The Robben Island Diversity Experience: It's about the Journey, Not the RIDE.

The Robben Island diversity experience (RIDE), a conference using a group relations training model, was held annually from 2000 to 2013, (with RIDE not taking place in 2004). During RIDE, underlying, unconscious, and covert South African diversity dynamics are studied as they manifest among managers and officials in the fields of change, diversity management, transformation, and human resources management. The participants (staff and membership) of the conference collectively form a temporary organisation in which they explore unconscious dynamics and processes as they relate to dealing with diversity challenges. A qualitative, analytic auto-ethnographic research approach was used to elicit data. The data consisted of different sets of process notes compiled during my involvement in RIDE (2000 to 2014). Thematic analysis was used to analyse and interpret the data to allow insights into diversity dynamics. The findings suggest that in the early events RIDE citizens displayed a preoccupation with race which was expressed through attempts to re-organise the race hierarchy in the unconscious, and the need to form good-enough relationships with old enemies through searching for the absent white-man. In more recent years it became evident that groups are reluctant to explore differences of organisational position and socio-economic status in racial sameness. The experimentation with leadership within and across race groups and gender was a preoccupation of members in a more recent RIDE. Further, the marginalisation of women, through the intersection between diversity characteristics, also became apparent. It seems that through RIDE as a container, the consultants as containers, and the willingness of the participants to engage with their diversity challenges, more diversity dynamics have become accessible to the RIDE citizens. This understanding of diversity dynamics can be used in South African and international organisations by researchers, consultants, and managers to enhance their understanding of diversity dynamics in organisations and inform the nature of the different diversity management initiatives implemented in these organisations.

The epistemic benefits of generalisation in modelling II: expressive power and abstraction.

This paper contributes to the philosophical accounts of generalisation in formal modelling by introducing a conceptual framework that allows for recognising generalisations that are epistemically beneficial in the sense of contributing to the truth of a model result or component. The framework is useful for modellers themselves because it is shown how to recognise different kinds of generalisation on the basis of changes in model descriptions. Since epistemically beneficial generalisations usually de-idealise the model, the paper proposes a reformulation of the well-known distinction between abstraction and idealisation. A reformulated notion of abstraction is needed because the extant accounts yield wrong judgments when model-modifications introduce implicit assumptions.

Idealisation, genetic explanations and political behaviours: Notes on the anti-reductionist critique of genopolitics.

The rapid development of genetic research, determined, among others, by the requirements of The Human Genome Project, and a gradual reorientation in the perception of the role of nature and culture in the process of shaping complex networks of human relations by some political scientists, result in the increasing application of genetic data and methods in research regarding political behaviours. One of the key philosophical objections against the studies of the genetic foundations of political behaviours is that of excessive reductionism. This is supposed to manifest itself in the inadequate selection of the level of analysis for the explained phenomenon, the incompleteness of explanations and their low utility. My findings show that this objection is not sufficiently supported by contemporary science. Both studies using classical behavioural genetic methodologies and studies using DNA-based methods show that genes most likely play a role in political behaviours. Emphasising the significance of genetic influences in the midst of multiple extra-genetic interactions generates highly idealised explanations. Using the conceptual apparatus of the deformational concept of culture, I have demonstrated that the omission of a number of important extra-genetic influences by researchers is a consequence of focusing on specific causal patterns. This omission, however, does not entail negating the influence of non-genetic factors and, importantly, it may not have to be permanent. Following this approach, if correct, the reductionism of research into the genetic foundations of political behaviours is a standard cognitive procedure applied in science.

Socio-cultural beliefs about an ideal body size and implications for risk of excess weight gain after immigration: a study of Australian residents of sub-Saharan African ancestry.

