The promotion strategies and dynamic evaluation model of exhibition-driven sustainable tourism based on previous/prospective tourist satisfaction after COVID-19.

After COVID-19, all art exhibitions in 2020 were forced to close and postponed until 2021 in Japan. The current paper studies the dynamic evaluation model and exhibition-driven event tourism promotion strategies based on previous/prospective tourist satisfaction surveys. Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale (ETAT) was selected for the evaluation case. A new methodology, prospective-importance previous-performance analysis (PIPPA), was used for the previous tourist satisfaction questionnaire survey (by term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF)) and prospective tourist satisfaction questionnaire survey for the restart. It is an attempt not only for ETAT 2021 but also a sample for the others (hundreds of art exhibitions) in Japan and other countries.

Comprehensive Evaluation and Analysis of Human Settlements' Suitability in the Yangtze River Delta Based on Multi-Source Data.

The suitability of human settlements is critical for quality of life and regional development. As comprehensive evaluations and research on the suitability of human settlements are lacking, a comprehensive evaluation of human settlements in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was carried out in 2020 by combining natural and human environmental elements based on multi-source data such as digital elevation models, Landsat remote sensing images, meteorological station data, and points of interest, other multi-source data, and constructions of the human settlements' suitability indexes. The results showed the following: (1) The spatial suitability of the natural environment in the YRD is significantly affected by the topographic conditions and distance from the sea, showing an increasing spatial differentiation from southwest to northeast, with Shanghai and Yancheng having the best natural environment suitability. (2) The suitability of the human environment in urban areas is better than that in non-urban areas and shows a decreasing trend from the south to the north circle. Shanghai, Zhoushan, and Huaibei have the best human environment suitability. (3) The comprehensive suitability of human settlements includes both the spatial differentiation characteristics of the suitability of natural and human environments. Shanghai and Zhoushan have the mosy comprehensive suitability for human settlements, while Huaibei and Xuzhou have the worst. (4) Land with a comprehensive suitability for human settlements of greater than 0.580 accounts for 23.60% of the total and contains 30.08% of the population and 32.31% of the economy, indicating that areas with a high suitability index have been fully utilized, and the populations and economies with human settlements suitability have a high degree of matching.

The Effect of Human Settlement Pedestrian Environment on Gait of Older People: An Umbrella Review.

Older people are limited by the pedestrian environment in human settlements and are prone to travel difficulties, falls, and stumbles. Furthermore, we still lack systematic knowledge of the pedestrian environment affecting the gait of older people. The purpose of this review is to synthesize current evidence of effective human settlement pedestrian environments interfering with gait in older people. The systematic effects of the human settlement pedestrian environment on gait in older people are discussed. Databases such as Web of Science, Medline (via PubMed), Scopus, and Embase were searched for relevant studies up to June 2022. The literature was screened to extract relevant evidence from the included literature, assess the quality of the evidence, and analyze the systematic effects of the pedestrian environment on gait in older people. From the 4297 studies identified in the initial search, 11 systematic reviews or meta-analysis studies were screened, from which 18 environmental factors and 60 gait changes were extracted. After removing duplicate elements and merging synonymous features, a total of 53 relationships between environmental factors and gait change in older people were extracted: the main human settlement pedestrian environmental factors affecting gait change in older people in existing studies were indoor and outdoor stairs/steps, uneven and irregular ground, obstacles, walking path turns, vibration interventions, mechanical perturbation during gait, and auditory sound cues. Under the influence of these factors, older people may experience changes in the degree of cautiousness and conservatism of gait and stability, and their body posture performance and control, and muscle activation may also be affected. Factors such as ground texture or material, mechanical perturbations during gait, and vibration interventions stimulate older people's understanding and perception of their environment, but there is controversy over the results of specific gait parameters. The results support that human settlements' pedestrian environment affects the gait changes of older people in a positive or negative way. This review may likely contribute evidence-based information to aid communication among practitioners in public health, healthcare, and environmental construction. The above findings are expected to provide useful preference for associated interdisciplinary researchers to understand the interactions among pedestrian environments, human behavior, and physiological characteristics.

