[An environment conducive to well-being and nursing professionalism]. / Pour un environnement propice au bien-être et à la professionnalisation infirmière.

There are three stages in the professionalization process for nurses, within which academic training and nursing science are developing. The evolution of initial training and the 2025 referential will require an integrative alternation that will reinforce skills. The professionalization of students should be based on the analysis of professional practices, in a caring and ecological environment for individuals.

Caso Moradores de La Oroya contra o Peru: Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos atenta ao meio ambiente / Caso Habitantes de La Oroya contra Perú: Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos atenta al medio ambiente / Residents of La Oroya case against Peru: Inter-American Court of Human Rights attentive to the environment

Abordam-se aspectos da decisão da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, no caso Moradores de La Oroya contra o Peru, publicada em março de 2024, afirmando a justiciabilidade do direito ao meio ambiente como um direito difuso e reconhecendo a responsabilidade internacional do Peru (Estado parte) pela omissão em relação às medidas de prevenção e na prestação de informações à população exposta. Trata-se de precedente de relevância emitido pela Corte Internacional para a defesa do meio ambiente e dos direitos humanos, abrindo alvissareiras possibilidades de um novo e efetivo espaço para a afirmação de princípios caros ao Direito Sanitário e a preservação da vida.

Aspects of the decision of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights are discussed, in the case of Residents of La Oroya against Peru, affirming the justiciability of the right to the environment as a diffuse right and recognizing the international responsibility of Peru (State party) for omission in relation to prevention measures and the provision of information to the exposed population.This is a highly relevant precedent for the defense of the environment and human rights, opening up promising possibilities for a new and effective space for the affirmation of principles dear to Health Law and the preservation of life.

Se discuten aspectos de la decisión de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, en el caso de Residentes de La Oroya contra Perú, afirmando la justiciabilidad del derecho al medio ambiente como un derecho difuso y reconociendo la responsabilidad internacional del Perú (Estado parte) por omisión en relación con las medidas de prevención y suministro de información a la población expuesta. Se trata de un precedente de gran relevancia para la defensa del medio ambiente y de los derechos humanos, abriendo posibilidades prometedoras para un nuevo y eficaz espacio de afirmación de principios queridos por el Derecho de la Salud y la preservación de la vida.

Resilience of human-nature interaction network to pandemic conditions.

Cultural ecosystem services (CES) contribute to maintaining and improving human well-being. Understanding the network of interactions involved in co-producing CES is essential for maximizing well-being. In this study, we used social media data to estimate a CES network and assess human-nature interactions underpinning CES co-production. We employed a replicable bottom-up approach, using 682,000 Reddit posts to define a comprehensive repertoire of nature features and human activities, and then sampled the co-occurrence of these features and activities reported in 41.7 million tweets from 2018 to 2022. We expected to observe large changes in the CES network topology in relation to mobility restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic, but instead the CES network was resilient. However, there was an impulse on the link between self care activities and urban greenspace. This demonstrates that urban greenspaces facilitated local CES production and, thus, provided resilience for maintaining well-being during the pandemic. This study emphasizes the importance of promoting access to nature features that provide CES within local communities.

Climate, climate change and the global diversity of human houses.

Globally, human house types are diverse, varying in shape, size, roof type, building materials, arrangement, decoration and many other features. Here we offer the first rigorous, global evaluation of the factors that influence the construction of traditional (vernacular) houses. We apply macroecological approaches to analyse data describing house features from 1900 to 1950 across 1000 societies. Geographic, social and linguistic descriptors for each society were used to test the extent to which key architectural features may be explained by the biophysical environment, social traits, house features of neighbouring societies or cultural history. We find strong evidence that some aspects of the climate shape house architecture, including floor height, wall material and roof shape. Other features, particularly ground plan, appear to also be influenced by social attributes of societies, such as whether a society is nomadic, polygynous or politically complex. Additional variation in all house features was predicted both by the practices of neighouring societies and by a society's language family. Collectively, the findings from our analyses suggest those conditions under which traditional houses offer solutions to architects seeking to reimagine houses in light of warmer, wetter or more variable climates.

