ABSTRACT
The most frequent malignant tumour affecting women throughout their reproductive years is breast cancer, which is also the most often identified cancer worldwide.The purpose of this literature review is to examine current treatments for this condition, assess how they affect pregnancy outcomes, and assess how pregnancy affects the course and prognosis of the condition itself via this narrative review. (AU)
La neoplasia que afecta con mayor frecuencia a las mujeres a lo largo de su vida reproductiva es el cáncer de mama, siendo también el tipo de cáncer más identificado a nivel mundial. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es examinar los tratamientos actuales para esta situación, evaluar cómo afecta a los resultados del embarazo, así como el modo en que afecta al curso y pronóstico de la enfermedad en sí, a través de esta revisión de la narrativa. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Fertility , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Mastectomy , Pregnancy OutcomeABSTRACT
Objective::To observe the effect of Jianpi Qingchang decoction on hormone withdrawal in patients with hormone-dependent spleen deficiency damp-heat ulcerative colitis. Method::The 60 patients with hormone-dependent ulcerative colitis with spleen deficiency and damp-heat were selected and collected from the outpatient department and the inpatient department of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) between April 1, 2012 and January 31, 2014.All of patients in two groups were treated with standard hormone reduction method. The control group was given orally Bupi Yichang pills, 6 g/time, 3 times/day, and the experimental group was given orally Jianpi Qingchang recipe, 300 mL water decoction, 1 dose/d, 2 times/d. All of the patients received continuous treatment for 3 months. After treatment, disease activity index, mucosal healing evaluation, curative effect changes of TCM syndromes and changes of inflammatory factors in the two groups were observed. Result::Compared with before treatment, the two groups of Mayo scores after treatment were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the experimental group was reduced more significantly than the control group (P<0.01). After treatment, 66.67%of patients in experimental group were in remission, and 13.33%of patients in control group were in remission, with statistically significant differences between two groups (P<0.01). After treatment, the healing rate of the control group was 46.67%, while that of the experimental group was 70.0%, with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). After treatment, the effective rate of TCM syndromes in control group was 80.0%, while that in experimental group was 96.67%, with statistically significant differences (P<0.01). Compared with control group before treatment, the levels of IL-1 in both groups were decreased (P<0.05), while the levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were increased (P<0.05). Compared with control group after treatment, the changes in experimental group were significantly better than those in control group (P<0.05). Conclusion::Jianpi Qingchang decoction can reduce the index of disease activity in patients with hormone-dependent ulcerative colitis due to spleen deficiency and dampness-heat, promote mucosal healing and improve the curative effect of TCM symptoms, and thus is worthy of clinical promotion.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Ligands of the C-type lectin CLEC10A such as Tn and sialyl-Tn representing early intermediates of O-glycosylation are hallmarks of many human malignancies. A variety of regulatory mechanisms underlying their expression are being discussed. METHODS: CLEC10A ligands were detected in various tissues and cells using the recombinant glycan-binding domain of CLEC10A. In normal breast and endometrium, presence of ligands was correlated to the female cycle. Estrogen- and stress dependent induction of CLEC10A ligands was analyzed in MCF7 and T47D cells exposed to 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (Tam), zeocin and hydrogen peroxide. The expression and localization of CLEC10A ligands was analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence. In breast cancer patients CLEC10A ligand expression and survival was correlated by Kaplan-Meyer analysis. RESULT: We observed binding of CLEC10A in normal endometrial and breast tissues during the late phase of the female hormonal cycle suggesting a suppressive effect of female sex hormones on CLEC10A ligand expression. Accordingly, CLEC10A ligands were induced in MCF7- and T47D breast cancer cells after Tam treatment and accumulated on the cell surface and in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. Phagocytosis experiments indicate that macrophages preferentially internalize CLEC10A ligands coated beads and Tam treated MCF7 cells. CLEC10A ligands were also expressed after the addition of zeocin and hydrogen-peroxide. Each substance induced the production of ROS indicating reactive oxygen species as a unifying mechanism of CLEC10A ligand induction. Mechanistically, increased expression of GalNAc-transferase 6 (GalNT6) and translocation of GalNT2 and GalNT6 from cis- towards trans-Golgi compartment was observed, while protein levels of COSMC and T-synthase remained unaffected. In breast cancer patients, positivity for CLEC10A staining in tumor tissues was associated with improved outcome and survival. CONCLUSION: CLEC10A ligands are inducible by hormone depletion, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and agents inducing DNA damage and oxidative stress. Our results indicate that CLEC10A acts as a receptor for damaged and dead cells and may play an important role in the uptake of cell debris by macrophages and dendritic cells.