Desarrollo de habilidades en salud ambiental en asentamientos humanos precarios de la zona de planificación territorial 2 de la parroquia rural Posorja, Guayaquil / Development of skills in environmental health in precarious human settlements in territorial planning zone 2 of the rural parish of Posorja, Guayaquil

Se estima que aproximadamente siete millones de personas mueren anualmente por la contaminación del aire ambiental y doméstico, debido a enfermedades no transmisibles, especialmente en zonas con servicios públicos precarios; además la infraestructura y condiciones de las viviendas o hacinamiento se han asociado a la aparición de enfermedades agudas y crónicas. En Ecuador, para el año 2010, se reportó más de 2,5 millones de personas en zonas de asentamientos irregulares con deficientes saneamiento ambiental. Se realizó un estudio experimental con la participación de 85 jefes de familia en las comunidades de La Unión, Nuestra señora de Lourdes, las Acacias y Brisa del mar, de la parroquia rural Posorja, del cantón Guayaquil, Ecuador, para evaluar el desarrollo de habilidades de saneamiento ambiental. Para ello, se identificaron los problemas y las prioridades en salud ambiental, posteriormente se implementó el plan de desarrollo de habilidades en salud ambiental. Se observó deficiencias en cuanto a la construcción de viviendas, acceso al agua potable, disposición de excretas y desechos sólidos. Además, posterior a las jornadas de capacitación hubo un incremento en las habilidades cognoscitivas y prácticas en salud ambiental, al comparar con las competencias previas, especialmente en aspectos relacionados con el abastecimiento de agua potable, disposición de residuos sólidos y control de fauna nociva. Se logró fortalecer el desarrollo de habilidades en saneamiento ambiental de los habitantes, lo que incide en el mejoramiento de la salud pública y calidad de vida de las comunidades en estudio(AU)

It is estimated that approximately seven million people die annually from environmental and domestic air pollution, due to non-communicable diseases, especially in areas with precarious public services; In addition, the infrastructure and conditions of the houses or overcrowding have been associated with the appearance of acute and chronic diseases. In Ecuador, for the year 2010, more than 2.5 million people were reported in areas of irregular settlements with deficient environmental sanitation. An experimental study was carried out with the participation of 85 heads of families in the communities of La Unión, Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, Las Acacias and Brisa del Mar, from the Posorja rural parish, from the Guayaquil canton, Ecuador, to evaluate the development of skills of environmental sanitation. In order to, environmental health problems and priorities were identified, and the environmental health skills development plan was subsequently implemented. Deficiencies were observed in terms of housing construction, access to drinking water, disposal of excreta and solid waste. In addition, after the training sessions, there was an increase in cognitive skills and practices in environmental health, when compared to previous skills, especially in aspects related to drinking water supply, solid waste disposal, and control of harmful fauna. It was possible to strengthen the development of skills in environmental sanitation of the inhabitants, which affects the improvement of public health and quality of life of the communities under study(AU)

Evaluating the Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity in Laos Using a Three-Dimensional Tetrahedron Model.

(1) Background: The quantitative evaluation and comprehensive measurement of resources and environmental carrying capacity (RECC) are key links in the study of RECC from classification to synthesis. Laos, as the only landlocked country of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), is an important economic corridor (i.e., China-MSEA Economic Corridor) of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). (2) Methods: Based on the human settlements index (HSI), resource carrying index (RCI), and socio-economic development index (SDI), here, a three-dimensional tetrahedron model for the comprehensive assessment of RECC with equilibrium significance was constructed, including HSI-based suitability classification, RCI-based restrictive classification, and SDI-based adaptability classification. Taking provinces as the basic unit, we quantitatively assessed and comprehensively evaluated RECC in Laos using a three-dimensional tetrahedron model. (3) Results: The human settlement environment in Laos is mainly characterized by the moderate suitable category (85%), while the high suitability area (merely 5%) supports more than 30% of the total population. Laos had over 90% of its area in good condition in resources and environmental carrying status (surplus or balanced state), translating into more than 95% of the population. The social and economic development level is mainly characterized by low-level development (43%), with nearly 30% of the population living in these low-level areas. The comprehensive bearing state of resources and environment is characterized by surplus, and 85% of the population is distributed in the surplus area, which occupies 63% of the land. (4) Conclusions: It is possible to better explore the adaptation strategies and countermeasures for enhancing RECC in Laos and provide a scientific reference for regional sustainable development. We believe that the three-dimensional tetrahedron method can be applied to quantitatively evaluate and comprehensively measure RECC at larger scale, e.g., the BRI regions.