Objectives: Though several studies have focused on risk factors associated with excess weight gain, little is known about the extent to which socio-cultural beliefs about body sizes may contribute to risk of excess weight gain, especially in non-Western migrant communities. Drawing on socio-cultural and attribution theories, this study mainly explored socio-cultural beliefs about an ideal body size among Australian residents who were born in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).  Implications of body size beliefs for risk of excess weight gain after immigration have also been discussed.Design: Employing a qualitative design, 24 in-depth interviews were conducted with Australian residents who were born in SSA. Thematic content analysis was undertaken to ensure that participants' experiences and views were clearly captured.Results: According to the participants, a moderately large body size is idealised in the SSA community and post-migration weight gain is commonly regarded as evidence of well-being. While desirability of a moderately large body size was noted by some participants, others were concerned about health risks (e.g. high blood pressure) associated with excess weight gain. Moreover, body size ideals seemed to be different for men and women in the SSA community and these ideals were mainly promoted by family and friends. Participants reported that women with very slim (skinny) body sizes are often regarded as persons suffering from health problems, whereas those with 'plumpy' body types are often considered beautiful. Participants also noted that men are expected to look well-built and muscular while those with big bellies are often seen as financially rich.Conclusions: Participants' interpretation of post-migration weight gain as evidence of well-being calls for urgent intervention as risk of excess weight gain appear to be high in this immigrant group.

Models on the move: Migration and imperialism.

We introduce 'model migration' as a species of cross-disciplinary knowledge transfer whereby the representational function of a model is radically changed to allow application to a new disciplinary context. Controversies and confusions that often derive from this phenomenon will be illustrated in the context of econophysics and phylogeographic linguistics. Migration can be usefully contrasted with the concept of 'imperialism', which has been influentially discussed in the context of geographical economics. In particular, imperialism, unlike migration, relies upon extension of the original model via an expansion of the domain of phenomena it is taken to adequately describe. The success of imperialism thus requires expansion of the justificatory sanctioning of the original idealising assumptions to a new disciplinary context. Contrastingly, successful migration involves the radical representational re-interpretation of the original model, rather than its extension. Migration thus requires 're-sanctioning' of new 'counterpart idealisations' to allow application to an entirely different class of phenomena. Whereas legitimate scientific imperialism should be based on the pursuit of some form of ontological unification, no such requirement is needed to legitimate the practice of model migration. The distinction between migration and imperialism will thus be shown to have significant normative as well as descriptive value.

Algunas clínicas del superyó/ideal del yo. Reflexiones / Certaines cliniques du surmoi-idéal du moi. Réflexions / Some clinical reflections on the superego-ego ideal

El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre los desfallecimientos, hipertrofias o perversiones de la función del superyó, esencial a mi entender tanto para una buena salud psíquica como para un sano ejercicio de nuestra profesión. Pensando en los casos que presento, reflexiono sobre el riesgo que corremos los analistas de tener una ideología de la cura. En muchas ocasiones, me he encontrado con que esa ideología en mi praxis obturaba una escucha desprejuiciada. Por otro lado, he intentado pensar sobre las consecuencias de las ausencias parentales en el pasaje narcisismo ↔ Edipo, así como las consecuencias de la idealización del yo en los niños. Finalmente, este trabajo, parafraseando a Freud, es un intento de recuperación de mi neurótico. He intentado reflexionar sobre el abuso del diagnóstico de patología límite y sobre cierto abandono de las neurosis. Hay que estar preparados para la sorpresa neurótica. Incluso, estar preparados para encontrarnos reacciones a los avances del tratamiento que remedan en mucho a respuestas terapéuticas negativas sin llegar a serlo propiamente. Las respuestas del analista-terapeuta van a ser clave en la evolución de estos casos. (AU)

