ABSTRACT
Devices based on lateral flow assay (LFA) have been gaining more and more space in the detection market mainly due to their simplicity, speed, and low cost. These devices have excellent sensing format versatility and make these strips an ideal choice for field applications. The COVID-19 pandemic boosted the democratization of this method as a "point of care testing" (POCT), and the trend is that these devices become protagonists for the monitoring of pesticides in the environment. However, designing LFA devices for detecting and monitoring pesticides in the environment is still a challenge. This is because analytes are small molecules and have only one antigenic determinant, which makes it difficult to apply direct immunoassays. Furthermore, most LFA devices provide only qualitative or semi-quantitative results and have a limited number of applications in multi-residue analysis. Here, we present the state of the art on the use of LFA in the environmental monitoring of pesticides. Based on well-documented results, we review all available LFA formats and strategies for pesticide detection, which may have important implications for the future of monitoring pesticides in the environment. The main advances, challenges, and perspectives of these devices for a direction in this field of study are also presented.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pesticides , Humans , Immunoassay/methods , Pandemics , Point-of-Care TestingABSTRACT
El presente es un estudio de tipo descriptivo no experimental para determinar sangre oculta de heces (SOH) en población aparentemente sana. La presencia de SOH, puede estar relacionada con varias causas, como gastritis, úlcera péptica o duodenal, parasitosis intestinal, sangrado de encías o cáncer colorectal. Se analizaron 1093 muestras de heces fecales provenientes de estudiantes que cursaban la cátedra de Anatomía y Fisiología de la FCFB de la UMSA y su entorno familiar. Utilizando el método inmunocromatográfico (SUMASOHF), todos los investigadores que participaron fueron capacitados para realizar el análisis. Las muestras se procesaron, por duplicado y aquellas que dieron resultado positivo, se procesaron nuevamente. Los resultados se analizaron con el programa estadístico SPSS 22. Se encontró presencia de SOH en el 16,1% de todas las muestras procesadas. El porcentaje de casos positivos de SOH fue ligeramente superior en el género masculino y en el grupo etario de 61-80 años. En el grupo de fumadores se reveló un 24.50% de casos positivos y un 19.20% en las personas que declararon consumir bebidas alcohólicas. También se consideraron otras causas de SOH, como la insuficiencia cardiaca, la gastritis, la ingestión de medicamentos como la aspirina y el ibuprofeno. A todos los casos que dieron positivo de SOH, se recomendó consultar con su médico para realizar otros exámenes más específicos. En conclusión la pérdida de sangre por heces fecales es un problema, que puede pasar desapercibido por la ausencia de sintomatología; por lo tanto, sugerimos que esta prueba sea incluida en la evaluación rutinaria de pacientes.
A descriptive, non-experimental study was carried out to determine the presence of fecal occult blood (SOH) considering its relation with the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer. We analyzed 1093 fecal samples from students who were in the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology of the FCFB of UMSA and their family environment. Using the immunochromatographic method (SUMASOHF), all the researchers who participated were trained to perform the analysis. The samples were processed in the laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology, using a inmunocromatographic metod, (SUMASOHF). The investigatours were trained to perform the test and the samples were processed with the supervision of the professors. All samples were processed in duplicate and all positive samples were reprocessed. All results were registrated in the correspondy datasheet. The data were analysed using the a statistical program SPSS 22. We found presence of fecal occult blood in 16.1 % of the samples. The percentage of positive cases of SOH in the male gender was slightly higher compared to the number of positive cases was higher in goner of 61 to 80 age group. In the group of smokers revealed a 24.50% of positive cases and 19.20% in the group that consumes alcohol. Other causes of SOH were also investigated such as heart failure, gastritis, ingestion of drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen. In some cases, no probable cause of bleeding was found. It was recommended to all participant with a positive test, consult their doctors for more specific diagnosis. Here were concluded that stool blood loss is a problem, which is ignored since there is absence of symptomatology, therefore, we suggest that this test be included in the routine evaluation of patients.