Construction of Teaching Quality Evaluation System of Sports Human Science from the Perspective of Positive Psychology / Construcción de un Sistema de Evaluación de la Calidad Docente de las Ciencias Humanas del Deporte desde la Perspectiva de la Psicología Positiva

The traditional teaching quality evaluation system lacks the introduction of experiential education. The perspective of positive psychology is a part of experiential education. The evaluation system based on positive psychology is established, and the evaluation matrix is established to evaluate the teaching quality of sports human science by quantifying the data. Finally, an example is given to prove that the evaluation system can meet the requirements of teaching quality evaluation.(AU)

Harnessing the power to bridge different worlds: An introduction to posthumanism as a philosophical perspective for the discipline.

Although it is argued that social justice is a core concern for the discipline, nursing has not generally played a leadership role in the responses to many of the greatest social problems of our time. These include the accelerated rate of climate change, pandemic threats, systemic racism, growing health and social inequities, and the regulation of new technologies to ensure an equitable future 'for all.' In nursing codes of ethics, administration, education, policies, and practice, social justice is often claimed to be a core value, yet it is rarely contextualized by philosophical or theoretical underpinnings. It appears that nurses' commitment to social justice may stem more from a penchant for 'doing good' than an attempt to explore, understand, and enact what is meant by social justice from an ontological, epistemological, and methodological perspective. We contend that the dominance of a human science perspective in nursing contributes to a narrow definition of health and relegates many issues central to social justice to the margins of nurses' care. In this article, we explore how the focus on 'the human' in the human science perspective may not only be limiting the capacity of nurses to develop strategies to adequately address social injustice, but in some instances, direct nurses to contribute to their very reproduction. We suggest that a critical interrogation of this human-centric hegemony can identify avenues of rupture and introduce posthumanism as an additional philosophical perspective for consideration to help bridge the human-social divide.

Hermeneutic phenomenological human science research method in clinical practice settings: An integrative literature review.

Researchers conduct phenomenological studies to better understand the experiences of phenomena. Researchers conducting phenomenological studies use different research methods grounded in philosophical underpinnings. Van Manen's hermeneutic phenomenological human science method is used in understanding phenomena in diverse disciplines. The purpose of the integrative review was to explore and synthesize research to address two questions about the human science method in clinical practice settings. Wittemore and Knafi (2005)'s method for integrative review was used to explore current literature and summarize the use of human science method. A database search of keywords in peer-reviewed articles published from 2009 to 2019 was reviewed. Eleven key research studies were selected for the integrative literature review. The key studies met the inclusion criteria of phenomenology, nurses, human science method, clinical practice, and van Manen. Researchers used van Manen's human science method as guidelines for collecting and analyzing data about the lived experience of diverse phenomena in clinical practice settings. An understanding of the human science method will guide researchers who conduct research studies using van Manen's approach to phenomenology.

Relato de experiência: Uma narrativa científica na pós-modernidade / Experience report: A scientific narrative in the post-modernity / Relato de experiencia: Una narrativa científica en la posmodernidad

A construção do conhecimento científico organiza-se numa multiplicidade, permanentemente desafiada a elaborar modos de leituras da realidade. Esse estudo apresenta o Relato de Experiência (RE) como produto científico próprio às ciências humanas e à pós-modernidade. Análise documental realizada entre 12/2017-01/2018, pesquisou periódicos da área da psicologia, classificados no quadriênio 2013-2016, na Plataforma Sucupira. Analisados 170 periódicos, identificou-se que apenas cinco aceitam o RE como um documento científico, esses de origem brasileira e vinculadas aos mais importantes programas de pós-graduação na psicologia brasileira e situados nas regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. O Resultado reafirma a limitada força política do RE e a potência da perspectiva empirista cartesiana nos domínios da pesquisa em psicologia. Neste artigo, discute-se a importância do RE como narrativa que legitima a experiência enquanto fenômeno científico, e propõe-se seis passos de referência para sua construção.(AU)

The construction of scientific knowledge is organized in a multiplicity, permanently challenged to elaborate ways of reading reality. This study presents the Report of Experience (RE) as a scientific product specific to human sciences and postmodernity. The study is a documentary analysis carried out between 12/2017-01/2018, that has researched periodicals of the psychology area, classified in the quadrennium 2013-2016 in the Platform Sucupira. After analyzing 170 journals, it was identified that only five accepted the ER as a scientific document, those of Brazilian origin and linked to the most important post-graduate programs in Brazilian psychology and located in the Southeast and Center-West regions. This result reaffirms the limited political force of the RE and the power of the cartesian empiricist perspective in the fields of psychology research. We discuss the importance of RE as a narrative that legitimizes experience as a scientific phenomenon and proposes six reference steps for its construction.(AU)