The aim of this paper is to reflect upon the lassitudes, hypertrophies or perversions of the superego function, essential in my view both to good psychic health and to healthy professional practice. Referring to the case material, I reflect upon the risk we run as analysts of having a particular treatment ideology. On many occasions, I have found that this ideology in my praxis has stymied unprejudiced listening. Secondly, I consider the implications of parental absences in the narcissism ↔ oedipus pathway, as well as the consequences of the idealisation of the ego in children. Finally, to paraphrase Freud, this paper is an attempt to recover my neurotic content. I have sought to reflect upon the overuse of the diagnosis of borderline pathology and indeed the neglect of the neuroses. We must be ready for the neurotic surprise. Moreover, we must be ready to encounter reactions to the progression of treatment that closely mimic negative therapeutic responses without actually being them. The responses of the analyst-therapist will be key to the progress of these cases. (AU)

Le but de cet travail c’est de réfléchir sur les défaillances, hypertrophies ou perversions des fonctions du surmoi, essentiel, à mon avis, tant pour une bonne santé psychique que pour un sain exercice de notre profession. Sur les cas que je présente, je pensé au risque que les psychanalystes courrent d’avoir une idéologie du guérison. Souvent, j’ai trouvé que cette idéologie, dans ma praxis, empêchait une écoute sans préjugés. Par ailleurs, j’ai essayé de penser aux conséquences des absences parentaux dans le passage du narcissisme à l’Œdipe ainsi que les conséquences du l’idéalisation du moi chez les enfants. Finalement, en paraphrasant Freud, ce travail est une tentative de récupération de mon névrosé. J’essaiyé de réfléchir sur l’abus de diagnostic de pathologie limite et sur un certain abandon des névroses. Il faut être préparé à la surprise névrotique. Même, être prêts à nous trouver des reactions aux progrès du traitement qui ressemblent en grand partie à des réponses thérapeutiques négatives sans arriver à l’être proprement. Les responses de l’analyste-thérapeute vont être la clé dans l’évolution de ces cas. (AU)

La doble faz del superyó / La double face du surmoi / The dual face of the superego

A través de este artículo se recorre el doble origen y el doble rostro de la instancia superyoica que, si bien es la heredera del complejo de Edipo y, como tal, reguladora del deseo e instauradora de la ética, también se sumerge en el ello e interviene en diversos grados y modos en las diferentes patologías psíquicas. Desde esta perspectiva, el pensamiento clínico y metapsicológico que sustenta este trabajo se basa en la consideración del superyó como una instancia del borde que hunde sus raíces en la prehistoria del complejo de Edipo, en su doble vertiente paterna y materna, y en el distinto peso de lo traumático en la historia del sujeto. Tomando este vértice la clínica del superyó es concebida como como una clínica del borde sujeta al concepto de analizabilidad, altamente singular, cuya tarea esencial es interrogar/cuestionar los imperativos del superyó para poder fundamentar la moral a través de la transformación del imperativo superyoico en un postulado ético como efecto de la instauración de un superyó protector. (AU)

A travers cet article nous parcourons la double origine et la double face de l’instance surmoïque qui, bien qu’elle soit l’héritière du complexe d’Œdipe et, en tant que telle, régulatrice du désir et instauratrice de l’éthique, plonge aussi dans le ça et intervient dans des degrés et modes divers dans les différentes pathologies psychiques. Partant de cette perspective, la pensée clinique et métapsychologique qui sous-tend ce travail se base sur la considération du surmoi comme une instance du bord qui enfonce ses racines dans la préhistoire du complexe d’Œdipe, dans son double versant maternel et paternel ainsi que le différent poids du traumatique dans l’histoire du sujet. Partant de ce vertex la clinique du surmoi est conçue comme une clinique du bord soumise au concept d’analysabilité, largement singulier, dont la tâche essentielle est d’interroger/questionner les impératifs du surmoi pour pouvoir justifier la morale à travers la transformation de l’impératif surmoïque dans un postulat éthique comme effet de l’instauration d’un surmoi protecteur. (AU)

