Fostering historical consciousness and empathy in lower secondary students: A comparative study of history curricula in Australia and Singapore.

Over the last three decades, research in history education has led to the development of more relevant, student-centred approaches to history curricula. Some researchers have argued that the mastery of historical literacy fosters individual students' personal attitudes or dispositions toward history, ranging from historical understanding to historical consciousness and empathy. This paper sets out to compare, to what extent and how, history curricula developed in Australia and Singapore have helped to encourage historical consciousness, and empathy in lower secondary school students and strengthen students' sense of relationality with those individuals and groups in society who are different from themselves. The comparative education approach adopted in this paper begins by briefly describing the social, political, and cultural context of each country before presenting a comparative analysis of the history curriculum documents of both countries. This analysis is discussed alongside personal responses from history academics, lower secondary classroom teachers, and senior teachers in charge of history. The findings indicate the two countries' curriculum documents do seek to foster historical consciousness, while the comments of teacher participants demonstrated how their understanding of the curriculum documents had led to examples of empathy and relationality in their classroom teaching.

150 Years of Medical History Education in Japan: History and Challenges.

This paper is the first attempt to get a broad view of the history of modern medical history education in Japan, from the origin of medical history education in the Meiji era to its current state in medical schools. By correcting errors related to the first university lectures on medical history in Japan and historically contextualizing the challenges of medical history education and the academic community's responses, this paper aims to examine both the historical significance and practical implications. The history of medical history education in Japan is relatively long. Medical history lectures in a medical school were first planned in 1876, and contrary to popular belief, the actual lecture started in December 1882 under Imamura Ryo's charge and continues to this day. However, despite its relatively long history, the substance of medical history education in Japan is lacking in both quality and quantity. The absence of full-time professors of medical history education and related departments has led to a vicious cycle of failure in producing experts and a decline in medical education. Medical history education in Japan failed to take advantage of the fact that it began early despite the absence of tradition. The status of medical history education greatly increased in the 1930s, but the opportunity to expand its base was not utilized during the postwar reorganization of medical education and the student movement in the late 1960s. Falling into amateurism, evasion of real issues, and a lack of collective academic responses have hindered the understanding of these phenomena and problem-solving. The history of medical history education in Japan provides significant implications for the current reality of medical history education in Korea. The Korean medical history community must also confront and adapt proactively and organizationally within the evolving landscape of medical education. If the community settles for the present, Japan's past will become Korea's future.

Fostering Secondary Students' Historical Thinking: A Design Study in Flemish History Education.

A recent curriculum reform in Flanders (Belgium) has introduced historical thinking as a central goal for history education. Historical thinking aims to introduce students to the methods of historians and disciplinary ways of thinking. It is a complex act, requiring the application of substantive and second-order knowledge, and is difficult to foster among students. International (intervention) research has provided several guidelines for the design of instructional practices that are effective in promoting specific aspects of students' historical thinking. However, these studies do not approach historical thinking in a holistic manner, are often vague about how general design principles were adapted to history education, and rarely report on whether the designed curricula were considered relevant and useful by teachers. Taking into account the many difficulties that teachers encounter in designing practices aimed at historical thinking, this design research aims to gain more insight into the design of instructional practices that are both effective in fostering historical thinking in a holistic manner and that are considered socially valid by teachers. The designed artifact is a 12- to 14-h lesson series on the theme "decolonization after 1945," for students in the 12th grade. It applies the model of cognitive apprenticeship's (Collins et al., 1991) general design principles to the specific context of history and approaches historical thinking in a holistic manner. The initial lesson series was evaluated and revised in two rounds based on a pilot study, an expert review and an intervention study.

Education of History of Medicine for 80 Years: History and Current Status in Republic of Korea.