Links between the pandemic and urban green spaces, a perspective on spatial indices of landscape garden cities in China.

The COVID-19 pandemic has inevitably changed people's lifestyles and demands for urban green space and public open space. The National Landscape Garden Cities in China (NLGCC) policy is one of the key development models in China aimed at building sustainable cities and society. In this paper, the development of the study's selection criteria and the significance and benefits of the NLGCC policy are first summarised. 391 cities were chosen from the NLGCC list to analyse the spatial distribution and construction of driving factors. The results show that the NLGCC's selection criteria have shifted from a focus on quantity to overall habitat quality. During the COVID-19 pandemic, city resilience has been examined more closely. The NLGCC policies have boosted to address ecological and environmental crises and enhanced urban disaster preparedness. The spatial distribution analysis shows that the NLGCC is spatially unevenly distributed and has a clustering trend. A total of 54.96% of the NLGCC is concentrated in China's eastern and central regions. The natural environment and socioeconomics are two main categories of driving factors. This study provides significant value to the understanding of the spatial pattern of the NLGCC offers a reference for decision-making about the construction of urban environments worldwide.

MTBF-33: A multi-temporal building footprint dataset for 33 counties in the United States (1900 - 2015).

Despite abundant data on the spatial distribution of contemporary human settlements, historical datasets on the long-term evolution of human settlements at fine spatial and temporal granularity are scarce, limiting our quantitative understanding of long-term changes of built-up areas. This is because commonly used large-scale mapping methods (e.g., computer vision) and suitable data sources (i.e., aerial imagery, remote sensing data, LiDAR data) have only been available in recent decades. However, there are alternative data sources such as cadastral records that are digitally available, containing relevant information such as building construction dates, allowing for an approximate, digital reconstruction of past building distributions. We conducted a non-exhaustive search of open and publicly available data resources from administrative institutions in the United States and gathered, integrated, and harmonized cadastral parcel data, tax assessment data, and building footprint data for 33 counties, wherever building footprint geometries and building construction year information was available. The result of this effort is a unique dataset that we call the Multi-Temporal Building Footprint Dataset for 33 U.S. Counties (MTBF-33). MTBF-33 contains over 6.2 million building footprints including their construction year, and can be used to derive retrospective depictions of built-up areas from 1900 to 2015, at fine spatial and temporal grain. Moreover, MTBF-33 can be employed for data validation purposes, or to train statistical learning models aiming to extract historical information on human settlements from remote sensing data, historical maps, or similar data sources.

The post-organic cowboy: A biopolitical response of daily resistance to the dispossession of land in Meta (Colombia) / El vaquero post-orgánico: una respuesta biopolítica de resistencias cotidianas ante el despojo de tierras en el meta (colombia)

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de entender las dinámicas en las que se piensa e interviene el territorio para llevar a la población al desplazamiento y despojo vía armada o administrativa se efectuaron 87 entrevistas a líderes sociales entre 2019-2021 que permitieron realizar un análisis histórico de procesos asociados a la ocupación de tierras en el departamento del Meta, bajo la relación Monstruo-Monstruosidad asociada a la tecnología desde los métodos mecánicos del Estado y/o los métodos bioinformáticos del mercado". Los resultados exponen un territorio que inicia desde el cuerpo, como un espacio biopolítico y bioeconómico de confrontación. Lo anterior es analizado a través de las metáforas del vaquero-romántico, la devoradora-de-Hombres, la tierra-del-futuro y el vaquero-post-orgánico, exponiendo un pensamiento nómada con un espíritu de resistencia intelectual y de emancipación histórica. Se concluye que el carácter semiológico de la vida cotidiana con la tecnología permite el empoderamiento, la visibilización y la reconfiguración político-económica del territorio.

ABSTRACT In order to understand the dynamics in which the territory is thought of and interfered with, to lead to the displacement and dispossession of the population by armed or administrative means, 87 interviews with social leaders between 2019-2021 were carried out to allow for a historical analysis of processes associated with the occupation of lands in the department of Meta, under the Monster-Monstrosity relationship associated with technology from the mechanical methods of the State and / or the bioinformatics methods of the market. The results expose a territory that begins in the body, as a biopolitical and bioeconomic space of confrontation. The above is analyzed through the metaphors of the romantic cowboy, the man-eater, the land-of-the-future, and the post-organic cowboy, exposing a nomadic thought with a spirit of intellectual resistance and historical emancipation. It is concluded that the semiological character of daily life with technology allows for the empowerment, the visibility, and the political-economic reconfiguration of the territory

Understanding the key factors determining rural domestic waste treatment behavior in China: a meta-analysis.

