Orbital compartment syndrome due to periorbital angioedema.

A 68-year-old female presented with an episode of unilateral orbital compartment syndrome due to periorbital angioedema. The patient made a consultation at the general Emergency Room with sudden left periorbital edema and serious diminished ipsilateral visual acuity, with examination detecting orbital compartment syndrome secondary to a probable allergic angioedema after ingestion of ibuprofen. She received treatment with intravenous and oral corticosteroids, achieving a rapid improvement in the condition and clinical follow-up was carried out, with evaluation of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and computed perimetry. Periorbital angioedema due to ibuprofen can be a cause of orbital compartment syndrome whose diagnosis and treatment must be carried out urgently to prevent permanent visual impairment.

Choroidal ischemia as one cardinal sign in giant cell arteritis.

PURPOSE: To describe chorioretinal signs in a case series of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA). METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective observational case series with GCA that presented with a headache and an abrupt, unilateral loss in vision. Workup included temporal artery biopsies, intravenous fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), blood levels of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS: There are a total of 8 GCA instances presented. Average age was 74.5. (Range 68-83 years). The patients reported that one eye's visual loss had suddenly started, along with a fresh headache and other systemic symptoms. Eight patients exhibited choroidal ischemia, five paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) lesions, five cotton wool spots, four anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and one central retinal arterial occlusion at the time of presentation. The average ESR at presentation was 68 mm/hr (range 4-110), and 4/6 individuals had a significant increase. The mean CRP level was 6.2 mg/dL (range 2.0-15.4), and the level was always over the normal range. All patients' temporal artery biopsies were positive. CONCLUSION: Alongside PAMM lesions, cotton wool spots, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and central retinal artery occlusion, choroidal ischemia is a key angiographic indicator in the diagnosis of GCA. It may be crucial to recognize these typical ischemic chorioretinal signs while diagnosing GCA.

Acute visual loss and optic disc edema followed by optic atrophy in two cases with deeply buried optic disc drusen: a mimicker of atypical optic neuritis.

BACKGROUND: Sudden visual loss and optic disc edema caused by optic neuritis (ON) is usually followed by significant visual recovery. However, little or no recovery occurs when the loss is caused by atypical ON, especially in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Optic disc drusen (ODD) is a cause of pseudo optic disc edema and may be a predisposing factor for non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), thereby mimicking atypical ON. In such cases, if globular concretions are seen protruding from the disc substance, ODD may be suspected. The purpose of this paper is to describe two patients with acute visual loss followed by optic disc atrophy initially labeled as atypical ON. Though not suspected on clinical examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed deeply buried ODD as a predisposing factor for NAION. CASE PRESENTATIONS: Case 1: A 48-year-old woman had bilateral sequential visual loss associated with optic disc edema. Despite treatment, vision did not improve and severe disc pallor ensued. Atypical ON was suspected. Eventually, she was started on immunosuppressant therapy based on a tentative diagnosis of NMO-spectrum disorder. On examination 5 years later, only severe optic disc pallor was observed, but OCT radial B-scans showed ovoid hyporeflective areas in the retrolaminar region of both eyes, compatible with ODD; this led to a diagnosis of NAION and deeply buried ODD. Case 2. A 35-year-old woman with suspicion of ON in the left eye and a history of previous atypical ON in the right eye was referred for neuro-ophthalmic examination which revealed diffuse optic disc pallor and a dense arcuate visual field defect in the right eye. OCT B-scans passing through the disc showed large ovoid areas of reduced reflectivity in the retrolaminar region of the optic disc in the right eye. These findings helped confirm the diagnosis of NAION in one eye, with deeply buried ODD as predisposing factor. CONCLUSIONS: Deeply buried ODD may be associated with NAION causing irreversible visual loss and optic disc pallor, a condition easily mistaken for atypical ON. Awareness of such occurrence is important to avoid unnecessary testing and minimize the risk of mismanagement.

Visual loss after spine surgery: Case report.