Medical history education enables the medical students to understand the humanistic aspects of medicine and also help to promote the professionalism of doctors. It makes them understand the disappearing or emerging diseases by recognizing the historical changes and trends to respond appropriately. Therefore, it is helpful to study and understand modern medicine. As of March 2023, 22 (55.0%) out of 40 medical schools in Republic of Korea have medical history course as an independent subject and two schools have integrated courses with medical ethics. Compared to 53.1% in 1995 and 56.2% in 2010, similar percentage of medical schools maintained the subject independently. However, the average credits of 18 schools in 2023(2.0) are higher than those of 1995(1.4) and 2010(1.2). The number of full-time professor who specialized in the history of medicine was 2 in 1995, 6 in 2010, and 11 in 2023. Generally, a full-time professor majoring medical history tend to have other duties besides the education and research of medical history, depending on the role of the department to which he or she belongs since they are assigned to the humanities education other than medical history education. Currently, the curriculums that have been recommended by Korea Association of Medical Colleges(KAMC), Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation(KIMEE), and The Korean Society of Medical Education(KSMED), emphasize medical humanities but do not necessarily include the medical history. As a result, medical history courses have increased slightly, but the other humanities classes have increased significantly since 2000. The knowledge of medical history will help students become a doctor, and a doctor with professionalism adapting to the rapidly changing medical environment. Students will also be able to establish the ideas they must pursue in the present era when they come into contact with numerous historical situations. And if they share a sense of history, they will inspire a sense of unity as a profession and will be more active in solving social problems such as health equity. It is hoped that The Korean Society for the History of Medicine will step forward to set the purpose and goal of the medical history education, and organize the contents of the education. Classes should be prepared so that students are interested in them, and education should be focused on how the contents of education will be able to be used in medicine. To this end, it is necessary to establish the basic learning outcomes of history of medicine, and prepare learning materials based on these learning outcomes. It is also necessary to increase the competencies of educators for the history of medicine, such as performing workshops. With the dedication of the pioneers who devoted their energy to the education of medical history, it is expected that medical history will find out what to do in medical education to foster better doctors and provide better education.

Perspectives of Childhood Cancer Survivors as Young Adults: a Qualitative Study of Illness Education Resources and Unmet Information Needs.

This study investigates the resources used by childhood cancer survivors (CCS) to learn about their cancer histories and evaluates if CCS feel these resources prepare them to manage their health needs as young adults. Young adult participants (aged 18-30 years) were diagnosed with cancer at ≤ 10 years and recruited by word of mouth and from social media and/or non-profit organizations and completed semi-structured interviews. A descriptive thematic analysis guided by an essentialist/realist paradigm combined inductive and deductive approaches to identify key themes. Fourteen participants were interviewed, and six key themes were identified: (1) CCS are aware of general cancer history (age at diagnosis, treating hospital, cancer type), (2) CCS are unaware of treatment regimen (medications and duration), (3) CCS want to learn more about their treatment regimens and (4) potential late effects of treatment, (5) CCS use diverse resources to learn about their cancer histories and potential late effects, and (6) survivors' interests to learn about their cancer histories change over time. Limited knowledge of their cancer treatments leaves some CCS unprepared to manage their health needs as young adults or to address potential risk of late effects. CCS recognize their limited knowledge, but the resources available to them fall short of their information needs. Identifying the shortcomings of resources used by CCS provides evidence for how resources need to be improved to meet survivors' cancer education needs.

Fostering cognitive strategies for learning with 360° videos in history education contexts.

Learning settings in and out of school are increasingly relying on the use of virtual reality applications, such as 360° videos, to make learning an exciting and vivid experience for students. This applies especially to history-learning contexts. Learning with immersive representations of history-related contents requires a critical examination and reflective processing of the learning content. Cognitive strategies, such as organizing and elaborating information correspond with competencies which are assumed to be important for students' critical examination and reflective processing of history-related content. Research on self-regulated learning (SRL) suggests that the use of cognitive strategies can be promoted through respective SRL trainings. Thus, in the present quasi-experimental study (N = 164), we investigated the effectiveness of a SRL training, which adds to regular instruction on processing history-related learning materials, for students' use of cognitive strategies when examining immersive history-related 360° videos. Our results show that students who practiced analyzing 360° videos within an explicit SRL training used more cognitive strategies than students who received an implicit SRL training on how to analyze these videos. Further findings suggest that the use of these cognitive strategies probably helped students of the training condition (explicit SRL training) to make less imprecise or trivial analyses and to draw more reflective conclusions than students of the control condition (implicit SRL training). By combining research on SRL and history education, our study may provide a new impulse for empirical research on competence-oriented learning with history-related virtual reality media.

Writing about the significance of historical agents: the effects of reading and writing instruction.

Historians often present their interpretation of the past in written accounts. In order to gain deeper knowledge of the discipline of history, students must learn how to read and write historical accounts. In this experimental pretest-posttest study, we investigated the impact of a domain-specific reading instruction followed by domain-specific writing-strategy instruction as well as a repeated domain-specific reading instruction on the quality of written texts and on procedural knowledge regarding reading, reasoning, and writing of 142 10th grade students. Results indicated that both instructions had a positive impact on the quality of written texts and on the amount of procedural knowledge (reading, reasoning, and writing). However, students who received a domain-specific writing instruction after the reading instruction wrote better texts compared to students who only received a domain-specific reading-to-write instruction. In addition, we found positive correlations between procedural knowledge and the quality of written texts in both conditions.