Comparing social responses to Ebola and Covid-19 in Sierra Leone: an institutional analysis.

This paper compares community responses to Ebola and Covid-19 in two regions of southern and eastern Sierra Leone with reference to the theory of institutional dynamics proposed by the anthropologist Mary Douglas. Institutions, Douglas argued, are conveyed by styles of thought, shaped by the ways human communities, through everyday practices, reinforce systems of classification and denotation. Pandemic advice to 'follow the science' proved problematic, since there is no single institution of science, and institutions never stand alone but are bundled with other institutions, reflecting the manifold and intertwined practices of human social life. The paper explores some of the ways a traumatic epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease in Sierra Leone shaped a distinctive local response to this deadly infectious disease in the absence of an effective vaccine. This local approach emphasised social rules based on ideas about sequestration and testing. Communities then proposed to continue this rules-based approach to the pandemic of Covid-19 and showed little initial enthusiasm for vaccination. With Ebola, the adoption of rules resulted in dramatic drops in infection rates. But Covid-19 spreads in different ways, and good results from the application of social rules were much less apparent. The paper shows how communities began to grapple with this new situation. In some cases, vaccine hesitation was overcome by treating the requirement for vaccination as a new form of social discipline. More generally, it is concluded that epidemiologists need to pay specific attention to institutions and institutional dynamics in order to better understand and anticipate public reactions to new disease threats.

Hunting mode and habitat selection mediate the success of human hunters.

BACKGROUND: As a globally widespread apex predator, humans have unprecedented lethal and non-lethal effects on prey populations and ecosystems. Yet compared to non-human predators, little is known about the movement ecology of human hunters, including how hunting behavior interacts with the environment. METHODS: We characterized the hunting modes, habitat selection, and harvest success of 483 rifle hunters in California using high-resolution GPS data. We used Hidden Markov Models to characterize fine-scale movement behavior, and k-means clustering to group hunters by hunting mode, on the basis of their time spent in each behavioral state. Finally, we used Resource Selection Functions to quantify patterns of habitat selection for successful and unsuccessful hunters of each hunting mode. RESULTS: Hunters exhibited three distinct and successful hunting modes ("coursing", "stalking", and "sit-and-wait"), with coursings as the most successful strategy. Across hunting modes, there was variation in patterns of selection for roads, topography, and habitat cover, with differences in habitat use of successful and unsuccessful hunters across modes. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that hunters can successfully employ a diversity of harvest strategies, and that hunting success is mediated by the interacting effects of hunting mode and landscape features. Such results highlight the breadth of human hunting modes, even within a single hunting technique, and lend insight into the varied ways that humans exert predation pressure on wildlife.

The long-term expansion and recession of human populations.

Over the last 12,000 y, human populations have expanded and transformed critical earth systems. Yet, a key unresolved question in the environmental and social sciences remains: Why did human populations grow and, sometimes, decline in the first place? Our research builds on 20 y of archaeological research studying the deep time dynamics of human populations to propose an explanation for the long-term growth and stability of human populations. Innovations in the productive capacity of populations fuels exponential-like growth over thousands of years; however, innovations saturate over time and, often, may leave populations vulnerable to large recessions in their well-being and population density. Empirically, we find a trade-off between changes in land use that increase the production and consumption of carbohydrates, driving repeated waves of population growth over thousands of years, and the susceptibility of populations to large recessions due to a lag in the impact of humans on resources. These results shed light on the long-term drivers of human population growth and decline.

Health-Oriented Environmental Categories, Individual Health Environments, and the Concept of Environment in Public Health.