This article traces the dual origin and the dual face of the superego agency. Although heir to the Oedipus complex, regulator of desire and instigator of ethics, it is also submerged within the id and intercedes in varying degrees and forms in the different mental pathologies. From this perspective, the clinical and metapsychological thought underpinning this article is based on the conception of the superego as a borderline instance rooted in the prehistory of the Oedipus complex, in its dual paternal and maternal dimension, and in the distinct weight of trauma in the subject’s history. From this vertex, the clinical approach to the superego is conceived as a borderline approach, subject to the concept of analysability, highly particular, whose essential task is to question the imperatives of the superego as the basis of morality by transforming the superego imperative into an ethical postulate, resulting from the establishment of a protective superego. (AU)

El superyó: residuo del ello y heredero del complejo de Edipo / Le surmoi: résidu du ça et héritier du complexe d’Œdipe / The superego: residue of the id and heir to the Oedipus complex

A partir de los textos freudianos y de otras aportaciones psicoanalíticas sobre el tema, se incide en la doble procedencia del superyó: como residuo del ello y como heredero del complejo de Edipo. El trabajo gira en torno a la idea de que el fracaso de la ley que impone el complejo de Edipo permite la prevalencia del yo ideal imprimiendo al superyó desmesura y tiranía. Solo la instancia simbólica, representada por el ideal del yo, limita los imperativos superyoicos en el territorio del goce, en donde el superyó se articula con el masoquismo. Dicha instancia sirve de guía imponiendo al superyó mesura y benevolencia. A través de la ópera Diesoldaten, la autora tratará de escenificar la faceta intrusiva del superyó, así como su deriva destructiva. (AU)

Based on the work of Freud and other psychoanalytic insights on the subject, the article focuses on the dual provenance of the superego: as aresidue of the id and as heir to the Oedipus complex.The central idea is that the failure of the law imposed by the Oedipus complex allows the ideal ego to prevail, by which excess and tyranny are impressed upon the superego. Only the symbolic instance, representedby the ego ideal, constrains the superego imperatives in the territory of jouissance, wherein the superego is articulated with masochism. This instance serves as a guide by imposing moderation and benevolence uponthe superego. Through the dramatic representation of the opera Die soldaten theauthor seeks to depict this intrusive facet of the superego, as well as its destructive end. (AU)

À partir des textes freudiens et d’autres apports psychanalytiquessur le sujet l’auteure focalise sur la double provenance du surmoi commerésidu du ça et comme héritier du complexe d’Œdipe. Le travail tourne autour de l’idée que l’échec de la loi qui imposele complexe d’Œdipe permet la prévalence du moi idéal en imprimantau surmoi démesure et tyrannie. Seule l’instance symbolique, représentéepar l’Idéal du moi, limite les impératifs surmoïques dans le domaine de lajouissance, où le surmoi s’articule avec le masochisme. Cette instance sertde guide en imposant au surmoi mesure et bienveillance.A travers l’opéra Die Soldaten, l’auteur essaye de mettre en scènel’aspect intrusif du surmoi, ainsi que sa dérive destructrice. (AU)

Idealización y transmisión psíquica en la adolescencia: interpretación de un evento de violencia en Chile / Idéalisation et transmission psychique à l'adolescence: interprétation d'un événement de violence au Chili / Idealização e transmissão psíquica na adolescência: interpretação de um caso de violência no Chile / Idealization and psychic transmission in adolescence: interpretation of an event of violence in Chile

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es examinar el asesinato de un joven homosexual, perpetrado en Chile en 2012, y articular este evento de violencia a los imaginarios de la sociedad chilena contemporánea y a los procesos de idealización y de transmisión psíquica. Con este objetivo, se desarrolla una interpretación teórica que vincula elaboraciones psicoanalíticas sobre el rol del superyó cultural y de la idealización durante el pasaje adolescente, y el entrecruzamiento de la dialéctica étnico-política y la dialéctica ético-moral en la Teoría de la Mediación. El vínculo propuesto resalta el poderío de los ideales sociales de dominio y de rechazo del otro sobre los procesos de apropiación subjetiva de la adolescencia. Así, se propone un acercamiento a este evento de violencia que busca entretejer los procesos psíquicos e interpsíquicos de la adolescencia y los procesos de subjetivación constitutivos de la experiencia social de los adolescentes y jóvenes del Chile actual.