Motivation and Perceived Learning of Secondary Education History Students. Analysis of a Programme on Initial Teacher Training.

This paper presents the results of research on the initial teacher training in Spain. The aim is to verify whether the development of a training program for teachers based on methodological and epistemological aspects has a positive repercussion on the learning of secondary school pupils. We evaluated to what degree this training was reflected in secondary education pupils (n = 467, Mage = 14.74, SD = 1.97) taught by the participating trainee teachers during their period of teaching practice. A pretest and a postest were employed to obtain data on the methodology and the motivation and perceived learning on the part of the pupils. A confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to verify the validity and internal consistency of the tools and, later, the longitudinal invariance in each of the dimensions analyzed. The results confirm the internal consistency and validity of the tools employed and the improvement in the pupils' evaluation regarding methodology, motivation, and learning.

Can Our Schools Help Us Preserve Democracy? Special Challenges at a Time of Shifting Norms.

Civic education that prepares students for principled civic participation is vital to democracy. Schools face significant challenges, however, as they attempt to educate for democracy in a democracy in crisis. Parents, educators, and policy-makers disagree about what America's civic future should look like, and hence about what schools should teach. Likewise, hyperpartisanship, mutual mistrust, and the breakdown of democratic norms are perverting the kinds of civic relationships and values that schools want to model and achieve. Nonetheless, there is strong evidence that young people want to be civically engaged and are hungry for more and better civic learning opportunities. Reviving the civic mission of schools is thus a win-win-win. Adults want it, youth want it, and democracy needs it. We propose three means by which educators and the public can reconstruct our common purpose and achieve civic innovation to help democracy in crisis: support action civics, strengthen youth leadership outside the classroom, and engage both students and adults with "hard history" and contemporary controversies.

Analysis of Cognitive Skills in History Textbook (Spain-England-Portugal).

The main objective of this article is to analyze the cognitive level of the activities in History textbooks in Spain, England, and Portugal in the transition stage from Primary to Secondary Education (11-13 years), according to the country of origin, typology, and the concepts and disciplinary contents included. The design of this research is quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional. The non-probabilistic sample consists of 6,561 activities contained in 27 school textbooks from Spain, England, and Portugal. Descriptive and contrast analyses have been carried out using parametric tests. The results indicate that textbooks from Spain and Portugal mainly include activities situated between a basic and intermediate cognitive level while in England, the cognitive level of activities is medium or high. The ANOVA and Tukey B tests show significant differences between the cognitive level required in the activities and the typology of exercises, the concepts, and historical contents worked on. The activities with higher cognitive level correspond to those of creation and essays, the exercises that work on empathy and historical relevance, and that contain activities of social and economic history. In contrast, the activities with the lowest cognitive level are short questions and objective tests, those that work on first-order concepts (data and concrete facts), and those on the History of Art. The conclusion is that there is a need for a balanced presence of first-order content and historical thinking skills, the application in the classroom of a more active student-centered methodology, and the teachers' conception of history teaching that prioritizes historical skills.

We Are What We Write: 133 Years of History in 4 Surgical Journals.

The profession of surgery has long purported to value its history. This study evaluates that interest by calculating the percent of historical articles in 4 major general surgery journals from 1885 to 2018 (Annals of Surgery; Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics; American Journal of Surgery; and Archives of Surgery). Of all articles published over the last 133 years, 1.65% focused on history, although this percentage fluctuated between 0% and 4.77%. A peak in the 1920s likely both represents and buttresses a national movement to elevate and professionalize the field of surgery. A plurality of the articles were biographical. The proportion of history articles in these journals has been declining of late due to reasons such as the proliferation of periodicals and impact factor considerations. The new Annals of Surgery-Open promises an ideal forum to publish this work, celebrate our heritage, and study the history of who we are as surgeons.

Estudiantes de Chile y la enseñanza de la historia en espacios de conflicto / Chilean students and the teaching of history in conflict zone / Estudantes chilenos e o ensino de história em áreas de conflito

En este artículo analizo las creencias de estudiantes de La Araucanía en Chile, sobre aspectos asociados con la enseñanza de la historia de su región. Es un conocimiento que aportaría antecedentes valiosos para incluir en programas del sector; contenidos clave para que el estudiantado comprenda la violencia que se vive hoy en la región estudiada. A partir de la teoría sociocultural del aprendizaje y con una metodología de corte cualitativo-descriptivo, diseñé una entrevista semiestructurada que apliqué a estudiantes secundarios de la región. Con este instrumento identifiqué creencias sobre la historia local y su enseñanza en la escuela. El análisis arrojó resultados como que el estudiantado valora la enseñanza de la historia local, reconociendo que es la familia y no la escuela la fuente principal de conocimiento de la misma.