The growing interest of policy-makers, environmental stakeholders, and academics in rural domestic waste treatment has made it a recent focus of research in the field of rural human settlements. Many studies have been conducted to understand the related factors; however, their results are inconsistent. Therefore, different from previous studies, the study systematically analyzed and summarized empirical studies on rural domestic waste treatment and explored the key factors that fostered and impeded it. It also examined the reasons for differences in research level and trends in key factors over time. A random-effects meta-analysis of 24 studies revealed that education, political status, perceived value, behavioral attitude, subjective norm, garbage collection facilities and services, environmental knowledge and propaganda, and government policy and regulation had a significant positive correlation with rural domestic waste treatment; perceived value had the highest impact, followed by behavioral attitude. All of the variables had significant heterogeneity. Some of the heterogeneity can be explained by differences in research methods, sample size, and variable measurement methods. An increasing trend was observed in the effects of perceived value, behavioral attitude, and subjective norm. Finally, based on these results, the study provided suggestions on policy and academic aspects.

The effect of landscape and human settlement on the genetic differentiation and presence of Paragonimus species in Mesoamerica.

Foodborne diseases are a neglected research area, and despite the existence of many tools for diagnosis and genetic studies, very little is known about the effect of the landscape on the genetic diversity and presence of parasites. One of these foodborne disease is paragonimiasis, caused by trematodes of the genus Paragonimus, which is responsible for a high number of infections in humans and wild animals. The main Paragonimus sp reported in Mesoamerica is Paragonimus mexicanus, yet there are doubts about its correct identification as a unique species throughout the region. This, together with a lack of detailed knowledge about their ecology, evolution and differentiation, may complicate the implementation of control strategies across the Mesoamerican region. We had the goal of delimiting the species of P. mexicanus found throughout Mesoamerica and determining the effect of landscape and geology on the diversity and presence of the parasite. We found support for the delimitation of five genetic groups. The genetic differentiation among these groups was positively affected by elevation and the isolation of river basins, while the parasite's presence was affected negatively only by the presence of human settlements. These results suggest that areas with lower elevation, connected rivers basins, and an absence of human settlements have low genetic differentiation and high P. mexicanus presence, which may increase the risk of Paragonimus infection. These demonstrate the importance of accurate species delimitation and consideration of the effect of landscape on Paragonimus in the proposal of adequate control strategies. However, other landscape variables cannot be discarded, including temperature, rainfall regime, and spatial scale (local, landscape and regional). These additional variables were not explored here, and should be considered in future studies.

Optimisation of Garbage Bin Layout in Rural Infrastructure for Promoting the Renovation of Rural Human Settlements: Case Study of Yuding Village in China.

Optimising the layout of garbage bins is a requirement for improving the utilisation efficiency of rural infrastructure and continuously promoting the renovation of rural human settlements in China. This study selects Yuding Village in Chongqing, China, as the study area. The present distribution of garbage bins and the existing problems are analysed on the basis of interview materials and the point on interest data of garbage bins obtained from an on-the-spot investigation. Actor network theory (ANT) is suitable for small-scale micro research, and thus, this study uses ANT to construct a research framework for garbage bin layout optimisation. Then, it designs an optimisation path for the layout of garbage bins in Yuding Village by identifying different actors and their common interests, classifying the transformation of roles amongst various actors and building a stable heterogeneous network that can be used as a guide for determining the optimal spatial layout of garbage bins. This study combines a sociological theory with geospatial phenomena, providing a new idea for studying the optimal layout of infrastructure.

Human-associated scarcity of hosts for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) is related to an increase in prevalence of trypanosome infection in flies in north-eastern Zambia.