Résumé L'objectif de cet article est d'examiner le meurtre d'un jeune homosexuel perpétré au Chili en 2012 et d'articuler cet événement de violence aux imaginaires de la société chilienne contemporaine et aux processus d'idéalisation et de transmission psychique. Dans ce but, une interprétation théorique est développée qui relie les élaborations psychanalytiques sur le rôle du surmoi culturel et de l'idéalisation au cours du passage adolescent et le croisement de la dialectique ethno-politique et de la dialectique éthique-morale dans la Théorie de la Médiation. Le lien proposé met en évidence le pouvoir des idéaux sociaux de domination et de rejet de l'autre sur les processus d'appropriation subjective de l'adolescence. Donc, il est proposé une approche de cet événement de violence qui cherche à entrelacer les processus psychiques et interpsychiques de l'adolescence et les processus de subjectivation qui constituent l'expérience sociale des adolescents et des jeunes au Chili actuel.

Resumo Este artigo se propõe a analisar o homicídio de um jovem homossexual, fato ocorrido no Chile em 2012, e articular este evento de violência com certos imaginários da sociedade chilena contemporânea, bem como aos processos de idealização e transmissão psíquica. A partir desse objetivo, desenvolver-se-á uma interpretação teórica vinculada a elaborações psicanalíticas sobre o papel do superego cultural e da idealização durante a fase adolescente, fazendo também um intercruzamento entre a dialética étnico-política e a dialética ético-moral, na Teoria da Mediação. A referida perspectiva destaca uma maior incidência dos ideais sociais de controle e exclusão do outro sobre os processos de apropriação subjetiva da adolescência. Dessa forma, intenta-se uma aproximação a este caso violento, buscando tecer um emaranhado de processos psíquicos e interpsíquicos da adolescência e os processos de subjetivação constitutivos da experiência social de adolescentes e jovens no Chile de agora.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the murder of a young homosexual committed in Chile in 2012 and analyze this event of violence in relation to the imaginaries of contemporary Chilean society and to the processes of idealization and psychic transmission. With this objective we develop a theoretical interpretation that associates psychoanalytic elaborations on the role of the cultural superego and of idealization during the adolescent passage and the interrelation between the ethnical-political dialectic and the ethical-moral dialectic in the Theory of Mediation. The proposed association highlights the power of the social ideals of control and rejection of the other on the processes of subjective appropriation of adolescence. Thus, we propose an approach to this event of violence that seeks to interrelate the psychic and interpsychic processes of adolescence and the subjectivation processes that constitute the social experience, of the adolescents and young people of today's Chile.

Notas sobre a psicanálise no Sul do Brasil / Notes on psychoanalysis in Southern Brazil / Notas sobre el psicoanálisis en el Sur de Brasil / Remarques concernant la psychanalyse dans le sud du Brésil

O autor apresenta sua visão sobre a história da psicanálise no Rio Grande do Sul desde a década de 1970 até os dias de hoje, período de sua formação médica, psiquiátrica e psicanalítica. Descreve também um pequeno levantamento que realizou com colegas brasileiros, concluindo que talvez no Brasil possamos falar de uma psicanálise pós-colonial, "mestiça", que está buscando sua identidade em um processo paralelo ao do nosso país na contemporaneidade. Processo que implica a desidealização do estrangeiro e a recuperação do valor do nosso.

The author presents his perception of the history of psychoanalysis in Rio Grande do Sul from the 1970s to the present date, the period in which he carried out his medical, psychiatric and psychoanalytic training. He also describes a brief survey he conducted with Brazilian colleagues, concluding that perhaps in Brazil we could speak of a post-colonial, "mestizo" psychoanalysis; one which is seeking its identity in the contemporary world, along with that of our country. It is a process that implies de-idealizing what is foreign and recovering a value of our own.