La construcción del conocimiento científico se organiza en una multiplicidad, con el desafío permanente de elaborar formas de leer la realidad. Este estudio presenta el Informe de experiencia (ER) como un producto científico específico para las ciencias humanas y la posmodernidad. El estudio es un análisis documental realizado entre el 12/2017-01/2018, publicaciones periódicas investigadas del área de psicología, clasificadas en el cuadrienio 2013-2016 en la Plataforma Sucupira. Después de analizar 170 revistas, se identificó que solo cinco aceptaron la ER como documento científico, las de origen brasileño y vinculadas a los programas de posgrado más importantes de la psicología brasileña y ubicadas en las regiones sudeste y centro-oeste. Este resultado reafirma la fuerza política limitada de la ER y el poder de la perspectiva empesista cartesiana en los campos de la investigación en psicología. Discutimos la importancia de la ER como una narrativa que legitima la experiencia como un fenómeno científico y propone seis pasos de referencia para su construcción.(AU)

Philosophy of medicine 2017: reviewing the situation.

In this introduction to a special subsection of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics comprising separate reviews of the Springer Handbook of the Philosophy of Medicine, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine, and The Bloomsbury Companion to Contemporary Philosophy of Medicine, I compare the three texts with respect to their overall organization and their approach to the relation between the science and the art of medicine. I then indicate two areas that merit more explicit attention in developing a comprehensive philosophy of medicine going forward: health economics and systematic relations within the field as a whole. The reviews that follow speak for themselves.

Teaching Phenomenological Research and Writing.

In this article, we describe our approach and philosophical methodology of teaching and doing phenomenology. The human science seminar that we offer involves participants in the primary phenomenological literature as well as in a variety of carefully engaged writing exercises. Each seminar participant selects a personal phenomenological project that aims at producing a publishable research paper. We show how the qualitative methodology of hermeneutic phenomenology requires of its practitioner a sensitivity and attitudinal disposition that has to be internalized and that cannot be captured in a procedural or step-by-step program. Our experience is that seminar participants become highly motivated and committed to their phenomenological project while involved in the rather intense progression of lectures, workshop activities, readings, and discussions.

Phenomenology in Its Original Sense.

In this article, I try to think through the question, "What distinguishes phenomenology in its original sense?" My intent is to focus on the project and methodology of phenomenology in a manner that is not overly technical and that may help others to further elaborate on or question the singular features that make phenomenology into a unique qualitative form of inquiry. I pay special attention to the notion of "lived" in the phenomenological term "lived experience" to demonstrate its critical role and significance for understanding phenomenological reflection, meaning, analysis, and insights. I also attend to the kind of experiential material that is needed to focus on a genuine phenomenological question that should guide any specific research project. Heidegger, van den Berg, and Marion provide some poignant exemplars of the use of narrative "examples" in phenomenological explorations of the phenomena of "boredom," "conversation," and "the meaningful look in eye-contact." Only what is given or what gives itself in lived experience (or conscious awareness) are proper phenomenological "data" or "givens," but these givens are not to be confused with data material that can be coded, sorted, abstracted, and accordingly analyzed in some "systematic" manner. The latter approach to experiential research may be appropriate and worthwhile for various types of qualitative inquiry but not for phenomenology in its original sense. Finally, I use the mythical figure of Kairos to show that the famous phenomenological couplet of the epoché-reduction aims for phenomenological insights that require experiential analysis and attentive (but serendipitous) methodical inquiry practices.

Beyond Objectivity and Subjectivity: The Intersubjective Foundations of Psychological Science.

The question of whether psychology can properly be regarded as a science has long been debated (Smedslund in Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 50, 185-195, 2016). Science is typically understood as a method for producing reliable knowledge by testing falsifiable claims against objective evidence. Psychological phenomena, however, are traditionally taken to be "subjective" and hidden from view. To the extent that science relies upon objective observation, is a scientific psychology possible? In this paper, I argue that scientific psychology does not much fail to meet the requirements of objectivity as much as the concept of objectivity fails as a methodological principle for psychological science. The traditional notion of objectivity relies upon the distinction between a public, observable exterior and a private, subjective interior. There are good reasons, however, to reject this dichotomy. Scholarship suggests that psychological knowledge arises neither from the "inside out" (subjectively) nor from the outside-in (objectively), but instead intersubjective processes that occur between people. If this is so, then objectivist methodology may do more to obscure than illuminate our understanding of psychological functioning. From this view, we face a dilemma: Do we, in the name of science, cling to an objective epistemology that cuts us off from the richness of psychological activity? Or do we seek to develop a rigorous intersubjective psychology that exploits the processes through which we gain psychological knowledge in the first place? If such a psychology can produce systematic, reliable and useful knowledge, then the question of whether its practices are "scientific" in the traditional sense would become irrelevant.