Occurrence of nutritional stress (due to depletion of fat reserves) in tsetse flies, associated with inadequate levels of access to blood meals, enhances susceptibility of the flies to trypanosome infection. Thus, in a tsetse-infested area, a spatial gradient of reducing tsetse habitat quality is potentially a gradient of increasing prospects for occurrence of stress in tsetse flies. This study investigated prevalence of trypanosome infection in Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes along a transect line hypothesised to represent such a gradient, in relation to the edge of the tsetse belt and distribution of human settlements. This was undertaken in three sites located in Lundazi, Mpika and Rufunsa districts, respectively, in north-eastern Zambia. Human settlement was concentrated at the edge of the tsetse belt in the Mpika and Rufunsa sites and evenly distributed along transect line in the Lundazi site. Tsetse fly samples were collected using black-screen fly rounds and Epsilon traps. Detection of trypanosome infection was by dissection and microscopy in Lundazi and Mpika sites and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) test in Rufunsa site. Multiple logistic regression models were applied to determine whether the following factors, 'change in distance from edge of tsetse belt', 'tsetse sampling method' and 'sex of tsetse fly', had effect on 'prevalence of trypanosome infection' in the tsetse flies. Only 'increase in distance from the edge of tsetse belt' for G. m. morsitans was significantly associated with 'prevalence of trypanosome infection' in the flies, in the Mpika and Rufunsa sites. Distance was associated with reduced likelihood of infection with 'one or more subgenera of trypanosomes' and with 'Nannomonas trypanosomes', in the case of 'all sites collectively', 'Lundazi and Mpika sites collectively', Mpika site alone, and Rufunsa site alone. Per site, increase in distance entailed reduced prospects for Trypanozoon infection but only in the Mpika and Rufunsa sites. We conclude that in the Mpika and Rufunsa sites, increase in distance from human settlements entailed reduced likelihood of trypanosome infection, likely due to reducing tsetse habitat degradation, increasing availability of hosts, and hence increasing levels of nutrition and fat reserves, thus enhancing tsetse immunity against trypanosome infection.

Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) is found where few are looking: assessing mosquito diversity and density outside inhabited areas using diverse sampling methods.

BACKGROUND: One of the promising current approaches to curb malaria lies in genetic vector control, the implementation of which will require an improved understanding of the movement of genetic constructs among mosquito populations. To predict potential gene flow from one area to another, it is important to begin to understand mosquito dynamics outside of the commonly-sampled village areas, and thus how genes may move between villages. This study assessed the presence and relative abundance of mosquitoes in a 6-km corridor between two villages in western Burkina Faso. METHODS: The area surrounding the villages was mapped and the road between them was used as the basis of a transect along which to sample. Five collection points were placed along this transect. To investigate both larval and adult mosquito presence, multiple sampling approaches were used surrounding each point: searching for larval sites in an area of 500 m radius, swarm sampling, human landing catches (HLC), CDC light traps and backpack aspiration catches of potential resting sites. Sampling took place twice: in September and October 2015. RESULTS: Adult mosquitoes from six species of Anopheles and three other genera were found along the whole transect. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) was the most abundant followed by Anopheles nili and Anopheles coustani. Larvae of Anopheles spp. were found in small pools of surface water along the whole transect, though their presence increased with human proximity. HLC and aspiration were the most efficient methods of collecting adult mosquitoes along the whole transect, indicating that there are both host-seeking and resting mosquitoes well away from core village areas. In contrast, swarms of male mosquitoes, thought to be the principle mating locations of Anopheles spp. mosquitoes in West Africa, were only found close to the core village areas. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study indicates that Anopheles spp. mosquitoes are both present and breeding in low human-density areas along transit axes and provides both a relative evaluation of methods for use in these areas and evidence that gene flow between Sahelian population centres is likely. More robust and structured studies are nevertheless needed to come with stronger conclusions.

Built-up areas within and around protected areas: Global patterns and 40-year trends.

Protected areas (PAs) are a key strategy in global efforts to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services that are critical for human well-being. Most PAs have some built-up structures within their boundaries or in surrounding areas, ranging from individual buildings to villages, towns and cities. These structures, and the associated human activities, can exert direct and indirect pressures on PAs. Here we present the first global analysis of current patterns and observed long-term trends in built-up areas within terrestrial PAs and their immediate surroundings. We calculate for each PA larger than 5 km2 and for its 10-km unprotected buffer zone the percentage of land area covered by built-up areas in 1975, 1990, 2000 and 2014. We find that globally built-up areas cover only 0.12% of PA extent and a much higher 2.71% of the unprotected buffers as of 2014, compared to 0.6% of all land (protected or unprotected). Built-up extent in and around PAs is highest in Europe and Asia, and lowest in Africa and Oceania. Built-up area percentage is higher in coastal and small PAs, and lower in older PAs and in PAs with stricter management categories. From 1975 to 2014, the increase in built-up area was 23 times larger in the 10-km unprotected buffers than within PAs. Our findings show that the development of built-up structures remains limited within the boundaries of PAs but highlight the need to carefully manage the considerable pressure that PAs face from their immediate surroundings.