El autor presenta su visión sobre la historia del psicoanálisis en Rio Grande do Sul desde la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad, período de su formación médica, psiquiátrica y psicoanalítica. Describe un pequeño levantamiento que realizó con colegas brasileños, concluyendo que tal vez en Brasil, podamos hablar de un psicoanálisis poscolonial, "mestizo", que está buscando su identidad en un proceso paralelo al de nuestro país en la contemporaneidad. Proceso este que resulta en no idealizar lo extranjero y la recuperación del valor de lo nuestro.

L'auteur présente son avis concernant l'histoire de la psychanalyse au Rio Grande do Sul, des années 1970 à nos jours, soit la période correspondant à sa formation en médicine, psychiatrie et psychanalyse. Il décrit aussi un petit relèvement qu'il a réuni auprès des collègues brésiliens, et en conclut qu'au Brésil nous pouvons peut-être parler d'une psychanalyse postcoloniale, "métisse" qui cherche son identité dans un processus parallèle à celui de notre pays dans la contemporanéité. Un processus qui implique la non idéalisation de l'étranger et la récupération de la valeur de ce qui nous appartient.

The wrong side of history.

Psychoanalysis (including analytical psychology), once a pioneering and forward-looking movement of the early 20th century has now become a conservative backward-looking 'tradition'. After considering some of the internal problems associated with this historical change such as idealization and tribalism, some ways forward are suggested - a focus on clinical excellence as practical craft, openness to the unknown and engagement with others beyond the confines of private practice.

Self-disclosure, trauma and the pressures on the analyst.

This paper argues that self-disclosure is intimately related to traumatic experience and the pressures on the analyst not to re-traumatize the patient or repeat traumatic dynamics. The paper gives a number of examples of such pressures and outlines the difficulties the analyst may experience in adopting an analytic attitude - attempting to stay as closely as possible with what the patient brings. It suggests that self-disclosure may be used to try to disconfirm the patient's negative sense of themselves or the analyst, or to try to induce a positive sense of self or of the analyst which, whilst well-meaning, may be missing the point and may be prolonging the patient's distress. Examples are given of staying with the co-construction of the traumatic early relational dynamics and thus working through the traumatic complex; this attitude is compared and contrasted with some relational psychoanalytic attitudes.

O dilema de Salieri: contraponto entre inveja e apreço / Salieri's dilemma: counterpoint between envy and appreciation

Tomando como ponto de partida os conceitos kleinianos de 1957, este artigo põe em destaque algumas características da inveja que ainda não foram levadas em consideração pela psicanálise. Klein descreve o conflito entre a inveja e a gratidão como algo inerente ao ser humano; ela sugere uma interessante conexão entre a inveja e a admiração, mas sua teoria nunca desenvolveu essa ideia. A hipótese que apresentamos neste trabalho é a existência de uma intolerância específica ­ relacionada à inveja ­ da capacidade de alguém de reconhecer os aspectos meritórios do objeto. Essa situação leva ao paradoxo de que a capacidade que permite ao paciente apreciar as qualidades boas do objeto é, ao mesmo tempo, fonte de dor insuportável. A capacidade de reconhecer os aspectos bons do objeto ­ percebidos ou atribuídos pela identificação projetiva ­ não pode ser aceita como um aspecto meritório do self e é considerada uma prova da falta de valor do self. Acreditamos que a descrição dessa intolerância em relação ao apreço admirativo introduz uma mudança no entendimento da idealização considerada como uma simples defesa contra a inveja, enriquecendo o conflito expresso no imediatismo da transferência ­ contratransferência(AU)