Disconnectedness from the here-and-now: a phenomenological perspective as a counteract on the medicalisation of death wishes in elderly people.

When elderly people are ideating on manners to end their lives, because they feel life is over and no longer worth living, it is important to understand their lived experiences, thoughts and behaviour in order to appropriately align care, support and policy to the needs of these people. In the literature, the wish to die in elderly people is often understood from a medical, psychopathological paradigm, referred to as cognitive impairment, depressive disorder, pathological bereavement, and suicidality. In this paper, we evaluate this dominant paradigm by considering three serious limitations, namely: (1) the risk of epistemic transformation; (2) the risk of reduction; and (3) the risk of obscuring the social and cultural embeddedness. Drawing on insights from our empirical-phenomenological research on the issue of elderly and the self-chosen death, this paper argues for a phenomenological perspective to counteract the medicalisation of death wishes in elderly people.

Heidegger: o estudo dos fenômenos humanos baseados na existência humana como ser-aí (Dasein) / Heidegger: a study of the human phenomena based on the human existence as Dasein / Heidegger: l'étude des phénomènes humains basés sur l'existence humaine en tant qu' "être-là" (Dasein) / Heidegger: estudio de los fenómenos humanos basados en la existencia humana como (Dasein)

O presente artigo pretende esclarecer a posição crítica do filósofo Martin Heidegger, explicitada no livro Seminários de Zollikon, em relação à transposição do método da ciência natural moderna para o estudo dos fenômenos humanos e apresentar sua proposição de um método mais pertinente ao estudo da existência humana. O autor propõe indicações de um método baseado na compreensão do existir humano como "ser-aí" e "ser-no-mundo" e também nos existenciais descritos em Ser e tempo, tais como espacialidade, temporalidade, ser-com-o-outro e corporeidade. Ao mesmo tempo, destaca que os fenômenos humanos não deveriam ser submetidos e circunscritos às descrições ontológicas dos existenciais, quando o método visa ao esclarecimento das experiências específicas e singulares de cada ser humano...

This article aims at clarifying the critical position of the philosopher Martin Heidegger in the book Zollikon Seminars, concerning the conveyance of the Natural Science Method to the study of the human phenomena and present its proposition of a more relevant study of the human existence. The author proposes indications of a method based on the comprehension of the human existence described in the book Being and Time such as spatiality, temporality, being-as-the-other and corporality. At the same time the author points out that the human phenomena should not be taken and limited to the to the ontological descriptions of the existentials since the method aims at clarifying specific and peculiar experiences of each human being...

Le présent article vise à élucider la position critique du philosophe Martin Heidegger, présente dans le livre Séminaires de Zollikon (titre de la traduction française: Séminaires de Zurich), par rapport à la transposition de la Méthode de la Science Naturelle dans l'étude des phénomènes humains, et exposer sa proposition d'une méthode plus pertinente à l'étude de l'existence humaine. L'auteur propose indications d'une méthode basée sur la compréhension de l'existence humain comme " être-là " (Dasein) et comme " être-dans-le-monde "; est basée aussi sur les existentiaux décrits dans l'oeuvre Être et Temps, tels que la spatialité, la temporalité, l'être-avec-autrui et la corporalité. En même temps, le philosophe souligne que les phénomènes humains ne devraient pas être soumis et circonscrits aux descriptions ontologiques des existantiaux, lorsque la méthode vise à developper des expériences spécifiques et singulières de chaque être humain...

Este artículo pretende aclarar la visión crítica del filósofo Martin Heidegger presente en Seminarios de Zollikon, relacionado a la transposición del método de la ciencia natural moderna al estudio de los fenómenos humanos, y introducir su propuesta de un método más pertinente al estudio de la existencia humana. Este autor propone un método basado en la comprensión del existir humano como "Dasein" y "ser-en-el-mundo", y también en los existenciales descritos en Ser y tiempo, tales como espacialidad, temporalidad, ser-con-el-otro y corporeidad. Además, enfatiza que los fenómenos humanos no deberían someterse y circunscribirse a las descripciones ontológicas de los existenciales, cuando el método tiene por objetivo la clarificación de las experiencias específicas y singulares de cada ser humano...

