Added value of video edutainment on android handsets in home visits to improve maternal and child health in Bauchi State, Nigeria: Secondary analysis from a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Objective: A trial of evidence-based health promotion home visits to pregnant women and their spouses in northern Nigeria found significant improvements in maternal and child health outcomes. This study tested the added value for these outcomes of including video edutainment in the visits. Methods: In total, 19,718 households in three randomly allocated intervention wards (administrative areas) received home visits including short videos on android handsets to spark discussion about local risk factors for maternal and child health; 16,751 households in three control wards received visits with only verbal discussion about risk factors. We compared outcomes between wards with and without videos in the visits, calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of differences, in bivariate and then multivariate analysis adjusting for socio-economic differences between the video and non-video wards. Results: Pregnant women from video wards were more likely than those from non-video wards to have discussed pregnancy and childbirth often with their husbands (OR 2.22, 95%CI 1.07-4.59). Male spouses in video wards were more likely to know to give more fluids and continued feeding to a child with diarrhoea (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.21-2.13). For most outcomes there was no significant difference between video and non-video wards. The home visitors who shared videos considered they helped pregnant women and their spouses to appreciate the information about risk factors. Conclusion: The lack of added value of the videos in the context of a research study may reflect the intensive training of home visitors and the effective evidence-based discussions included in all the visits. Further research could rollout routine home visits with and without videos and test the impact of video edutainment added to home visits carried out in a routine service context.

Mixed-Methods Evaluation of the Initial Implementation of Advanced Home Visits in Chile.

Home visiting programs are evidence-based interventions that have a myriad outcomes for mothers and newborns. Chile offers these services as part of the Chile Crece Contigo, a nationwide program. However, implementing home visiting programs in community settings is difficult. In this study, we report clinic, provider, and participant engagement with the implementation of advanced home visits (ViDAs) in Chilean primary care clinics. ViDAs include a high number of visits, external supervision, and the use of technology. In this study, qualitative and quantitative data were collected to assess the initial implementation of the home visiting strategy. Qualitative data consisted of individual interviews and focus groups with directors of city health departments, clinic managers, and providers conducting home visits. Quantitative data included clinic, provider, and participant recruitment. City health departments were approached to authorize the participation of primary care clinics in the ViDAs program. Then, clinic directors were invited to approve the implementation of the home visiting program at their health centers. In total, 16 clinics, 42 practitioners, and 185 participants were recruited. A large amount of resources was needed to recruit clinics, providers, and participants. The intervention had low acceptability, low adoption, and a high implementation cost. Initial program implementation experienced several challenges. Identified facilitators and barriers both highlighted the need for community engagement at all levels for the successful implementation of an innovation in Chilean primary care clinics. In addition, this article provides recommendations for practitioners and researchers regarding the conduct of research in community-based settings.

Impact of universal home visits on child health in Bauchi State, Nigeria: a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Nigeria is the second biggest contributor to global child mortality. Infectious diseases continue to be major killers. In Bauchi State, Nigeria, a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial tested the health impacts of universal home visits to pregnant women and their spouses. We present here the findings related to early child health. METHODS: The home visits took place in eight wards in Toro Local Government Authority, randomly allocated into four waves with a delay of 1 year between waves. Female and male home visitors visited all pregnant women and their spouses every 2 months during pregnancy, with a follow up visit 12-18 months after the birth. They presented and discussed evidence about household prevention and management of diarrhoea and immunisation. We compared outcomes among children 12-18 months old born to mothers visited during the first year of intervention in each wave (intervention group) with those among children 12-18 months old pre-intervention in subsequent waves (control group). Primary outcomes included prevalence and management of childhood diarrhoea and immunisation status, with intermediate outcomes of household knowledge and actions. Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE), with an exchangeable correlation matrix and ward as cluster, tested the significance of differences in outcomes. RESULTS: The analysis included 1796 intervention and 5109 control children. In GEE models including other characteristics of the children, intervention children were less likely to have suffered diarrhoea in the last 15 days (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30-0.53) and more likely to have received increased fluids and continued feeding in their last episode of diarrhoea (OR 6.06, 95% CI 2.58-14.20). Mothers of intervention children were more likely to identify lack of hygiene as a cause of diarrhoea (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.27-3.95) and their households had better observed hygiene (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.45-7.45). Intervention children were only slightly more likely to be fully immunised (OR 1.67, 95% CI 0.78-3.57). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence-based home visits to both parents stimulated household actions that improved prevention and management of childhood diarrhoea. Such visits could help to improve child health even in settings with poor access to quality health services. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN82954580 . Date: 11/08/2017. Retrospectively registered.

Evaluating the effect of the initiative 'Caring for the Newborn and the Mother at Home' in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The WHO and UNICEF recommend home visits to improve health outcomes for mothers and newborns. We evaluated the effect of home visits by community volunteers during pregnancy and postpartum on breast-feeding practices, women's knowledge about benefits, beliefs and myths of breast-feeding, obstetric and neonatal warning signs, preparation for childbirth and initial care for newborns, and diarrhoea and respiratory diseases in children. DESIGN: Community quasi-experimental design. We estimated difference-in-difference models with fixed effects at the community level weighted by propensity score and investigated implementation barriers through focus groups and semi-structured interviews. SETTING: Poor rural communities in Mexico; 48 intervention and 29 control. PARTICIPANTS: Baseline and follow-up information were reported from two independent cross-sectional samples of women with babies aged between 6 and 18 months (baseline: 292 control, 320 intervention; follow-up: 292 control, 294 intervention). RESULTS: The intervention increased reports of exclusive breast-feeding in the first 6 months by 24·4 percentage points (pp) (95 % CI: 13·4, 35·4), mothers' knowledge of obstetric warning signs by 23·4 pp (95 % CI: 9·2, 37·5) and neonatal warning signs by 26·2 pp (95 % CI: 15·2, 37·2) compared to the control group. A non-linear dose-response relation with the number of home visits was found. Diarrhoea and respiratory diseases among children decreased in the intervention v. control group but were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Home visits should be implemented as a complementary strategy to the provision of prenatal and postnatal care in rural communities due to their potential positive effects on the health of mothers and their children.