The term 'environment' is not uniformly defined in the public health sciences, which causes crucial inconsistencies in research, health policy, and practice. As we shall indicate, this is somewhat entangled with diverging pathogenic and salutogenic perspectives (research and policy priorities) concerning environmental health. We emphasise two distinct concepts of environment in use by the World Health Organisation. One significant way these concepts differ concerns whether the social environment is included. Divergence on this matter has profound consequences for the understanding of health and disease, for measures derived from that understanding targeting health promotion and disease prevention, and consequently, for epistemic structures and concept development in scientific practice. We hope to improve the given situation in public health by uncovering these differences and by developing a fruitful way of thinking about environment. Firstly, we side with the salutogenic conception of environment as a health resource (as well as a source of health risks). Secondly, we subdivide the concept of environment into four health-oriented environmental categories (viz., natural, built-material, socio-cultural, and psychosocial) and we link these with other theoretical notions proposed in the health sciences literature. Thirdly, we propose that in public health 'environment' should be understood as consisting of all extrinsic factors that influence or are influenced by the health, well-being, and development of an individual. Consequently, none of the four categories should be excluded from the concept of environment. We point out the practical relevance and fruitfulness of the conception of environment as a health source and frame this in causal terms, representing individual health environments as causal networks. Throughout, we side with the view that for the design of human health-promoting settings, increased attention and consideration of environmental resources of salutogenic potential is particularly pressing.

Integrating depth and rigor in ethnobiological and ethnomedical research.

Ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, traditionally descriptive disciplines chronicling Indigenous People and Local Community (IPLC) practices, face the challenge of incorporating hypothesis-driven research to address contemporary issues. This paper argues for a synergistic approach where both approaches are valued for their unique contributions to understanding human-nature interactions and informing policy.

Rebound in sexually transmitted infections after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have become the second in the global rating of infectious diseases after respiratory infections. Globally, over 1 million, new STI is diagnosed every day. Although four conditions are the most representative and of obligatory declaration (gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]), there are many other prevalent STI, including trichomona, herpes simplex, papillomavirus, and viral hepatitis. Herein, we perform a narrative and retrospective review, analyzing information from public databases from distinct Spanish government institutions. STI significantly declined in Spain during 2020 as a result of lockdown and social isolation measures dictated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. After releasing restrictions, a major STI rebound occurred in 2021. Increases were 49% for gonorrhea, 45% for HIV, 39% for chlamydia, and 32% for syphilis. Based on nationwide statistics, we build a narrative review of the recent STI surge after COVID-19. In summary, we propose a holistic approach to confront the current re-emergence of STI. On one hand, new innovative medical advances must be implemented, including new rapid tests, novel vaccines, pre-exposure prophylaxis beyond HIV, and long-acting antivirals. On the other hand, information to citizens needs to be reformulated with interventions aimed to build a healthier society, alike it has been undertaken with tobacco, alcohol, diet, and lifestyle. STI determines important sexual, reproductive, and maternal-child health consequences. To promote human well-being or flourishing, the education of adolescents and young adults should be aligned with human ecology. Therefore, it is urgent to address new approaches in sexual health that represent a clear benefit for individual persons and society. In this way, favoring a cultural evolution aimed to delay the age of first sexual intercourse and the avoidance of multiple sex partners should be prioritized.

Using the Triangle of Human Ecology for understanding self-rated depression: A quantitative study based on the HUNT 3 cohort.

AIMS: To test the Triangle of Human Ecology by examining associations between unipolar depression and different measures of human biological factors, health behaviour, and the physical environment. METHODS: Data originate from the third wave of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (2006-2008). The survey was based on a random sample of 50,000 Norwegians (response rate: 54%). Logistic regression was performed, using unipolar depression, measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score, as outcome variable and 38 explanatory variables. RESULTS: Biological factors including older age and male gender were associated with higher odds of depression, as were behavioural factors including drinking behaviour and having a neurotic personality. Reduced odds were associated with units of alcohol consumed, extrovert personality and physical activity. Social networks were an environmental factor with reduced odds at both personal and neighbourhood levels, as was warmer outdoor temperatures. CONCLUSIONS: Using the Triangle of Human Ecology provides a holistic insight into how behaviour, biology and the environment influence mental health.

