ABSTRACT
Para medir el éxito de un deportista y su ejecución deportiva, se requiere cuantificar el máximo rendimiento que desempeñe durante los entrenamientos y campeonatos, a partir de un instrumento válido, fiable y adaptado al contexto peruano. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no existen evidencias psicométricas que respalden el uso de alguno para deportistas calificados. El objetivo principal del presente estudio consiste en evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Ejecución Deportiva (IPED) en la población mencionada. Método:Participaron 255 deportistas con edades entre 14 y 38 años (N: 23; DT: 4.29), pertenecientes a modalidades afiliadas al Instituto Peruano del Deporte (IPD), y que representan al país de manera activa. Para el recojo de información se utilizó una ficha sociodemográfica, el Inventario de Ejecución Deportiva (IPED y el Cuestionario de Fortaleza Mental (FM). Resultados: El modelo IPED, presentó un buen ajuste de datos (SBχ2= 2243.096 / df= 798; CFI= .955; SRMR= .095; RMSEA= .084 [IC90%: .080-.069] y una consistencia interna adecuada para sus 7 dimensiones, que oscila entre ω = .841 y el menor valor ω = .754. Asimismo, se observaron correlaciones positivas y estadísticamente significativas al vincularlo con las dos dimensiones del Cuestionario FM: Confianza (AC=.678; CAN= .557; CAT= .457; CVI= .328; NM= .425; CAP= .641; CAC= .662) y Control (AC= .558; CAN= .733; CAT= .682; CVI= .171; NM= .272; CAP= .432; CAC= .563). Conclusión: El IPED brinda evidencia de validez y confiabilidad adecuadas para medir el desempeño deportivo. (AU)
To measure athletes success and his sports performance, it is required to quantify the maximum performance developedduring seasons of trainings and championships; using a valid, reliable,and adapted to peruvian context instrument. However, caution is urged when considering there is no psychometric evidence to support the use of any scale related to peruvian high performance athletessample. The current study was designed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Sports Performance Psychological Inventory (IPED) in the mentioned sample. Method: Participated 255 peruvian athletes with ages between 14 and 38 years (N:23; SD: 4.29); who actively represents the country and in sports modalities affiliated with the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD). For the collection of information, a sociodemographic record, Sports Performance Psychological Inventory (IPED)and the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ) were used. Results: IPED model demonstrated, that the seven-dimensional model had an acceptable fit (SBχ2 = 2243.096 / df = 798; CFI= .955; SRMR= .095; RMSEA= .084 [IC90%: .080 -.069] and reliability analyses revealed high internal consistency (ω= .841 > ω= .754). In addition, scores correlated positively between IPP and MTQ dimensions (AC= .678; CAN= .557; CAT= .457 ; CVI= .328; NM= .425; CAP= .641; CAC= .662 ) and Control (AC= .558; CAN= .733; CAT= .682 ; CVI= .171; NM= .272; CAP= .432; CAC= .563) Conclusion: The IPED provides adequate evidence of validity and reliability to measuresports performance. (AU)
Para medir o sucesso de um atleta e seu desempenho esportivo é necessário quantificar o desempenho máximo que ele realiza durante os treinos e campeonatos a partir de um instrumento válido e confiável adaptado ao contexto eduardo.manzanares@upc.pe peruano.No entanto, até o momento não há evidências psicométricas para apoiar o uso de qualquer instrumento por atletas qualificados. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Inventário de Performance Psicológicapara o Esporte(IPED) na referida população. Método:participaram 255 atletas que representam ativamente o país nas modalidades esportivas filiadas ao Instituto Peruano de Esportes (IPD). As idades variaram de 14 a 38 anos (N: 23; DT: 4,29). Para a coletadas informações foi utilizado um inventáriosociodemográfico, o Sports Performance Inventory e o Mental Strength Questionnaire. Resultados:O modelo sete-dimensional IPED apresentou um bom ajuste dos dados (SBχ2 = 2243,096 / df= 798; CFI= ,955; SRMR= ,095; RMSEA= ,084 [IC90%: 0,080-0,069] e consistência interna adequada para as dimensões que variam entre ω= 0,841 e o menor valor ω= 0,754. Da mesma forma, foram observadas correlações positivas e estatisticamente significativas entre as 7 dimensões do IPEDcom as dimensões de confiança (AC = 0,678; CAN = .557; CAT = .457; CVI = .328; NM = .425; CAP = .641; CAC = .662) e Controle (AC = .558; CAN = .733; CAT = .682; CVI = .171; NM = .272; CAP = .432; CAC = .563) do Questionário FM.Conclusão:Conclui-se que oIPED apresenta evidências de confiabilidade e validade adequadas para medir o desempenho esportivo. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Sports , Psychology, Sports , Psychometrics , Athletes , Athletic Performance , Peru , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users Abstract. The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS; anabolic steroids) use in recreational sports is underestimated. Due to the influence of social media, an increase in AAS use in recreational sports and in the general population is to be expected. AAS use is associated with significant physical and mental health consequences, and the psychiatric consequences include the risk of developing addictive behaviour. The widespread stigmatization of AAS use also by professionals often undermines users' trust in physicians and drives them into the arms of so-called "gurus." The tightening of anti-doping practices in sports and an exclusively prohibitive stance have so far failed to convincingly curb the problem in recreational sports. Harm reduction strategies could help patients to get the help they need from primary care providers.