Home visits in primary care: Differences among professional categories and health macro-regions.

CONTEXT: Home visit is a modality of health care that is expanding in Brazil and in the world. Public and private services have invested in the implementation of this type of assistance. It happens due to its potential to transform the model of care, highlighting the work quality of the primary health care teams. AIMS: To analyze house call rates in primary care in the Brazilian public healthcare system according to professional categories and health macro-regions in the state of Minas Gerais, southeast region of Brazil. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: An ecological study that used as the information source the production data from the Primary Care Information System (2010 to 2015). METHODS AND MATERIALS: House call rates (per 3000 inhabitants) by primary care professionals constituted the response variable. The independent variables were professional categories and the 13 health macro-regions of the state. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: A total of 26,932,463 house calls were performed in the period, but the number of visits in 2015 was significantly lower compared to 2010. Significantly higher house call rates were found for some professional categories (mid-level professionals and nurses) and significant differences were found among the macro-regions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The profile of house calls by primary care professionals revealed the constant presence of this care modality, but the distribution of these visits is uneven among the different professional categories and macro-regions of the state.

Os sentidos da atenção domiciliar no cuidado ao idoso na finitude: a perspectiva humana do profissional do SUS / The significance of home care in caring for the elderly in their twilight years: the human perspective of the SUS professional

Resumo O acesso aos cuidados em saúde de usuários idosos que se encontram em processo de finitude e em necessidades paliativas no domicílio servem de alerta para programas e estratégias de cuidado em saúde. Objetiva-se com este estudo compreender os sentidos da atenção domiciliar no escopo das ações da atenção primária no cuidado a estes idosos pela perspectiva do profissional da saúde do SUS. Estudo de aproximação teórico-metodológica qualitativa, com desenho de pesquisa compreensivista partindo-se dos pensamentos do filósofo alemão Hans-Georg Gadamer, com doze profissionais. Os dados foram sistematizados e analisados segundo a Análise de Conteúdo e interpretados por meio da Hermenêutica filosófica. Compreende-se que a atenção domiciliar ao idoso como algo angustiante, porém efetivo e gerador de processos humanos de confiança e articulações coletivas para o cuidado em respeito a condição outro. O sentido da atenção domiciliar abarca na reflexão dialógica da representação do humano e da solidariedade no exercício do trabalho no SUS. Acredita-se que este estudo possibilitará um norte para que os gestores da atenção primária reflitam sobre o quão importante, necessário e angustiante é a realização de atenção domiciliar nas realidades brasileiras.

Abstract The access to healthcare of elderly individuals in their twilight years needing palliative care in the home serve as a wake-up call in terms of current healthcare programs and strategies. This study seeks to analyze the relevance of home visits within the scope of primary healthcare actions for the elderly from the standpoint of professionals of the Unified Health System (SUS). It is a study with a qualitative theoretical and methodological approach, involving comprehensive research together with 12 health professionals, based on the thinking of German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer. The data were systematized and analyzed using the Content Analysis method and interpreted by means of philosophical hermeneutics. It is perceived that home visits for the elderly are somewhat stressful, albeit effective, which generate human processes of trust and collective action for care with respect to the condition of others. The consensus of home visits embraces the dialogical reflection of the representation of human care and solidarity in the work of SUS. It is believed that this study will provide guidelines such that primary care managers may reflect on how important, necessary, and stressful the performance of home care in the Brazilian reality is in practice.

Avaliação da eficácia da psicoeducação domiciliar individual em relação à psicoeducação em grupo para pacientes com transtorno afetivo bipolar / Evaluation of effectiveness of individual psychoeducation household compared to the psychoeducation group therapy for patients with bipolar affective disorder

Introdução: Vários ensaios clínicos têm demonstrado a alta eficácia de programas para a prevenção de recaídas com base na psicoeducação, estando esta intervenção psicossocial entre as mais amplamente estudadas. Trata-se de uma intervenção bastante útil para o sistema de saúde público brasileiro, considerando sua curta duração, baixo custo e fácil execução por profissionais de saúde. Evidências indicam o formato de grupo com boa aplicabilidade, porém há uma carência de estudos que comprovem a eficácia da psicoeducação em visitas domiciliares. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia da Psicoeducação Domiciliar na recuperação sintomática, funcional e na adesão ao tratamento de indivíduos com TAB de médio e longo prazo, em comparação com a Psicoeducação Grupal. Metodologia: Estudo follow up, randomizado, controlado, com 45 pacientes portadores de TAB tipo I ou II, de acordo com os critérios do DSM-V TR; com pontuação <=17 na Escala de Depressão de Hamilton (HAM-D) e <=15 na Escala de Mania de Young (YOUNG). A distribuição dos sujeitos em três grupos foi feita por meio de randomização estratificada. O grupo de Intervenção Domiciliar (ID), composto por 15 pacientes, recebeu, além do tratamento farmacológico, visitas domiciliares com intervenção psicoeducacional. O grupo de Intervenção em Grupo (IG), composto por 15 pacientes, recebeu, além do tratamento farmacológico, abordagem psicoeducacional em formato de grupo realizada no serviço de saúde mental. O Grupo Controle (GC), composto por 15 pacientes, recebeu apenas o tratamento farmacológico padrão, sem intervenção psicoeducacional. Os instrumentos de avaliação utilizados foram a escala de HAM-D para sintomas de depressão, e YOUNG para sintomas de mania. A escala para avaliar a recuperação funcional foi a WHOQOL-brief. Para avaliação de níveis de estresse percebido, foi utilizada a Escala de Estresse Percebido (EEP). Além disso, utilizou-se, para avaliar a adesão medicamentosa, a Escala de Medida de Adesão ao Tratamento (MAT) e avaliação dos níveis plasmáticos de medicamentos. Resultados: Ao final do estudo, o grupo de intervenção domiciliar apresentou melhores taxas de adesão medicamentosa, quando comparado aos outros grupos do estudo (p=0,02). O efeito da psicoeducação, na ID e na IG, com relação à diminuição das taxas de recaídas, foi altamente notável no seguimento de 12 meses quando comparados ao GC (p=0,03 e p=0,02 respectivamente). ID e IG apresentaram elevação dos escores de qualidade de vida com significância estatística, enquanto o GC apresentou queda significativa dos escores do início do estudo e após 12 meses de seguimento. Conclusão: A Psicoeducação Domiciliar apresentou-se mais eficaz na adesão medicamentosa que a Psicoeducação Grupal e o tratamento usual. Ainda, o presente estudo evidenciou que a Psicoeducação em seu formato domiciliar individual e em seu formato de grupo, realizado no serviço de saúde mental, apresenta eficácia na prevenção de recaídas e recorrências, na melhora da qualidade de vida e na melhora da adesão medicamentosa em pacientes com TAB, em comparação com o Grupo Controle