Heidegger: o estudo dos fenômenos humanos baseados na existência humana como ser-aí (Dasein) / Heidegger: a study of the human phenomena based on the human existence as Dasein / Heidegger: l'étude des phénomènes humains basés sur l'existence humaine en tant qu' "être-là" (Dasein) / Heidegger: estudio de los fenómenos humanos basados en la existencia humana como (Dasein)

O presente artigo pretende esclarecer a posição crítica do filósofo Martin Heidegger, explicitada no livro Seminários de Zollikon, em relação à transposição do método da ciência natural moderna para o estudo dos fenômenos humanos e apresentar sua proposição de um método mais pertinente ao estudo da existência humana. O autor propõe indicações de um método baseado na compreensão do existir humano como "ser-aí" e "ser-no-mundo" e também nos existenciais descritos em Ser e tempo, tais como espacialidade, temporalidade, ser-com-o-outro e corporeidade. Ao mesmo tempo, destaca que os fenômenos humanos não deveriam ser submetidos e circunscritos às descrições ontológicas dos existenciais, quando o método visa ao esclarecimento das experiências específicas e singulares de cada ser humano.(AU)

This article aims at clarifying the critical position of the philosopher Martin Heidegger in the book Zollikon Seminars, concerning the conveyance of the Natural Science Method to the study of the human phenomena and present its proposition of a more relevant study of the human existence. The author proposes indications of a method based on the comprehension of the human existence described in the book Being and Time such as spatiality, temporality, being-as-the-other and corporality. At the same time the author points out that the human phenomena should not be taken and limited to the to the ontological descriptions of the existentials since the method aims at clarifying specific and peculiar experiences of each human being.(AU)

Le présent article vise à élucider la position critique du philosophe Martin Heidegger, présente dans le livre Séminaires de Zollikon (titre de la traduction française: Séminaires de Zurich), par rapport à la transposition de la Méthode de la Science Naturelle dans l'étude des phénomènes humains, et exposer sa proposition d'une méthode plus pertinente à l'étude de l'existence humaine. L'auteur propose indications d'une méthode basée sur la compréhension de l'existence humain comme " être-là " (Dasein) et comme " être-dans-le-monde "; est basée aussi sur les existentiaux décrits dans l'oeuvre Être et Temps, tels que la spatialité, la temporalité, l'être-avec-autrui et la corporalité. En même temps, le philosophe souligne que les phénomènes humains ne devraient pas être soumis et circonscrits aux descriptions ontologiques des existantiaux, lorsque la méthode vise à developper des expériences spécifiques et singulières de chaque être humain.(AU)

Este artículo pretende aclarar la visión crítica del filósofo Martin Heidegger presente en Seminarios de Zollikon, relacionado a la transposición del método de la ciencia natural moderna al estudio de los fenómenos humanos, y introducir su propuesta de un método más pertinente al estudio de la existencia humana. Este autor propone un método basado en la comprensión del existir humano como "Dasein" y "ser-en-el-mundo", y también en los existenciales descritos en Ser y tiempo, tales como espacialidad, temporalidad, ser-con-el-otro y corporeidad. Además, enfatiza que los fenómenos humanos no deberían someterse y circunscribirse a las descripciones ontológicas de los existenciales, cuando el método tiene por objetivo la clarificación de las experiencias específicas y singulares de cada ser humano.(AU)

An expanded model of diabetes care based in an analysis and critique of current approaches.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine and critique various models guiding the care and education of people with diabetes, to develop more helpful and effective approaches to care. The focus is on relationships and communication between patients and healthcare providers. BACKGROUND: Many patients are not adhering to the recommended treatments, hence it seems that effective diabetes care is difficult to achieve, particularly for patients of lower socio-economic status, who are disproportionately afflicted. The results are usually devastating, and lead to serious health complications that incisively diminish quality of life for patients with diabetes, frustrate healthcare providers and increase healthcare costs. DESIGN: Critical review. METHOD: This paper represents a critical review of various approaches to diabetes care and education. A CINAHL search with relevant key words was carried out and selected exemplary research studies and articles describing and/or evaluating the various approaches to diabetes care and management were examined. Particular attention was paid to how the paradigmatic underpinnings of these approaches construct patient - healthcare provider relationships. CONCLUSION: The literature revealed that the traditional top-down approaches to care were largely ineffective, while collaborative approaches, based in respect and taking the whole persons and their unique situations into account, were found to be central to good care. Further, an integration of the different kinds of knowledge contained in the various approaches can complement and extend one another. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Avoiding devastating complications by improving the management of diabetes and overall quality of life of patients is a worthwhile goal. Therefore expanding diabetes care beyond the traditional bio-medical model to develop more effective approaches to care is of interest to all healthcare professionals working in this area.

Getting Started: Initiating C ritical Ethnography and Community-Based Action Research in a Program of Rural Health Studies.

Rural populations experience higher rates of illness, less access to health care resources, and lower rates of health insurance coverage than do urban populations. A need exists to identify and address the health care needs of rural communities and other isolated populations and to contextualize the findings in the larger rural health environment. Critical ethnography combined with community-based action research is a constructive approach for improving the health status of rural elders as well as other members of isolated communities. Detailed guidelines on how to initiate an ethnographic community-based action study, as shown through a study that explores the definitions of health, health care perceptions, and health care issues for rural elders in the southwestern United States, highlight the value of this type of research for the study of the health care issues of rural populations.