["Pain-point needling": an interpretation based on the context and therapeutic principles of muscles along the twelve regular meridians].

"Pain-point needling", a term of acupuncture medicine from the Chapter Jingjin (Muscles along Meridians) of Lingshu Jing (Miraculous Pivot), is one of the selection principles of acupuncture and moxibustion stimulation spots, and is an integral part of the theory of Jingjin. The statement style of the Jingjin theory in Lingshu imitates that of the twelve regular meridians theory. From the perspective of the evolution process of the meridian theory, it is a continuation of the literature from Jianbo Maishu (Bamboo Slips Book and Silk Book on Meridians) to Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic). In this context, meridian diseases are treated with acupoints, while Jingjin disorders are treated with "pain-point needling" rather than acupoints. The theoretical framework of the two is strictly relative. This phenomenon is due to the strong position of the meridian and acupoint theory at that time, which affects the reasoning habit of acupuncture and moxibustion literature. The correct understanding of "pain-point needling" will also involve the understanding of "Ashi point" and its relationship with the acupoints, so as to help us clarify the concept of the acupoints, and then construct the category of "acupuncture and moxibustion stimulating points", which may solve the problems existing in the current theoretical system of acupuncture and moxibustion.

[Identification of Chinese character ""in Huangdi Neijing and "" in Taisu].

In order to identify the differences between "" in Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic) and "" in Taisu (Grand Simplicity of the Yellow Emperor's Inner Classic), the edition of Ninna-ji, Japan, the author analyzed all "" and ""of the extant Huangdi Neijing, its annotation books, its handed-down books and its collated books during the past dynasties. "" and "" are similar in Chinese character pattern. The authors had also analyzed the evolution factors of Chinese character patterns in detail, which induced the misunderstanding of "" as "". Hence, the phonology and Chinese exegetics were adopted in analysis. "" and "()" were completely same in ancient pronunciation. In compliance with the theory as seeking for the connotation from the pronunciation, "" was explained as "()", meaning cleft needling or point needling. Additionally, the academic significance of "" was explored. It was believed that it was the specific recognition stage from the vessel to the point regarding the sites of acupuncture and moxibustion in terms of the differences in needling techniques, i.e. vessel needling, muscle needling or tendon needling. It is concluded that "" resulted from the misunderstanding of "" in the books of different dynasties, hence, the mistakes in the explanation and annotation of "" since the Northern Song Dynasty have been clarified.

Identification of Chinese character "in and " in / 中国针灸

In order to identify the differences between " in () and " in (), the edition of Ninna-ji, Japan, the author analyzed all " and "of the extant , its annotation books, its handed-down books and its collated books during the past dynasties. " and " are similar in Chinese character pattern. The authors had also analyzed the evolution factors of Chinese character patterns in detail, which induced the misunderstanding of " as ". Hence, the phonology and Chinese exegetics were adopted in analysis. " and "()" were completely same in ancient pronunciation. In compliance with the theory as seeking for the connotation from the pronunciation, " was explained as "()", meaning cleft needling or point needling. Additionally, the academic significance of " was explored. It was believed that it was the specific recognition stage from the vessel to the point regarding the sites of acupuncture and moxibustion in terms of the differences in needling techniques, i.e. vessel needling, muscle needling or tendon needling. It is concluded that " resulted from the misunderstanding of " in the books of different dynasties, hence, the mistakes in the explanation and annotation of " since the Northern Song Dynasty have been clarified.