Introduction: Several clinical trials have demonstrated the high effectiveness of psychoeducation-based programs designed to prevent relapse, this being the psychosocial intervention more widely studied. This is a very useful intervention for the Brazilian public health system, considering its short duration, low cost and easy execution by health professionals. Signs indicate that the group format has good applicability, however there is a lack of studies that prove the effectiveness of psychoeducation in home visits. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of Domiciliary Psychoeducation in symptomatic, functional recovery, and adherence to the treatment of individuals with Bipolar Affective Disorder in medium and long term, compared to psychoeducation group therapy performed in the mental health service. Methodology: This is a randomized, controlled, follow up study, with 45 patients with bipolar I or II, according to the DSM-V TR; with score <=17 on the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and <=15 on the Young Mania Scale (YOUNG). The distribution of patients in three groups was made by using of stratified randomization. The Domiciliary Intervention group (DI), consisting of 15 patients who received in addition to pharmacological treatment, home visits with psychoeducational intervention. The Intervention Group (IG), composed of 15 patients who received in addition to the pharmacological treatment, a psychoeducational approach in a group format, performed in mental health service. The Control Group (CG), composed of 15 patients who received only standard pharmacological treatment, without psychoeducational intervention. The assessment instruments used were the HAM-D scale for depression symptoms, and the YOUNG scale for mania symptoms. The WHOQOL-Brief scale was used to assess functional recovery. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was used to measure perceived stress levels. To evaluate drug adherence, the Treatment Adherence Instrument (MAT) was used as measure the evaluation of plasma levels of medications. Results: At the end of the study, the DI had better rates of drug adherence when compared to the other study groups (p = 0.02). The effect of psychoeducation on DI and IG in relation to decreased relapse rates was highly evident at 12 months follow up, when compared to CG (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). The DI and IG presented an increase in quality of life scores with statistical significance, while the CG showed an expressive decrease in the scores at the beginning of the study and after 12 months of follow-up. Conclusion: The Domiciliary Psychoeducation was more effective in drug adherence than group psychoeducation and treatment as usual. Furthermore, the present study showed that Psychoeducation in its individual domiciliary format and in its group format, carried out in mental health service, presents effectiveness in prevention of relapses and recurrences, as well as in the improvement of quality of life and in the improvement of medication adherence in patients with bipolar affective disorder, when compared to the Control Group

Sistematização do cuidado aos idosos atendidos em domicílio na atenção básica / Systematization of care to the elderly in home health care

Objetivo: descrever a sistematização do cuidado multiprofissional para idosos acamados e de difícil locomoção atendidos em domicílio. Método: Pesquisa convergente assistencial realizada em uma unidade de saúde da família. Os dados foram tratados por análise descritiva. Resultado: Dos 75 sujeitos investigados, 48 (64%) eram mulheres, idade média de 80 anos, 60 apresentaram dificuldade para locomoção (80%), 15 encontraram-se acamados (20%). Destes, 31 (41,33%) são totalmente dependentes de cuidados. O risco para quedas foi alto, presente em 46 (61,33%), o risco para o desenvolvimento de úlcera de pressão foi baixo na maioria 47 (62, 67%). A amostra foi estratificada, e 37 (49,33%) considerados de baixo risco, 15 de risco moderado (20%), 23 graves (30,67%). Conclusão: Estudo revela a importância de sistematizar o fluxo de visitas domiciliares pela equipe multiprofissional, por meio da avaliação e estratificação dos idosos conforme suas vulnerabilidades, dependência social e biológica

Objective: to describe the systematization of multi-professional care for bedridden elderly with reduced mobility receiving home health care services. Method: Convergent care research carried out in a family health unit. Data was treated through descriptive analysis. Results: Among the 75 participants, the majority were women 48 (64%), mean age of 80 years, 60 participants had reduced mobility (80%), and 15 were bedridden (20%). A total of 31 participants (41.33%) were totally dependent. The risk of falling was high among 46 (61.33%) and the risk of developing pressure ulcers was low in most cases (62, 67%). The sample was stratified and 37 (49.33%) were considered of low risk, 15 of moderate risk (20%), and 23 of severe risk (30.67%). Conclusion: This study unveils how important it is for multi-professional teams to systematize the flow of home visits through evaluation and stratification of the elderly, according to their vulnerabilities, as well as social and biological dependence