Subject(s)
Anabolic Agents , Doping in Sports , Anabolic Agents/adverse effects , Humans , Psychotherapy , Steroids , Testosterone Congeners/adverse effectsABSTRACT
The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS; anabolic steroids) use in recreational sports is underestimated. Due to the influence of social media, an increase in AAS use in recreational sports and in the general population is to be expected. AAS use is associated with significant physical and mental health consequences, and the psychiatric consequences include the risk of developing addictive behaviour. The widespread stigmatization of AAS use also by professionals often undermines users' trust in physicians and drives them into the arms of so-called "gurus." The tightening of anti-doping practices in sports and an exclusively prohibitive stance have so far failed to convincingly curb the problem in recreational sports. Harm reduction strategies could help patients to get the help they need from primary care providers.
Subject(s)
Anabolic Agents , Doping in Sports , Anabolic Agents/adverse effects , Humans , Psychotherapy , Steroids , Testosterone Congeners/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical Practice Abstract. The non-medical use of image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) is widespread in the fitness and bodybuilding scene. The reasons for IPED use are often hedonistic in nature and they are used in so-called "cycles" over several weeks. The most common side effects are: testicular atrophy, acne, hypersexuality, hypertension, gynecomastia, lipid metabolism disorders, mood swings, hair loss, and policythemia. Common consequences following IPED use are: decreased libido, oligo- or azoospermia, and erectile dysfunction. To reduce undesirable side effects and consequences, IPED users often take medications for self-treatment; occasionally IPED users also mention such medications and ask for them in the general medical practice.
Subject(s)
Performance-Enhancing Substances , Exercise , Humans , MaleABSTRACT
IPED Use in Recreational Sports Abstract. Abtract: IPED consumers seek medical advice when uncertain as to their use. Due to shame or fear of stigmatization IPED consumers are often reluctant to talk about their drug use; they fear prejudice and a lack of experience when caring for this specific patient group. In order to strengthen trust, a non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing and supportive attitude is essential. The interaction should primarily lead to an understanding of why AAS are being used, what the patient's concerns are, and why medical help is being sought, without judgment or condemnation of the behavior. If no motivation to abstain from drug use is found during the consultation, harm reduction should be sought and the consequences of use addressed. Regular talks and active harm reduction can increase the confidence in evidence-based treatment to achieve personal motivation to abstain under medical supervision.
Subject(s)
Sports , Fear , Humans , MotivationABSTRACT
The non-medical use of image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) is widespread in the fitness and bodybuilding scene. The reasons for IPED use are often hedonistic in nature and they are used in so-called "cycles" over several weeks. The most common side effects are: testicular atrophy, acne, hypersexuality, hypertension, gynecomastia, lipid metabolism disorders, mood swings, hair loss, and policythemia. Common consequences following IPED use are: decreased libido, oligo- or azoospermia, and erectile dysfunction. To reduce undesirable side effects and consequences, IPED users often take medications for self-treatment; occasionally IPED users also mention such medications and ask for them in the general medical practice.
Subject(s)
Performance-Enhancing Substances , Exercise , Humans , Male , Performance-Enhancing Substances/adverse effectsABSTRACT
IPED consumers seek medical advice when uncertain as to their use. Due to shame or fear of stigmatization IPED consumers are often reluctant to talk about their drug use; they fear prejudice and a lack of experience when caring for this specific patient group. In order to strengthen trust, a non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing and supportive attitude is essential. The interaction should primarily lead to an understanding of why AAS are being used, what the patient's concerns are, and why medical help is being sought, without judgment or condemnation of the behavior. If no motivation to abstain from drug use is found during the consultation, harm reduction should be sought and the consequences of use addressed. Regular talks and active harm reduction can increase the confidence in evidence-based treatment to achieve personal motivation to abstain under medical supervision.