This article analyzes the beliefs of secondary students in Araucania, Chile regarding the teaching of the history of their region. This knowledge would contribute valuable content for the programs in this sector so that students could understand the violence that they are currently experiencing in this region. The authors used a socio-cultural learning theory and qualitative-descriptive methodology to design a semi-structured interview guide, an instrument that was applied with secondary students in the region. The analysis produced the conclusion that students value the teaching of local history, recognizing that the main source of knowledge of this history comes from their families and not the school.

Este artigo analisa as crenças dos estudantes secundários de Araucania, no Chile, sobre o ensino da história de sua região. Conhecimento que aportaria antecedentes valiosos para incluir em programas do setor, conteúdos chaves para que o estudante compreenda episódios de violência nos quais vivem hoje os habitantes da região. A partir da teoria da aprendizagem sociocultural e metodologia da parte descritiva qualitativa, uma entrevista semiestruturada foi projetada, instrumento que foi aplicado a estudantes do ensino médio na região de Araucania. A análise encontrou resultados que dizem respeito a como os estudantes valorizam o estudo de sua história local e da educação na escola. A análise e principais resultados mostraram que os alunos valorizam ensino da história local, reconhecendo que é a família não a escola a principal fonte de conhecimento sobre o mesmo.

Os deslocamentos temporais e a aprendizagem da história nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental / Dislocations in time and history learning in the first years of elementary school

Apresentamos neste artigo a análise da progressão do conhecimento no sentido da complexidade do pensamento histórico, com ênfase nos deslocamentos temporais. Situamos nossa investigação no processo de entendimento do aluno quanto aos deslocamentos temporais, o que nos aproximou do constituído e/ou em constituição pela criança em termos de pensamento histórico perante a história ensinada.

The Trend and Prospect of Studies on the History of Western Medicine in Korea / 의사학

Studies on the history of Western medicine in Korea began to be actively conducted and published since the restart of the Korean Society for the History of Medicine in 1991, which had been originally inaugurated in 1947, and the publication of its official journal, the Korean Journal of Medical History in 1992. In 1970s and 1980s, even before the start of the Journal, articles on a history of Western medicine were published mainly written by physicians in medical journals. This paper aims to provide an overview of the publications on the history of Western medicine in Korea, comparing papers published in the Journal with those published in other journals. Authors of the papers in the Journal are those who majored in history of medicine or history science whose initial educational backgrounds were medicine or science, whereas authors of the papers in other journals majored in Western history, economic history, social history, religious history, or women's history. While a large portion of papers in the Journal deal with medicine in ancient Greek or in modern America with no paper on medieval medicine, the papers in other journals deal with more various periods including ancient, medieval and modern periods and with diverse areas including France, Britain, Germany, Europe etc. Recent trends in 2000s show an increase in the number of researchers who published the history of Western medicine in other journals, total number of their publications, and the topics that they dealt with in their papers. In contrast, however, the number of researchers published in the Journal, the number of the papers and its topics - all decreased in recent years. Only three papers on the history of diseases have been published in the Journal, while eleven published in other journals. In order to stimulate research on the history of Western medicine in Korea, concerted efforts are necessary including academic communication among various disciplines, formulation of a long term plan to enlarge the pool of researchers and readers of the history of Western medicine, and development of strategic educational programs for both graduates and undergraduates including students of medicine and of humanities in Korea.

A insustentável leveza do tempo: os objetos da sociedade de consumo em aulas de história / The unbearable lightness of time: consumer society objects in the history class

O artigo desenvolve propostas para o uso dos objetos em aulas de história. Argumenta-se que a reflexão sobre as múltiplas relações entre sujeitos e objetos pode ser uma via de acesso para a construção da consciência crítica sobre o tempo, ou melhor, sobre as formas pelas quais acontecem ligações e separações entre passado, presente e futuro. O intuito é afirmar a necessidade de colocar, a partir do cotidiano vivido e de reflexões sobre a sociedade de consumo, a memória dos objetos no ensino de história.

This article propose the use of consumer objects in history classes. It argues that the reflection on the multiple relations between citizens and consumer objects may lead to the development of the awareness of time, or better yet, of the connections or disconnections between past, present, and future. The intention is to state the need of a place for the memory of daily life objects and of the reflection on the consumer society in history education.