Taking as its starting point Klein's concepts of 1957, this paper stresses certain characteristics of envy that have not yet been taken into account in psychoanalysis. Klein described the conflict between envy and gratitude as inherent in the human being; she suggested an interesting link between envy and admiration, but never developed this idea in her theory. The hypothesis that we put forward in this paper is the existence of a particular intolerance ­ related to envy­ of one's own capacity to recognise the valuable aspects of the object. This situation leads to the paradox that the same faculty that allows the patient to appreciate the good qualities of the object is at the same time the source of unbearable pain. The capacity to recognise the good aspects of the object ­ whether they are perceived or attributed by projective identication ­ cannot be accepted as a valuable aspect of the self and is taken as a proof of the self's unworthiness. We think that the description of this intolerance towards admirative appreciation introduces a change in the understanding of idealisation simply as a defence against envy and enriches the conflict expressed in the immediacy of the transference countertransference(AU)

Tomando como punto de partida los conceptos kleinianos de 1957, en este artículo se resaltan algunas características de la envidia que el psicoanálisis aún no ha tenido en cuenta. Klein describe el conflicto entre la envidia y la gratitud como algo inherente al ser humano y sugiere una interesante conexión entre la envidia y la admiración, pero, en su teoría, nunca desarrolló esa última idea. La hipótesis que presentamos en este trabajo es la de la existencia de una intolerancia específica ­ relacionada a la envidia ­ de la capacidad de alguien de reconocer aspectos valiosos del objeto. Esta situación conduce a la paradoja de que la misma facultad que le permite al paciente apreciar las cualidades buenas del objeto es, al mismo tiempo, una fuente de dolor insoportable. La capacidad de reconocer los aspectos buenos del objeto -percibidos o atribuidos por identificación proyectiva ­ no se puede aceptar como un aspecto valioso del self y se considera una prueba de la falta de valor del self. Pensamos que la descripción de dicha intolerancia con respecto al aprecio admirativo introduce un cambio en el entendimiento de la idealización considerada simplemente como una defensa contra la envidia y enriquece el conflicto que se expresa en el inmediatismo de la transferencia-contratransferencia(AU)

Dar a mão: para além do gesto / Providing help: going beyond gestures / Tendre la main: bien plus qu’un geste / Dar la mano: más allá del gesto / Die Hand halten: jenseits der Geste / 伸出援助之手：超越手势之外

Este trabalho baseia-se no atendimento psicanalítico de um paciente pelo breve período de três meses. Como emergiram instigantes questões ao longo do atendimento, mas em especial após o trágico desfecho, neste artigo é apresentado um esboço compreensivo e metapsicológico acerca de importantes e cruciais questões do desenvolvimento primitivo. As articulações teórico-clínicas constituem construtos e hipóteses a partir de uma relação analítica limitada no tempo, porém inspiradora de muitas reflexões e elaborações por parte do psicanalista.

This study is based on the psychoanalytical care of a patient for a brief three-month period. Since thought-provoking questions emerged during this period of care, and especially after its tragic outcome, this paper presents a comprehensive and meta-psychological outline concerning important and crucial early human development issues. The theoretical and clinical connections represent constructs and hypotheses that are based on an analytical relationship that is limited in time, but that has inspired many reflections and formulations by psychoanalysts.

Ce travail s’intéresse à la prise en charge psychanalytique d’un patient pendant une brève période de trois mois. Du fait de l’émergence de questions suscitant la réflexion au cours de la prise en charge, mais surtout après l’issue tragique, on présentera dans cet article un aperçu global et métapsychologique des questions importantes et cruciales liées au développement précoce. Les articulations théoriques et cliniques constituent des constructions et des hypothèses basées sur une relation analytique limitée dans le temps, mais donnant néanmoins lieu à maintes réflexions et élaborations de la part du psychanalyste.

Este trabajo se basa en la atención psicoanalítica de un paciente durante un breve período de tres meses. Como surgieron preguntas intrigantes a lo largo de la atención, especialmente después del trágico desenlace, en este artículo se presenta un esbozo comprensivo y metapsicológico sobre importantes y cruciales preguntas relacionadas al desarrollo primitivo. Las articulaciones teórico-clínicas componen constructos e hipótesis a partir de una relación analítica limitada en el tiempo, que aun así inspira muchas reflexiones y elaboraciones por parte del psicoanalista.