Objetivo: Describir la sistematización del cuidado multiprofesional a ancianos con permanencia prolongada en la cama y dificultad en la locomoción, atendidos en domicilio. Método: Investigación convergente asistencial que se realizó en una unidad de salud de la familia. Los datos se han tratado por análisis descriptivo. Resultado: Se investigó 75 sujetos, la mayoría fueron mujeres, total de 48 (64%), media de edad de 80 años, 60 sujetos presentaron dificultad en la locomoción (80%), 15 se encontraron con permanencia prolongada en la cama (20%), y 31 sujetos (41,33%) dependían totalmente de cuidado. Los riesgos de caídas fueron altos en 46 ancianos (61,33%), el riesgo de desarrollo de úlcera de presión fue bajo en la mayoría - 47 de los sujetos (62,67%). Se estratificó el muestreo y 37 sujetos (49,33%) fueron considerados de bajo riesgo; 15 de riesgo moderado (20%); y 23, graves (30,67%). Conclusión: El estudio muestra la importancia de sistematizar el flujo de visitas en domicilio por el equipo multiprofesional, por medio de evaluación y estratificación de los ancianos de acuerdo con sus vulnerabilidades, dependencia social y biológica.

Effectiveness of an action-oriented educational intervention in ensuring long term improvement of knowledge, attitudes and practices of community health workers in maternal and infant health: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The potential role of Community Health Workers (CHWs) in improving maternal and child health outcomes, particularly in low and middle-income countries and in disadvantaged communities, is receiving increased attention. Adequate and focused training is among the key requisites for enhancing CHWs performances and research is necessary to identify effective training methods. METHODS: A randomized controlled study was designed to assess the effectiveness of a training course in improving knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of CHWs regarding maternal and infant health. Seventy-eight CHWs belonging to Family Health Units in the city of Recife, Brazil were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention group took part in a four-day interactive training course based on an action-oriented guide to perform home visits to pregnant women and their infants throughout pregnancy and infancy until 9 months of age. KAP in intervention group after training and after 1 year were compared to control group and to baseline. RESULTS: Fifty-nine CHWs completed all KAP assessments (31 in intervention and 28 in control group). Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. At 1 year from training, the intervention group had higher overall KAP score (120.65 vs. 108.19, p <  0.001) as well as knowledge (47.45 vs. 40.54, p <  0.001), practice (53.45 vs. 49.11, p <  0.001) and attitudes scores (19.74 vs. 18.81, p = 0.047) than the control group. Moreover, at 1 year from training, the intervention group maintained significant improvements in overall KAP score (120.65 vs. 106.55, p <  0.001) as well as in knowledge (45.45 vs. 42.13, p <  0.001), and practice (53.45 vs. 45.29, p <  0.001) scores with respect to baseline. In the control group, overall KAP (106.59 vs. 108.19, p = 0.345) as well as separate knowledge, attitudes and practices scores remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: A four-day interactive training course on action-oriented home visits to pregnant women and infants produced a sustained improvement of CHWs' KAP and may represent a model to ensure retention of acquired competences. TRIAL REGISTRATION: RBR-9gchqr . Date registered: July 21, 2018 (Retrospectively registered).

Clinic and Home-Based Behavioral Intervention for Obesity in Preschoolers: A Randomized Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypotheses that an innovative skills-based behavioral family clinic and home-based intervention (LAUNCH) would reduce body mass index z score (BMIz) compared with motivational interviewing and to standard care in preschool-aged children with obesity. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with children between the ages of 2 and 5 years above the 95th percentile for body mass index for age and sex recruited from 27 pediatrician offices across 10 recruitment cycles between March 12, 2012 and June 8, 2015. Children were randomized to LAUNCH (an 18-session clinic and home-based behavioral intervention), motivational interviewing (delivered at the same frequency as LAUNCH), or standard care (no formal intervention). Weight and height were measured by assessors blinded to participant assignment. The primary outcome, BMIz at month 6 after adjusting for baseline BMIz, was tested separately comparing LAUNCH with motivational interviewing and LAUNCH with standard care using regression-based analysis of covariance models. RESULTS: A total of 151 of the 167 children randomized met intent-to-treat criteria and 92% completed the study. Children were 76% White and 57% female, with an average age of 55 months and BMI percentile of 98.57, with no demographic differences between the groups. LAUNCH participants demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in BMIz (mean = -0.32, SD = ±0.33) compared with motivational interviewing (mean = -0.05, SD = ±0.27), P < .001, ω2 = 0.74 and compared with standard care (mean = -0.13, SD = ±0.31), P < .004, ω2 = 0.75. CONCLUSIONS: In preschool-age children, an intensive 6-month behavioral skills-based intervention is necessary to reduce obesity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01546727.

Análise da atenção domiciliar prestada pelas equipes de atenção primária a saúde em Minas Gerais de 2010 a 2015 / Análise da atenção domiciliar prestada pelas equipes de atenção básica/saúde da família em Minas Gerais de 2010 a 2015 / Analysis of home care provided by the primary health care teams in Minas Gerais, 2010 to 2015