Modern Aspects of the Complex Interactions between Biodiversity and the Main Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

The high incidence of psychopathologies recorded in today's human society, correlated with the high percentages of biodiversity loss, point to the need for an interdisciplinary approach of the scientific fields under study-neuroscience and biodiversity conservation. Thus, our approach here presents, in a synergistic manner, the significant correlation between mental health and the increased values of biodiversity in the ecosystems located in the immediate vicinity, especially those located in the middle of cities. Our approach aims to emphasize the importance of biodiversity conservation in the context of preserving mental health and general well-being. There are a series of recent experimental demonstrations that outline the influence of natural elements on the human psyche and, implicitly, the effects of nature in the prevention and reduction of stress, anxiety, and depression. And beyond the cognitive barriers of humanity in relating to the surrounding biodiversity must lie the desire to know the values of biodiversity and the absolute importance of its conservation. The sustainable relationship between humans and living nature, seen as a complex of biodiversity, is dealt with by a branch of science called human ecology. Therefore, this study emphasizes the crucial need to know and respect the connection between man and nature, based, since time immemorial, on biophilia. And with the regression of ignorance and the correlated approach of several scientific fields, some at the intersection of the humanities and natural sciences, one can observe the progress of preserving the dynamic balance within ecosystems and, implicitly, the preservation of mental health and human well-being.

A perspective on green, blue, and grey spaces, biodiversity, microbiota, and human health.

Humans have lived from equator to poles for millennia but are now increasingly intruding into the wild spaces of other species and steadily extruding ourselves from our own wild spaces, with a profound impact on: our relationship with the natural world; survival of other species; pollution; climate change; etc. We have yet to grasp how these changes directly impact our own health. The primary focus of this paper is on the beneficial influence of proximity to the natural environment. We summarize the evidence for associations between exposure to green space and blue space and improvements in health. In contrast, grey space - the urban landscape - largely presents hazards as well as reducing exposure to green and blue space and isolating us from the natural environment. We discuss various hypotheses that might explain why green, blue, and grey space affect health and focus particularly on the importance of the biodiversity hypothesis and the role of microbiota. We discuss possible mechanisms and exposure routes - air, soil, and water. We highlight the problem of exposure assessment, noting that many of our current tools are not fit for the purpose of understanding exposure to green and blue space, aerosols, soils, and water. We briefly discuss possible differences between indigenous perspectives on the nature of our relationship with the environment and the more dominant international-science view. Finally, we present research gaps and discuss future directions, particularly focusing on the ways in which we might - even in the absence of a full understanding of the mechanisms by which blue, green, and grey space affect our health - begin to implement policies to restore some balance to our environment of with the aim of reducing the large global burden of ill health.

Relationships of perception of health risks by use of pesticides: a man-environment look.

The use of agricultural pesticides is increasingly linked to public health problems and negative impacts on the environment. Furthermore, Brazilian environmental agencies lack protective actions. Our objective in this study was to analyze the process that leads to the perception of the risks associated with the use of pesticides in the riverside agricultural communities of the San Francisco Valley in northeastern Brazil. We conducted a qualitative literature review, applying the Constructivist Grounded Theory to the analysis of published scientific articles. The elements of the perception process that we identified are (1) the environment; (2) conditioning factors; (3) perception of the human body; (4) memory; (5) socio-cognitive processing; (6) automatic response; (7) decision-making process; and (8) behavior. Each of these elements and their relationships indicate the location of the causes of inadequate perception, and thus guide potential solutions.

Disparities in greenspace access during COVID-19 mobility restrictions.