Die vorliegende Arbeit basiert auf der psychoanalytischen Betreuung eines Patienten während einer kurzen Frist von drei Monaten. Da jedoch während der Behandlung anregende Fragen auftraten, insbesondere aufgrund des tragischen Ergebnisses dieser Betreuung, bietet der vorliegende Artikel eine umfassende und metapsychologische Darstellung der wichtigen und entscheidenden Fragen der primitiven Entwicklung. Die theoretisch-klinischen Artikulierungen münden in Konstrukte und Hypothesen, die das Produkt dieser zeitlimitierten analytischen Beziehung sind. Diese stellt sich jedoch für den Psychoanalytiker als inspirierende Quelle weiterer Überlegungen und Betrachtungen heraus.

本论文根据对患者进行三个月的短期精神分析治疗。在治疗过程中出现了一些非常有意义的问题，特别是在发生悲剧之后。本论文提出了一个关于病情早期发展的关键问题的全面性，宏观心理学概述。本文在分析和假设基础上对一个病例提出一些理论—临床方面结论，希冀这些结论对精神分析学家有所启发。.

Working in the borderland: early relational trauma and Fordham's analysis of 'K'.

This paper outlines a view of early relational trauma as underlying borderline states of mind, and argues that Knox's paper on internal working models and the complex provides a basis for understanding such states of mind. The author argues that in addition to internal working models, the complex also embodies and contains primitive defences of the core self. He outlines how these apply on the objective, subjective, transference and archetypal levels, and in direct and reversed forms and applies this to the account of Fordham's analysis of his patient 'K', which ended in impasse. The paper explores the dynamic that emerged in that analysis and suggests that it could be helpfully accounted for in terms of the co-construction and re-construction of early relational trauma in the analytic relationship.

A idealização das origens entre os imigrados ou exilados: a dupla função de manutenção da identidade e de aculturação / The idealization of origins among immigrants or exiled: the double function of maintaining identity and acculturation

Com freqüência, entre as populações emigradas ou exiladas, constata-se que a idealização do passado, das origens e do país natal se instala e se acentua à medida que se dá a integração dos indivíduos dessa população na sociedade que os acolhe. Assim, à proporção que perdem sua língua, seus hábitos e seus costumes para assumir os da sociedade que os acolheu, eles constroem símbolos comuns e elaboram uma imagem idealizada das suas origens. Essa diferenciação progressiva do ideal das origens em relação à realidade vivida facilita a aculturação na nova sociedade, permitindo-lhes conservar uma especificidade identitária. É esta elaboração do ideal e sua emancipação das realidades cotidianas que serão abordadas aqui.

In the case of emigrated or exiled individuals, the idealization of origins often becomes more marked in the beginning of the integration of these individuals in the host society. Thus, as they lose their language, their customs, to take those of the society of reception, they elaborate an idealized image of their past. This progressive differentiation between the idealized past and the actual reality facilitates the acculturation in the host society and at the same time allows for the preservation of their specific identity. It is this elaboration of the ideal and its emancipation of the daily realities, which will be approached here.

Souvent, dans des populations émigrées ou exilées, on constate que l’idéalisation du passé, des origines, du pays natal se met en place et s’accentue au fur et à mesure de l’intégration des individus de cette population dans la société d’accueil. Ainsi, au fur et à mesure qu’ils perdent leur langue, leurs habitudes, leurs coutumes… pour prendre celles de la société d’accueil, ils construisent des symboles communs et élaborent une image idéalisée de leurs origines. Cette différenciation progressive de l’idéal des origines par rapport à la réalité vécue facilite l’acculturation dans la société d’accueil tout en permettant à ces individus de conserver une spécificité identitaire. C’est cette élaboration de l’idéal et son émancipation des réalités quotidiennes qui seront abordées ici.