A atenção domiciliar (AD) é uma modalidade de atenção à saúde que está em expansão no Brasil e no mundo. Serviços públicos e privados têm investido na implementação desse tipo de assistência, devido ao seu potencial de transformar o modelo de atenção vigente, colocando em destaque o trabalho das equipes de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Diante da importância de conhecer o cenário de distribuição desses serviços nos territórios, bem como traçar o perfil do trabalho dos profissionais da AD, justifica-se a realização desse estudo. O objetivo foi analisar o quantitativo das visitas domiciliares (VD) realizadas no âmbito da APS, no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em Minas Gerais (MG), de acordo com as categorias profissionais, de 2010 a 2015. Outros objetivos foram comparar as taxas (TX) de VD entre as macrorregiões de saúde e determinar a sua distribuição espacial. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de base epidemiológica com abordagem quantitativa. A quantidade de VD realizadas no período de 2010 a 2015, pelas categorias profissionais que compõem as equipes de APS do SUS (profissionais de nível médio, enfermeiros, médicos e outros profissionais de nível superior) foi coletada no Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. O cálculo da TX ponderou o porte populacional do município e usou como referência o número médio de pessoas da área de abrangência das equipes de APS (3.000 habitantes). Análises descritivas e inferenciais (teste de Mann-Whitney) estimaram e compararam as medianas das TX de VD entre as categorias profissionais e entre as macrorregiões de saúde, para cada ano separadamente, com o software InStat 3.0. A distribuição espacial das TX de VD foi verificada pela plotagem de mapas no software ArcGIS® 10.4.1. Diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nas TX de VD foram identificadas entre categorias profissionais e entre macrorregiões. Maiores valores foram encontrados para os profissionais de nível médio em relação aos enfermeiros, médicos e outros profissionais de nível superior. A mediana das TX de VD em 2010 dos profissionais de nível médio foi 515,0, seguida de 258,7 dos enfermeiros, 112,2 dos médicos e 62,4 dos outros profissionais de nível superior. As macrorregiões Sudeste, Sul, Leste do Sul e Triângulo do Sul tiveram melhor desempenho nas ações de AD do que a macrorregião Centro. Conclui-se que o perfil das VD realizadas no SUS em MG possui um quantitativo elevado, porém distribuído de maneira desigual entre as categorias profissionais e as macrorregiões de saúde. É fundamental que os serviços conheçam o panorama geral da AD nos territórios de atuação das equipes de APS, para que seja possível diminuir iniquidades regionais e minimizar discrepâncias entre os profissionais, tendo em vista a qualificação do cuidado prestado, a partir da melhoria da APS.(AU)

Analysis of home care provided by the primary health care teams in Minas Gerais, 2010 to 2015. Home care (HC) is a modality of health care that is expanding in Brazil and in the world. Public and private services have invested in the implementation of this type of assistance, due to its potential to transform the current model of care, highlighting the work of the Primary Health Care (PHC) teams. Given the importance of knowing the scenario of distribution of these services in the territories, as well as outlining the work profile of AD professionals, it is justified to carry out this study. The objective was to analyze the number of home visits (HV) carried out under the PHC, in the Unified Health System (SUS) in Minas Gerais (MG), according to the professional categories, from 2010 to 2015. Other objectives were to compare the rates (RT) among health macro-regions and determine their spatial distribution. This is an ecologically based epidemiological study with a quantitative approach. The amount of HV performed in the period from 2010 to 2015, by the professional categories that make up the SUS PHC teams (mid-level professionals, nurses, physicians and other professionals of higher education) were collected in the Basic Attention Information System. The RT calculation weighted the population size of the municipality and used as reference the average number of people in the area covered by the PHC teams (3,000 inhabitants). Descriptive and inferential analyzes (Mann-Whitney test) estimated and compared the medians of the RT of HV among the professional categories and between the macro-regions of health, for each year separately, with the software InStat 3.0. The spatial distribution of the RT of HV was verified by plotting maps in ArcGIS® software 10.4.1. Significant differences (p <0.05) in RT of HV were identified between professional categories and between macro regions. Higher values were found for mid-level professionals in relation to nurses, physicians and other higher level professionals. The median of the RT of HV in 2010 of high school professionals was 515.0, followed by 258.7 of the nurses, 112.2 of the physicians and 62.4 of the other professionals of higher level. The Southeastern, Southern, South Eastern and Southern Triangle macro-regions performed better in AD actions than the Center macro-region. It is concluded that the HV profile performed in SUS in MG has a high quantitative, but unevenly distributed among professional categories and macro-regions of health. It is essential that the services are aware of the general landscape of HC in the territories of the PHC teams, so that it is possible to reduce regional inequities and minimize discrepancies between professionals, in view of the qualification of the care provided, through the improvement of PHC.(AU)

Bolivia programme evaluation of a package to reach an underserved population: Community-based maternal and newborn care economic analysis.

To address inequitable access to health services of indigenous communities in the Bolivian highlands, the Bolivian Ministry of Health, with the support of Save the Children-Saving Newborn Lives, conducted operational research to identify, implement and test a package of maternal and newborn interventions using locally recruited, volunteer Community Health Workers (vCHW) between 2008 and 2010. The additional annual economic and financial costs of the intervention were estimated from the perspective of the Bolivian Ministry of Health in two municipalities. The cost of intervention-stimulated increases in facility attendance was estimated with national surveillance data using a pre-post comparison, adjusted for secular trends in facility attendance. Three scale-up scenarios were modelled by varying the levels of coverage and the number (per mother and child pair) and frequency of home visits. Average cost per mother and average cost per home visit are presented in constant 2015 US$. Eighteen per cent of expectant mothers in the catchment area were visited at least once. The annualized additional financial cost of the community-based intervention across both municipalities was $43 449 of which 3% ($1324) was intervention design, 20% ($8474) set-up and 77% ($33 651) implementation. Drivers of additional costs were additional paid staff (68%), 81% of which was for management and support by local implementing partner and 19% of which was for vCHW supervision. The annual financial cost per vCHW was $595. Modelled scale-up scenarios highlight potential efficiency gains. Recognizing local imperatives to reduce inequalities by targeting underserved populations, the observed low coverage by vCHWs resulted in a high cost per mother and child pair ($296). This evaluation raises important questions about this model's ability to achieve its ultimate goals of reducing neonatal mortality and inequalities through behaviour change and increased care seeking and has served to inform innovative alternative models, better equipped to tackle stagnant inequitable access to care.