Impacts by expansion of human settlements on nature reserves in China.

Expansion of human settlements affects nature reserves in various ways. Planning ahead can help to divert or mitigate the impacts but a good understanding of these impacts is a prerequisite. In this study, we estimated the impacts caused by the expansion of human settlements on nature reserves in China by 2050 under different development and conservation scenarios. Our results show that 5016 km2 of nature reserves may be encroached by the expansion of human settlements under the scenario of high growth and weak protection, a ten-fold increase compared to 2010. In addition, new settlements may fragment landscapes in 243 nature reserves and increase the level of fragmentation in 109 nature reserves. Furthermore, expansion of human settlements in surrounding areas may expose 164 nature reserves to threats of human activities and increase the threat levels to 540 nature reserves. The impacts will be lower if protection is stronger or economic growth is slower. Among all nature reserves, those administered at the county level will be affected the most. Nature reserves that protect forests and inland wetlands will be affected more than nature reserves protecting other objects. Nature reserves in East and South China will be influenced more than reserves in other regions. Findings from China show that the expansion of human settlements poses serious challenges to nature reserves in the future, especially in places where economic growth is fast and nature reserves are weakly protected. Proactive conservation strategies have to be developed and implemented forcefully to manage these impacts. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the potential conflict between human settlements and nature reserves.

Built-up area and population density: Two Essential Societal Variables to address climate hazard impact.

Scientists use Essential Climate Variables to understand and model the Earth's climate. Complementary to the Climate Variables this paper introduces global built-up area and population density, referred to as Essential Societal Variables, that can be used to model human activities and the impact of climate induced hazards on society. Climate impact scenarios inform policy makers on current and future risk and on the cost for mitigation and adaptation measures. The global built-up area and global population densities are generated from Earth observation image archives and from national population census data in the framework of the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) project. The layers are produced with fine granularity for four epochs: 1975, 1990, 2000 and 2015, and will be updated on a regular basis with open satellite imagery. The paper discusses the relevance of global built-up area and population density for a number of policy areas, in particular to understand regional and global urbanization processes and for use in operational crisis management and risk assessment. The paper also provides examples of global statistics on exposure to natural hazards based on the two ESVs and their use in policy making. Finally, the paper discusses the potential of using population and built-up area for developing indicators to monitor the progress in Agenda 2030 including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Data on strategically located land and spatially integrated urban human settlements in South Africa.

In developing countries like South Africa processed geographic information systems (GIS) data on land suitability, is often not available for land use management. Data in this article is based on a published article "The strategically located land index support system for humans settlements land reform in South Africa" (Musakwa et al., 2017) [1]. This article utilities data from Musakwa et al. (2017) [1] and it goes on a step further by presenting the top 25th percentile of areas in the country that are strategically located and suited to develop spatially integrated human settlements. Furthermore the least 25th percentile of the country that are not strategically located and spatially integrated to establish human settlements are also presented. The article also presents the processed spatial datasets that where used to develop the strategically located land index as supplementary material. The data presented is meant to stir debate on spatially integrated human settlements in South Africa.

Mejoramiento Barrial y Urbano en Costa Rica: Reconstrucción social de la salud comunitaria desde la perspectiva de Salud Ambiental

A partir de una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva sobre el tema de Mejoramiento Barrial y Urbano (MBU), se presenta a continuación una sinopsis crítica del panorama situacional de este modelo de intervención comunitaria en Costa Rica. Se realizó una recolección de información de fuentes documentales secundarias en bases de datos a nivel internacional sobre los temas de Mejoramiento Barrial y Urbano (MBU) y métodos de intervención participativos para el aprovechamiento de espacios públicos en zonas urbanas. Después de establecer y valorar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron seis de las publicaciones científicas recuperadas, relacionadas con el tema de interés, y se elaboraron informes analíticos críticos de cada una de ellas y en conjunto, para lo cual se utilizó una matriz cualitativa de entrada de datos. Los hallazgos sirven de precedente para inferir que la Salud Ambiental constituye el mejor indicador de la habitabilidad de los asentamientos humanos y, considerando que aún no se evalúan los beneficios a la salud de la implementación de procesos de Mejoramiento Barrial y Urbano en Costa Rica, constituye un reto y una oportunidad para la disciplina el involucramiento en el abordaje integral de este proceso en el país para contribuir a la reconstrucción social y participativa de la salud comunitaria.