The presence of postoperative visual loss is a well-known complication, and described in various reports, its low incidence (0.028-0.2%) makes it extremely rare. Two main causes have been determined: Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and central Retinal Artery Oclusion. The following is a case report of a 52-year-old patient that presented visual loss after elective spine surgery that had no complications that could initially explain this complication. Studies were performed and evaluations by ophthalmologists determined that the cause of Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy due to multiple risk factors that the patient had previously and during the surgery. After 3 year follow-up the patient still has total visual loss and no other complications were reported.

Neurite óptica isquêmica devida à dose inédita de sildenafila / Ischemic optic neuritis due to unprecedented dose of sildenafil

No presente relato de caso, os autores ressaltam aspectos gerais, neuro-oftalmológicos e psicodinâmicos de um paciente que apresentou neurite óptica isquêmica não arterítica devida ao uso de dose inédita da sildenafila.

In this case report, the authors emphasize general, neuro-ophthalmological and psychodynamic aspects, of a patient who developed non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy due to the use of unprecedented dose of sildenafil.

Neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica simulando un edema macular posterior a cirugía de catarata / Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy masquerading as macular edema after cataract surgery

Introducción: la neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica y el edema macular son con frecuencia causas de pérdida visual después de una cirugía ocular no complicada. Objetivo: identificar estas dos entidades es muy importante, ya que la conducta a seguir y el pronóstico de ambos es bien diferente. Caso clínico: se reporta una paciente femenina de 74 años con pérdida visual aguda en el posoperatorio de cirugía de catarata. El Servicio de Retina lo reporta como edema macular que responde a la terapia esteroidea, a pesar de esto la visión no mejora. Al realizar el estudio neuro-oftalmológico se constata atrofia óptica parcial secundaria a una neuropatía óptica isquémica anterior no arterítica. Conclusiones: la asociación de estos eventos es infrecuente, pero en estas circunstancias el edema macular que puede ocurrir en la isquemia del nervio óptico, puede simular el de la respuesta inflamatoria a una cirugía

Introduction: nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and macular edema are frequent causes of loss of vision after uncomplicated ocular surgery. Objective: to identify these two conditions is very important since the behaviors to be adopted and the prognosis are quite different. Clinical case: a 74 years-old female patient with acute loss of vision during the postoperative period of a cataract surgery. The Retinal Service classified it as macular edema which had to be treated with steroid therapy, but her vision did not improve. After the corresponding neurophthalmologic study, it is confirmed that there is partial optic atrophy secondary to nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Conclusions: the association of these events is uncommon; however under these circumstances, the macular edema that may occur in the optic nerve ischemia can masquerade as inflammatory reaction to surgery

Neuropatía óptica isquémica / Ischemic optic neuropathy

Se realizó una revisión sobre distintos aspectos actualizados relacionados con la neuropatía óptica isquémica. Esta constituye una devastadora entidad que en muchos casos da al traste de manera permanente con la visión de los pacientes. Se divide en dos grandes grupos de acuerdo con el sitio donde ocurre (anterior o posterior) y un tanto así por la relación con su causa (arterítica o no arterítica). La neuropatía óptica isquémica se relaciona con un gran número de factores de riesgo como la hipertensión arterial, cardiopatía isquémica, apnea del sueño entre otras. Al constituir una enfermedad multifactorial su tratamiento se enmarca de una manera individualizada y el ánimo de cubrir todas las posibles causas haciendo principal énfasis en la terapia antioxidante.

A review was made on the different aspects updated in relation to ischemic optic neuropathy. This is a devastating entity that in many cases causes a permanent damage to the patients' vision. It is divided into 2 large groups, according to the site where it occurs (anterior or posterior) and to the connection with its cause (arteritic or non-arteritic). Ischemic optic neuropathy is related to a great number of risk factors, such as arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease and sleep apnea, among others. As it is a multifactorial disease, its treatment is individualized aimed at determining all the possible causes, making special emphasis on the antioxidant therapy.