Multi-country analysis of the cost of community health workers kits and commodities for community-based maternal and newborn care.

Community-based maternal and newborn care with home visits by community health workers (CHWs) are recommended by WHO to complement facility-based care. As part of multi-country economic and systems analyses, we aimed to compare the content and financial costs associated with equipping CHWs or 'home visit kits' from seven studies in Bolivia, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. We estimated the equivalent annual costs (EACs) of home visit kits per CHW in constant 2015 USD. We estimated EAC at scale in a population of 100 000 assuming four home visits per mother during the pregnancy and postnatal period. All seven packages were designed for health promotion; six included clinical assessments and one included curative care. The items used by CHWs differed between countries, even for the same task. The EAC per home visit kit ranged from $15 in Tanzania to $116 in South Africa. For health promotion and preventive care, between 82 and 100% of the cost of CHW commodities did not vary with the number of home visits conducted; however, in Ethiopia, the majority of EAC associated with curative care varied with the number of visits conducted. The EAC of equipping CHWs to meet the needs of 95% of expectant mothers in a catchment area of 100 000 people was highest in Bolivia, $40 260 for 633 CHWs, due to mothers being in hard-to-reach areas with CHW conducting few visits per year per, and lowest in Tanzania ($2693 for 172 CHWs), due to the greater number of CHW visits per week and lower EAC of items. To inform and ensure sustainable implementation at scale, national discussions regarding the cadre of CHWs and their workload should also consider carefully the composition and cost of equipping CHWs to carry out their work effectively and efficiently.

A motivational interview intervention delivered at home to improve the oral health literacy and reduce the morbidity of Chilean disadvantaged families: a study protocol for a community trial.

INTRODUCTION: Oral health education/promotion interventions have been identified as cost-efficient tools to improve the oral health of the population. These interventions are regularly made in contexts where the target population is captive, for example, in health centres. In Chile, there are no oral health interventions delivered at home. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This community trial covers two disadvantaged urban areas in the province of Concepción. Both sectors have public preschool education coverage with a traditional programme (TP) to promote oral health. The intervention will comprise four to six visits by dental hygienists trained in the delivery of a standardised oral health promotion programme using motivational interviewing (MI) at home. The experimental group will receive TP and MI, while the control group will receive only TP. If a positive and significant effect of MI is found, this will be administered to the control group. For a 50% reduction in the incidence of caries, a sample size of 120 preschoolers per group is estimated. Data will be gathered on demographic and socioeconomic variables; oral health outcomes using WHO oral health indicators (the prevalence and severity of caries, periodontal disease, dentofacial anomalies and oral hygiene); the oral health literacy of caregivers, measured by the Rapid Estimation of Adult Literacy in Dentistry and the Oral Health Literacy Instrument, both validated for the Chilean population. Assessments will take place at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The university bioethics committee approved this study (EI/21/2014). We will submit the trial's results for presentation at international scientific meetings and to peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12615000450516.

Potencialidades e limites da visita domiciliar para identificar e abordar mulheres em situação de violência / Potential and limits of home visits to identify and address women in situation of violence / Potencialidades y límites de la visita domiciliaria para identificar y abordar a mujeres ensituación de violencia

Este estudo objetivou apreender potencialidades e limites da visita domiciliar para identificar e abordar mulheres em situação de violência. Trata-se de uma pesquisa participante da qual participaram 38 profissionais (enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem e agentes comunitários de saúde) de seis equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família de um município localizado na região Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A produção dos dados ocorreu entre novembro de 2015 e março de 2016, a partir de seis oficinas pedagógicas. Os dados foram analisados mediante análise temática. A visita domiciliar é potencial para identificar situações de violência contra as mulheres e observar as relações conjugais e familiares no ambiente doméstico. Como limites, constatou-se a presença do agressor e de familiares, a sobrecarga de trabalho na unidade e pouco tempo para abordar a questão. Para superá-los, os profissionais apontaram a criação de uma atmosfera privada e segura como proposta a ser efetivada através da persistência e planejamento das visitas. Incluir a visita domiciliar como tecnologia leve-dura voltada às mulheres em situação de violência como rotina na Estratégia Saúde da Família possibilita aprimorá-la como técnica de abordagem do problema. [AU]

This study aimed to capture the potential and limits of home visits to identify and address women in situation of violence. It is a participant research with 38 professionals (nurses, nursing and community health agents) of six teams from the Family Health Strategy of a municipality located in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The data production occurred between November 2015 and March 2016, from six educational workshops. Data were analyzed by means of thematic analysis. The home visit is potential to identify situations of violence against women and observe the marital and family relations at home. The limits of the research were the presence of the aggressor and relatives, the workload in the unit and short time to address the issue. To overcome them, professionals identified that creating a private and secure atmosphere can be a proposal to be carried out through persistent and planned visits. Including the home visits as hard-light technology geared to women in situation of violence as a routine in the Family Health Strategy, may be a technique to approach the problem. [AU]

Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de comprender potencialidades y límites de la visita domiciliaria para identificar y abordar a mujeres en situación de violencia. Se trata de una investigación participante de la cual hicieron parte treinta y ocho profesionales (enfermeros, técnicos de enfermería y agentes comunitarios de salud) de seis equipos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de un municipio ubicado en la región Noroeste del Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. La producción de los datos ocurrió entre noviembre de 2015 y marzo de 2016, a partir de seis talleres pedagógicos. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de análisis temático. La visita domiciliaria es potencial para identificar situaciones de violencia contra las mujeres y observar las relaciones conyugales y familiares en el ambiente doméstico. Como límites, se constató la presencia del agresor y de familiares, la sobrecarga de trabajo en la unidad y poco tiempo para abordar la cuestión. Para superarlos, los profesionales indicaron la creación de una atmósfera privada y segura como propuesta para llevarse a cabo a través de la persistencia y planificación de las visitas. Incluir la visita domiciliaria como tecnología blanda-dura dirigida a las mujeres en situación de violencia como rutina en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia posibilita perfeccionarla como técnica de abordaje del problema. [AU]