Subject(s)
Sports , Substance-Related Disorders , Fear , Humans , MotivationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Since there is a paucity of research on support for people using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS), we aimed to identify and synthesise the available evidence in this field. Gaining an understanding of the support both accessed and wanted by recreational AAS users will be of use to professionals who provide services to intravenous substance users and also to those working in the fields of public health and social care, with the aim to increase engagement of those using AAS. METHODS: A systematic scoping review of the literature to explore and identify the nature and scope of information and support both accessed and wanted by non-prescribed AAS users. Any support services or information designed to help people who use AAS were considered. RESULTS: We identified 23 papers and one report for review, which indicated that AAS users access a range of sources of information on: how to inject, substance effectiveness, dosages and side effects, suggesting this is the type of information users want. AAS users sought support from a range of sources including medical professionals, needle and syringe programmes, friends, dealers, and via the internet, suggesting that, different sources were used dependent on the information or support sought. DISCUSSION: AAS users tended to prefer peer advice and support over that of professionals, and access information online via specialist forums, reflecting the stigma that is experienced by AAS users. These tendencies can act as barriers to accessing services provided by professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Support needs to be specific and targeted towards AAS users. Sensitivity to their perceptions of their drug-use and the associated stigma of being classified in the same sub-set as other illicit drug users is relevant to facilitating successful engagement.
Subject(s)
Anabolic Agents/administration & dosage , Drug Users/psychology , Professional-Patient Relations , Testosterone Congeners/administration & dosage , HumansABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Online drug markets are expanding the boundaries of drug supply including the sale and purchase of image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs). However, the role of the internet in IPED markets, and in particular the ways in which these substances are supplied via the surface web, has rarely been considered. This article examines the online IPED market in order to inform drug policy and to provide a nuanced understanding of retailers involved, particularly exploring the relationship between buyers and sellers. METHODS: This paper is based on two extensive research projects conducted in the Netherlands and Belgium. The first project focuses on muscle drugs and is based on 64 IPED dealing cases, semi-structured interviews with authorities (N=32), and dealers (N=15), along with an analysis of 10 steroid-selling websites. The second research project primarily focuses on weight loss drugs and sexual enhancers in the Netherlands, and relies on interviews with authorities (N=38), suppliers (N=30), and consumers (N=10), analysis of 69 criminal case files, and an online analysis. RESULTS: In the literature, the illicit online sale of IPEDs is generally associated with illegal online pharmacies that try to mislead buyers. While confirmed in our research, we also illustrate that there are online suppliers who invest in customer relationships and services, and that users are aware of the illegal nature of their business. These e-vendors incorporate a 'social supply business model' by providing the best possible service to their customers and attempting to minimise risks in order to attract, satisfy and maintain customers. CONCLUSION: As it is likely that users will continue to make use of the internet to order IPEDs, regardless of closing down selling websites, it is first of all important to counteract these online sources by educating all types of consumers and providing harm reduction services.
Subject(s)
Anti-Obesity Agents/economics , Commerce/methods , Consumer Behavior , Internet , Performance-Enhancing Substances/economics , Belgium , Humans , NetherlandsABSTRACT
Injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population is a public health concern. A wide and varied range of IPED are now easily accessible to all through the online market. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken according to Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) guidelines for systematic review, to identify the relevant literature. No date restrictions were placed on the database search in the case of human growth hormone melanotan I and II, and oil and cosmetic injectables. In the case of anabolic androgenic steroids search dates were restricted to January 2014-2015. Publications not in English and with a lack of specificity to the topic were excluded. The review yielded 133 relevant quantitative and qualitative papers, clinical trials, clinical case presentations and editorials/reports. Findings were examined/reviewed under emergent themes which identified/measured extent of use, user profiling, sourcing, product endorsement, risk behaviours and health outcomes in users. Motivation for IPED use may be grounded in appearance, pursuit of health and youth, and body image disturbance. IPED users can practice moderated use, with pathological use linked to high-risk behaviours, which may be normalised within IPED communities. Many IPED trajectories and pathways of use are not scientifically documented. Much of this information may be available online in IPED specific discussion forums, an underutilised setting for research, where uncensored discourse takes place among users. This review underscores the need for future internet and clinical research to investigate prevalence and patterns of injecting use, and to map health outcomes in IPED users. This paper provides community-based clinical practice and health promotion services with a detailed examination and analysis of the injecting use of IPED, highlighting the patterns of this public health issue. It serves to disseminate updated publication information to health and social policy makers and those in health service practice who are involved in harm reduction intervention.