From an exhaustive literature review on the subject of Neighborhood and Urban Improvement (MBU, by the Spanish acronym), a critical overview of the situational outlook of this model of community intervention in Costa Rica is presented below. A collection of information was carried out from secondary documentary sources internationally on issues of Neighborhood and Urban Improvement programs (MBU) and participatory intervention methods for the use of public spaces in urban areas. After establishing and evaluating the criteria for inclusion and exclusion, six of all the scientific publications recovered related to these topics were selected and subjected to critical analysis separately and altogether, for which a qualitative input data matrix was used. The findings serve as a precedent to infer that the Environmental Health is the best indicator of the livability of human settlements and, considering that the health benefits of implementing Neighborhood and Urban Improvement processes in Costa Rica are yet to be evaluated, it is a challenge and an opportunity for the discipline to get involved in a comprehensive approach to this process in the country to contribute to the social and participatory reconstruction of community health.

Percepciones comunitarias relativas a la prevención del dengue en asentamientos humanos afectados. Lima-Perú, 2015 / Community perceptions about dengue prevention in human settlements. Lima-Perú, 2015 / Percepções comunitárias na prevenção da dengue nos assentamentos humanos. Lima-Peru, 2015

Con el objetivo de describir las percepciones comunitarias para la prevención del dengue en las localidades afectadas de Lima, realizamos un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas desde el modelo de creencias en salud. Los entrevistados mencionaron diversos factores de saneamiento, conductas e información que incrementan su exposición al dengue, expresando que los afectaría en aspectos laborales, familiares y económicos, asumiendo parte de la responsabilidad en la prevención y recalcando la labor de los promotores de salud, medios de comunicación y líderes comunitarios. Entre las medidas preventivas mencionadas, se incluyeron medidas sin evidencia de efectividad. Las principales barreras expresadas fueron las siguientes, caraterizadas como insuficientes: cantidad de profesionales de salud, participación comunitaria, organización en las actividades preventivas y discontinuidad luego de los brotes. La discusión y reflexión sobre estos contextos promueve una oportunidad en el abordaje de la labor preventiva hacia el dengue.

This is a qualitative study, aimed at describing community perceptions on dengue prevention in affected areas of Lima. A series of interviews were conducted in six of those areas using the health belief model approach. Respondents noted several factors about sanitation, behaviors and information that could increase their exposure to dengue. They expressed that this illness would affect their lives in different ways, in aspects related to work, family and economy. They recognized their share of responsibility on prevention, but also talked about the importance of health promoters work, media and community leaders. Among the preventive measures they mentioned, there were a few with no evidence of effectiveness. The main identified problems were lack of health professionals, community participation and preventive activities. They also noted that most activities were discontinued after outbreaks. The findings provide an opportunity to discuss and reflect on the preventive work done to face dengue.

Com o objetivo de descrever as percepções comunitárias a respeito da prevenção da dengue, realizou-se um estudo qualitativo nas áreas afetadas de Lima. Foram utilizadas entrevistas sob o modelo de crenças em saúde. Os entrevistados mencionaram diversos fatores de saneamento e condutas que aumentariam sua exposição à doença. Também enumeraram aspectos laborais, familiares e econômicos que seriam afetados pelo adoecimento. Os entrevistados assumiram parte da responsabilidade na prevenção, mas destacaram a importância do trabalho dos promotores de saúde, líderes comunitários e meios de comunicação. Dentre as medidas preventivas enumeradas, foram citadas algumas que não tinham evidência de efetividade. Os principais obstáculos citados foram: quantidade insuficiente de profissionais de saúde, baixa participação comunitária, desorganização das atividades preventivas e descontinuidade das ações após a resolução dos surtos. A discussão dos resultados encontrados promove a oportunidade de refletir sobre o trabalho preventivo realizado para o combate à dengue.