la tenían.(AU)

Comparative cytokeratin expression in the different cell types of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor, composed of several different cell types, with controversial histogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of cytokeratins in mucoepidermoid carcinoma, comparing to cytokeratin expression in normal salivary glands, in order to establish a possible correlation between tumor cells immunostaining and mucoepidermoid carcinoma histogenesis and differentiation. Eighty cases of salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma were immunohistochemically examined with the use of antibodies against cytokeratins 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, and 19. Cytokeratin expression varied according to the cellular type: squamous cells presented high expression of cytokeratins 6, 7, 8, 14, 18, and 19; intermediate and mucous cells of cytokeratin 7; clear and columnar cells of cytokeratins 6, 7, 8 and the latter also expressed cytokeratin 18. Cytokeratin 13 expression was low in all cell types. Cytokeratin immunoexpression in mucoepidermoid carcinoma was variable according to the cellular type; but regardless of the cellular type studied, cytokeratins 7 and 13 were, respectively, constantly high and low expressed. The immunoprofile of the normal salivary glands was variable according to the component but, in general, cytokeratin profile in mucoepidermoid carcinoma showed similarity to the immunoexpression on the excretory duct unit of normal salivary glands.

Tumor adenomatoide del aparato genital: estudio clinicopatológico e inmunohistoquímico de 9 casos / Adenomatoid tumor of the genital tract: clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical study in 9 cases

Objetivo: Estudio clinico-patológico e inmunohistoquímico de tumores adenomatoides del aparato genital. Material y métodos: Se describen las características histológicas e inmunohistoquímicas de nueve tumores adenomatoides del Centro Médico ABC diagnosticados entre enero del 2000 a mayo del 2004. Resultados: Ocho mujeres y un hombre. Las edades variaron entre 28 y 54 años de edad. Los tumores se localizaron en útero (siete), salpinge (uno) y epidídimo (uno). El tamaño de los tumores varió entre 0.4 y 5.8cm. Se encontraron tres patrones histológicos: adenoide, angiomatoide y sólido. Características histológicas peculiares fueron la disposición de los túbulos neoplásicos alrededor de los fascículos de músculo liso y la localización periférica del patrón angiomatoide y central de los patrones sólido y adenoide en el tumor. Inmunohistoquímicamente todos los tumores mostraron positividad intensa y difusa para calretinina y AE1/AE3. La trombomodulina fue positiva en todos los tumores (focal y débil en el patrón angiomatoide y difusa e intensa en los patrones adenoide y sólido). La CK5/6 fue positiva en siete tumores (difusa en tres y focal en cuatro). Dos tumores fueron negativos para este marcador. Todos los tumores fueron negativos para CD31. Conclusiones: El inmunofenotipo expresado en nuestros casos confirma el origen mesotelial de los tumores adenomatoides.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the histological and immunohistochemical features of nine genital tract adenomatoid tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine cases of adenomatoid tumors were collected from the files of the Pathology department at a private hospital (ABC Hospital). Tumors were studied from a histological and inmunohistochemical perspective. RESULTS: Eight women and one man were studied. Age range was 28-54 yrs. Tumors were located in the uterus (seven),fallopian tube (one) and epididymis (one). Tumor size ranged from 0.4 to 5.8 cm. We observed three histological patterns: adenoid, angiomatoid and solid. Arrangement of the neoplastic tubules around fascicles of smooth muscle; angiomatoidpattern with a peripheral location, and solid and adenoidpatterns with a central location in the tumor were some of the observed histological features. Immunohistochemically all tumors exhibited strong and diffuse positivity for calretinin and AE1/AE3. Thrombomodulin was positive in all tumors (focal and weak in angiomatoid pattern and diffuse and strong in adenoid and solid patterns). The CK5/6 antibody was positive in seven tumors (diffuse in three and focal in four). Two tumors were negative for this marker. All tumors were negative for CD31. CONCLUSIONS: The immunopheno type of the adenomatoid tumors in our series confirms their mesothelial origin.