A visita domiciliar como prática pedagógica na formação em Odontologia / The home visit as a pedagogical practice in Dentistry training

As Diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal destacam a visita domiciliar (VD) como uma das principais formas de ampliação do acesso aos serviços e criação de vínculo com a população, caracterizando-a como um desafio para as Equipe de Saúde Bucal. A adequação dos cursos de Odontologia às Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) implica em preparar o egresso para essa abordagem, utilizando a VD como estratégia pedagógica. Esse estudo investigou as contribuições da VD na formação odontológica, por meio de uma revisão integrativa da produção científica nacional, no período entre 2004 a 2017, compondo uma síntese qualitativa da literatura. Foram pesquisadas quatro bases de dados por meio dos descritores ("home care" OR "home visits") AND ("dentistry" OR "oral health"). Nove estudos compuseram o corpo de análise desta revisão. Dos resultados emergiram quatro categorias: 1- Formação do cirurgião-dentista no Sistema Único de Saúde; 2- Compreensão ampliada do processo saúde-doença; 3- O trabalho interdisciplinar; 4- Humanização do Cuidado. Como contribuições à formação evidenciou-se que a VD propiciou ao estudante de Odontologia a vivência no território e a interação com usuários e profissionais da equipe de saúde. O contato do estudante com a VD possibilita o aprendizado do cuidado à saúde do usuário em seu contexto de vida, bem como a vivência do trabalho interdisciplinar, valorizando os diferentes saberes profissionais. O domicílio demonstrou-se como espaço singular para o aprendizado de vínculo, acolhimento e humanização, o que favorece a formação odontológica na perspectiva da clínica ampliada (AU).

The National Oral Health Policy Guidelines emphasize home visits (HV) as one of the main ways to increase access to services and engender bonds with population, considering the HV as a challenge for the Oral Health Team. The appropriateness of the Dentistry Courses (2002) to the National Curriculum Guidelines (DCN) involves preparing the former student for this approach, using the HV as a pedagogical strategy. This study investigated the contributions of the HV in dental education, through an integrative review of the national scientific production, between 2004 and 2017, composing a qualitative synthesis of the literature. Four databases were searched through these keywords ("home care" OR "home visits") AND ("dentistry" OR "oral health"). Nine articles composed the analysis of this review. From the results emerged four categories: 1 - Dental Education on Unified Health System (SUS); 2 - Enlargement of the health-disease process understanding; 3 - Interdisciplinary work; 4 - Care Humanization. As contributions to dental education, it was evidenced that the HV allowed the Dentistry student to experience the territory and interact with SUS users and professionals of the health team. The student's contact with the HV makes it possible to learn the health care of the user in their life context, as well as the experience of the interdisciplinary work, valuing the different professional knowledge. The household was shown as a unique space for learning of bond relationship, reception and humanization, which favors dental education from the perspective of the expanded clinic (AU).

Palliative care team visits. Qualitative study through participant observation.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical encounters that occur when a palliative care team provides patient care and the features that influence these encounters and indicate whether they are favorable or unfavorable depending on the expectations and feelings of the various participants. METHODS: A qualitative case study conducted via participant observation. A total of 12 observations of the meetings of palliative care teams with patients and families in different settings (home, hospital and consultation room) were performed. The visits were follow-up or first visits, either scheduled or on demand. Content analysis of the observation was performed. RESULTS: The analysis showed the normal follow-up activity of the palliative care unit that was focused on controlling symptoms, sharing information and providing advice on therapeutic regimens and care. The environment appeared to condition the patients' expressions and the type of patient relationship. Favorable clinical encounter conditions included kindness and gratitude. Unfavorable conditions were deterioration caused by approaching death, unrealistic family objectives and limited resources. CONCLUSION: Home visits from basic palliative care teams play an important role in patient and family well-being. The visits seem to focus on controlling symptoms and are conditioned by available resources.

OBJETIVOS: Conocer cómo se produce el encuentro clínico en la atención a los enfermos por parte de un equipo de Cuidados Paliativos, y qué elementos lo condicionan, indicando si son favorables o desfavorables en función de las expectativas y los sentimientos de los distintos participantes. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos cualitativo, realizado mediante observación participante. Se realizaron 12 observaciones de los encuentros de los equipos de cuidados paliativos con los pacientes y familiares en diferentes entornos (domicilio, hospital y consulta). El tipo de visitas fueron de seguimiento o primera visita, programadas o a demanda. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de las observaciones. RESULTADOS: El análisis mostró una actividad normal de seguimiento de una unidad de cuidados paliativos centrada en el control de síntomas, la comunicación de información y el asesoramiento sobre pautas terapéuticas y cuidados. Se observó que los escenarios condicionan la expresión de los pacientes y el modo de relación. Como condiciones favorables del encuentro clínico destacan la afabilidad y la gratitud. Las condiciones desfavorables fueron el deterioro por la cercanía de la muerte, los objetivos poco realistas de los familiares y la escasez de recursos. CONCLUSIÓN: Las visitas domiciliarias de equipos básicos en Cuidados Paliativos tienen un importante papel, y parecen estar centradas en el control de síntomas y condicionadas por los recursos disponibles.