More than half of the human population lives in cities and therefore predominantly experience nature in urban greenspace, an important contributor to wellbeing. As the world faces a pandemic which threatens the physical and mental health of billions of people, it is crucial to understand that all have the possibility to access nature exposure to alleviate some of these challenges. Here, for the first time, we integrate data from Facebook, Twitter, and Google Search users to show that people looked for greenspace during COVID-19 mobility restrictions but may not have always managed to reach it. We used a longitudinal approach, replicated in three European cities, to assess whether people spent more time in locations with more greenspace, and whether this change in urban density remained for the whole pandemic, pre-vaccine, period. We coupled this human density study with a longitudinal study of web search patterns for Parks and online discussion about urban greenspace. People searched for Parks near them more during the pandemic, particularly when they were allowed to visit them. They discussed in positive terms greenspace particularly more at the start of the pandemic. People spent more time in areas with greenspace when they could and that depended on the level of multiple deprivation of their neighbourhood. Importantly, while people sought greenspace throughout the first 20 months of the pandemic, this preference intensified through the waves of lockdown. Living in an affluent area conferred a greenspace advantage in London and Paris but we find that in Berlin greenspace in more deprived neighbourhoods were used more. Overall, urban greenspace occupied a greater place in people's lives during the pandemic. Whether people could realise greenspace access depended on the deprivation level of the neighbourhood. Public greenspace access should be integrated in national indices of deprivation given its importance for wellbeing.

The island biogeography of human population size.

For decades, biogeographers have sought a better understanding of how organisms are distributed among islands. However, the island biogeography of humans remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate how human population size varies among 486 islands at two spatial scales. At a global scale, we tested whether population size increases with island area and declines with island elevation and nearest mainland, as is common in non-human species, or whether humans escape such biogeographic constraints. At a regional scale, we tested whether population sizes vary among islands within archipelagos according to the positioning of different cultural source pools. Results illustrate that on a global scale, human populations increased in size with island area, similar to non-human species, yet they did not decline in size with elevation and distance to nearest mainland. At a regional scale, human population size often varied among islands within archipelagos relative to the location of different cultural source pools. Despite broad-scale similarities in the geographical distribution of human and non-human species among islands, results from this study indicate that the island biogeography of humans may also be influenced by archipelago-specific social, political and historical circumstances.

Salud Mental Colectiva y Determinación Social: Posibilidades Paradigmáticas / Collective Mental Healthand Social Determination: Paradigmatic Possibilities

En la presente revisión teórica exploro posibilidades para la construcción de un paradigma de salud mental colectiva. Lo hago tomando distancia de miradas positivistas, funcionalistas, bio-médicas e individualistas, y subrayando el rol fundamental de procesos de determinación social comprendidos de forma crítica, intercultural y transdisciplinaria. El procedimiento supuso una revisión exploratoria de fuentes tituladas “salud mental colectiva” (2016-2021) y la inclusión de publicaciones clave adicionales. Losresultados señalan la importancia de teorizar la salud mental de forma compleja y dialéctica, contextualizar ecológicamente los sufrimientos, accio-nar estrategias de bienestar y procurar reflexividad permanente en torno a la interculturalidad y las relaciones de poder. Las posibilidades exploradas resaltan el aporte esencial de la epide-miología crítica latinoamericana, en diálogo constante con otros valiosos saberes. Desde dicha construcción dialógica, un paradigma de salud mental colectiva emerge como unapotente al-ternativa para abordar sufrimientos mentales en el contexto de sistemas sociales que nos en-ferman. (AU)

In this theoretical review, I explore possibilities for the construction of a collective mental health paradigm. I conduct such review by distancing myself from positivist, functionalist, bi-omedical and individualist perspectives, while emphasizing the fundamental role of social de-termination processes conceived from a critical, intercultural and transdisciplinary stand-point. The procedure involved an exploratory review of sources entitled “collective mental health” (2016-2021) and the inclusion of additional key publications. Results indicate the im-portance of theorizing mental health in ways that are complex and dialectical; conducting an ecological contextualization of suffering; activating wellness strategies; and making perma-nent efforts towards reflexivity around interculturality and power relations. Explored possibil-ities highlight the essential contribution of Latin American critical epidemiology, in constant dialogue with other valuable knowledge. From such dialogic construction, a collective mental health paradigm emerges as a powerful alternative to address mental suffering in the context of social systems that make us ill. (AU)

Ecological Calendars of the Pamir Mountains: Illustrating the Importance of Context-Specificity for Food Security.