Palliative care team visits: Qualitative study through participant observation / Las visitas de equipos de cuidados paliativos: Estudio cualitativo mediante observación participante

Objectives: To describe the clinical encounters that occur when a palliative care team provides patient care and the features that influence these encounters and indicate whether they are favorable or unfavorable depending on the expectations and feelings of the various participants. Methods: A qualitative case study conducted via participant observation. A total of 12 observations of the meetings of palliative care teams with patients and families in different settings (home, hospital and consultation room) were performed. The visits were follow-up or first visits, either scheduled or on demand. Content analysis of the observation was performed. Results:The analysis showed the normal follow-up activity of the palliative care unit that was focused on controlling symptoms, sharing information and providing advice on therapeutic regimens and care. The environment appeared to condition the patients' expressions and the type of patient relationship. Favorable clinical encounter conditions included kindness and gratitude. Unfavorable conditions were deterioration caused by approaching death, unrealistic family objectives and limited resources. Conclusion: Home visits from basic palliative care teams play an important role in patient and family well-being. The visits seem to focus on controlling symptoms and are conditioned by available resources.

Objetivos: Conocer cómo se produce el encuentro clínico en la atención a los enfermos por parte de un equipo de Cuidados Paliativos, y qué elementos lo condicionan, indicando si son favorables o desfavorables en función de las expectativas y los sentimientos de los distintos participantes. Métodos: Estudio de casos cualitativo, realizado mediante observación participante. Se realizaron 12 observaciones de los encuentros de los equipos de cuidados paliativos con los pacientes y familiares en diferentes entornos (domicilio, hospital y consulta). El tipo de visitas fueron de seguimiento o primera visita, programadas o a demanda. Se realizó un análisis de contenido de las observaciones. Resultados: El análisis mostró una actividad normal de seguimiento de una unidad de cuidados paliativos centrada en el control de síntomas, la comunicación de información y el asesoramiento sobre pautas terapéuticas y cuidados. Se observó que los escenarios condicionan la expresión de los pacientes y el modo de relación. Como condiciones favorables del encuentro clínico destacan la afabilidad y la gratitud. Las condiciones desfavorables fueron el deterioro por la cercanía de la muerte, los objetivos poco realistas de los familiares y la escasez de recursos. Conclusión: Las visitas domiciliarias de equipos básicos en Cuidados Paliativos tienen un importante papel, y parecen estar centradas en el control de síntomas y condicionadas por los recursos disponibles.

Cuidados de enfermería en el contexto de visita domiciliaria integral en un adulto mayor de la comuna de Vichuquén / Nursing care in the context of an integral home visit in an older person of the Vichuquén commune

La dependencia severa afecta en múltiples aspectos la vida a quien la padece, pero también a todo su entorno familiar, especialmente a quien asume el rol de cuidador principal. Esta tarea se hace más compleja cuando la ubicación geográfica es adversa. Es por esto que se desarrolló un programa de intervención de enfermería basado en visitas domiciliarias integrales y enfermera gestor de caso con el fin de prestar apoyo a la familia con el propósito de que les permitan mantener su funcionalidad y adaptación a su nueva condición.

Severe dependence affects in many aspects of life to the sufferer, but also to all their families, especially who assumes the role of primary caregiver. This task becomes more complex when the geographic location is adverse. That is why one programed was developed during the internship surgery of the authors of this article called a nursing intervention program based on integral home visits in order and nursing case management to provide the care of the family that allow them to maintain their functionality and adaptation in their new conditions.

Percepciones de las personas que participan en el programa adulto mayor dependiente de la Fundación Cerro Navia Joven: una mirada desde la ocupación / Perceptions of people that participate in the dependent elderly program of the Cerro Navia Foundation: an occupational point of view

Chile se encuentra siendo testigo de una creciente problemática asociada al envejecimiento poblacional: el aumento de las necesidades de cuidado en personas mayores en situación de dependencia. A partir de esto, existen iniciativas que buscan dar respuesta a esta realidad, siendo una de ellas el Programa de Adultos Mayores Dependientes de la Fundación Cerro Navia Joven, experiencia de carácter comunitaria en la que una persona mayor voluntaria realiza semanalmente una visita domiciliaria, junto a un equipo especializado, a personas mayores que se encuentran en situación de dependencia y su cuidador/a, pertenecientes a la misma comuna. Frente a esto, esta investigación tiene como propósito el conocer cuáles son las percepciones de las personas participantes de este programa, conformada por la tríada persona mayor en situación de dependencia, su cuidador/a y la persona mayor voluntaria. Para esto, se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo, utilizando la entrevista como instrumento de recolección de la información. El análisis de datos se realizó empleando la técnica del análisis de contenido. Dentro de los resultados se identificaron factores como cambios asociados a la rutina, valoración del rol de voluntario/a, acompañamiento, establecimiento de vínculo, percepción de los beneficios de las visitas, motivación, percepción de los cuidados y del apoyo social, los que fueron analizados bajo la mirada de la ocupación.

We are witnessing a growing problem associated with an aging population: increased care needs in older people in situations of dependency. Given this, there are initiatives that seek to respond to this reality, one being the Dependent Elderly Program of the Cerro Navia Joven Foundation, a community experience in which an elderly volunteer does a weekly home visit, accompanied by a specialized team, to elderly people who are in a dependency situation and the caregiver, from the same neighborhood. Thus, this research aims to compile the perceptions of the participants of this program, formed by the triad dependent elderly, caregiver and elderly volunteer. For this, a qualitative study was conducted using the interview as a tool for collecting information. The data analysis was carried out using the content analysis technique. Amongst the results were identified factors such as changes associated to routine, assessment of the role of the volunteer, assistance, linkage establishment, perception of benefits of the visits, motivation, perception of care and social support, which were analyzed under the point of view of the occupation.