Communities in the Pamir Mountains of Central Asia are among the most vulnerable to climate change due to their geographic location and subsistence-based livelihoods. Historically, ecological calendars supported their agropastoral lifestyles which provided anticipatory capacity to seasonal changes. Due to decades of Soviet colonization and socioecological transformations, knowledge of these ecological calendars fell into disuse. In 2016, Savnob and Roshorv, two villages in the Bartang Valley of Tajikistan, began the revitalization of these calendars using a participatory action research process through knowledge co-generation. We undertook a comparative analysis to investigate the importance of context-specificity to ensure food security and reduce their vulnerability to climate change. A preliminary analysis of the temperature regime and local language terms, relating to the positioning and quality of land, framed our methods-of-analysis. We compared the villagers' ecological calendars by focusing on indicator species, potentially threatening weather events, land-use, livelihood activities, and the role of the vernal equinox. Despite their close geographic proximity, context-specificity determined by distinct microecologies influences the timing and practice of these communities' livelihood activities. These villages have different dependencies on biotic and abiotic events, crops, and land-use; all of which affect food security and survival. These differences contributed to mutual support between the two villages, increased the availability of food, and thereby, lowered their vulnerability to climate change. As Savnob's and Roshorv's ecological calendars are updated with changing climate, they can once again enhance their anticipatory capacity while reducing their vulnerability.

Being orientated towards social justice: Learning for health visitor practice.

Not applicable.

Coexistência entre humanidade e ambiente: bioética na perspectiva de Potter / Coexistence between humanity and the environment: bioethics from Potter's perspective / Coexistencia entre humanidad y medio ambiente: bioética desde la perspectiva de Potter

Resumo Este estudo analisou duas obras que tratam do impacto das ações humanas sobre o meio ambiente e evidenciam os efeitos negativos desse impacto a longo prazo. A pesquisa bibliográfica baseou-se principalmente nas obras de Van Rensselaer Potter denominadas Bioética: ponte para o futuro e Bioética global , mas também em artigos que abordam aspectos importantes relacionados à visão do autor, enriquecendo o processo de discussão e reflexão. Os resultados demonstram que a humanidade deve respeitar o ambiente em que está inserida, entendendo-se como parte integrante (e não dominante) das relações ecológicas, consoante à proposta de coexistência harmônica-funcional.

Abstract This study analyzed two works that focus on the impact of human actions on the environment and evidence the negative effects of this impact in the long run. The bibliographic research was mainly based on Van Rensselaer Potter's works titled Bioethics: bridge to the future and Global bioethics , but also on articles focused on important aspects related to the author's views, enriching the discussion and reflection process. The results show that humanity should respect the environment in which it is inserted, understanding itself as integral (not dominant) part of the ecological relations, in agreement with the proposal of harmonic-functional coexistence.

Resumen Este estudio analizó dos obras que tratan el impacto de las acciones antrópicas sobre el medioambiente y que muestran los efectos negativos de este impacto a largo plazo. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica, principalmente por las obras de Van Rensselaer Potter tituladas Bioética: puente hacia el futuro y Bioética mundial , además de artículos que abordan importantes aspectos relacionados con la visión del autor, para aportar al proceso de discusión y reflexión en este texto. Los resultados demuestran que la humanidad debe respetar el medioambiente en el cual está inserta, comprendiéndose como parte integral (y no dominante) de las relaciones ecológicas acorde con la propuesta de convivencia armónico-funcional.