[The current state of healthcare provision: Between inequalities in access to care and new systemic measures]. / État des lieux de l'offre de soins : entre inégalités d'accès aux soins et nouvelles mesures systémiques.

Although France's healthcare system is rich in multi-faceted skills, both in the community and in hospitals, and implemented by a range of medical, paramedical and medico-social professionals, it is no longer able to meet the health needs of all. Today, these social inequalities in health require us to rethink our policies and redesign existing systems, in order to develop new alternatives that will make quality care and health maintenance accessible to all.

[From social medicine to the management of precariousness in health]. / De la médecine sociale à la prise en charge de la précarité en santé.

A review of the history leading from the creation of social medicine to the management of precariousness in the health field. We will define the main concepts (precariousness, poverty, social inequalities in health) and indicate the main barriers to access to care for people in precarious situations. Finally, we will give some guidelines for the healthcare community in order to improve care.

[Intersectionality to better understand women's health issues]. / L'intersectionnalité pour mieux comprendre la problématique de la santé des femmes.

Intersectionality, a theory for understanding women's health issue. Intersectionality offers the possibility of holistic analyzes to understand and act on women's health issue. It facilitates the exploration of the different dimensions of social inequalities in health, which are both at the level of institutions and of the individual experiences of people who live at the intersection of multiple dimensions of domination and power.

[Socio-professional life after cancer]. / La vie socioprofessionnelle après un cancer.

The occurrence of cancer can create or increase social inequalities, particularly because of its consequences on employment. The first results of a large French prospective cohort on the return to work of women after breast cancer show the importance of the support of these patients by health professionals, and in particular by nurses.

Open Secrets: Silence, Suppression, and Memory in the History of Canada's 1918-20 Influenza Pandemic.

For several decades, the 1918-20 global influenza outbreak has been called "the forgotten pandemic." Although recent scholarly and public interest in the pandemic has complicated the narrative of forgetting, the label has stuck. Highlighting historical evidence of influenza's long-term impact upon survivors, family, and community in Canada, the flu stories presented here, diverse in form and content, verify that a key question in pandemic influenza history is not whether the pandemic was forgotten or remembered, but by whom, and in what ways, it has been suppressed - or foregrounded. By moving beyond the classic epidemic plot line, with beginning, middle, and end, historians can find new methodologies and evidence with which to more fully understand the influenza pandemic's unfolding intersection with colonialism, war, social inequality, and labour struggles in the 20th century.

Systemic Racism in Canadian Occupational Therapy: A Qualitative Study with Therapists.

Background. Research on racism within occupational therapy is scant, though there are hints that racialized therapists struggle. Purpose. This paper examines experiences of racism in occupational therapy, including coping strategies and resistance. Method. Ten therapists from racialized groups (not including Indigenous peoples) were recruited for cross-Canada, in-person or telephone interviews. Transcripts were coded and inductively analysed, with data thematically organized by types of racism and responses. Findings. Interpersonal racism involving clients, students, colleagues and managers is supported by institutional racism when incidents of racism are met with inaction, and racialized therapists are rarely in leadership roles. Structural racism means the experiences of racialized people are negated within the profession. Cognitive sense-making becomes a key coping strategy, especially when resistance is costly. Implications. Peer supports and community building among racialized therapists may be beneficial, but dismantling structures of racism demands interrogating how whiteness is built into business-as-usual in occupational therapy.

Can a structural leg length discrepancy contribute to persistent concussion symptoms? A case report.

In the past several years, concussions and post-concussion syndrome (PCS) have become more commonly recognized conditions. However, with limited physiological explanation for post-concussion syndrome, there is also limited evidence supporting effective treatment. The vestibular system plays a role in postural reflexes and coordinated eye and cervical spine movements and is often disrupted in patients with prolonged concussion symptoms. This disruption has contributed to some of the most debilitating symptoms in PCS patients including dizziness, nausea, and balance deficits. Ongoing, post-concussion, vestibulo-ocular/cervical-ocular disruption due to an underlying structural leg length discrepancy as a contributing factor has not been previously described in the literature. A case of PCS with initial conservative treatment of their structural leg length discrepancy and subsequent vestibulo-ocular/cervical-ocular rehabilitation is presented.

Au cours des dernières années, les commotions cérébrales et le syndrome post-commotion cérébrale (SPC) sont devenus des problèmes de santé plus couramment reconnus. Cependant, l'explication physiologique du syndrome post-commotion cérébrale étant limitée, les preuves d'un traitement efficace sont également limitées. Le système vestibulaire, qui joue un rôle dans les réflexes posturaux et les mouvements coordonnés des yeux et de la colonne cervicale, est souvent perturbé chez les patients présentant des symptômes de commotion prolongés. Cette perturbation a contribué à certains des symptômes les plus débilitants chez les patients atteints de SPC, notamment des vertiges, des nausées et des déficits d'équilibre. Une perturbation vestibulo-oculaire/cervico-oculaire continue, post-commotion cérébrale, due à une différence structurelle sous-jacente de longueur de jambe comme facteur contributif n'a pas été décrite précédemment dans les documents scientifiques. Nous présentons un cas de SPC avec un traitement conservateur initial de la différence structurelle de longueur de jambe et une réadaptation vestibulo-oculaire/cervico-oculaire ultérieure.

Vozes negras / Black voices / Voces negras / Voix noires

O artigo objetiva suscitar reflexões críticas sobre o racismo estrutural e institucional no contexto das instituições psicanalíticas, uma vez que verificamos a ausência quase absoluta da população negra nestes ambientes, apesar do número expressivo de afrodescendentes no território brasileiro. Pretende igualmente interrogar como essas instituições têm se mobilizado a respeito desse tema e do debate, cada vez mais necessários, considerando a urgência dessa discussão e de ações que garantam o acesso deste grupo social população negra à formação psicanalítica. O texto visa sobretudo estimular os psicanalistas a repararem a desigualdade que vem se perpetuando, ao longo do processo histórico dessas instituições, ocasionado pelo apagamento e silenciamento sobre o tema.

The article aims to raise critical reflections on structural and institutional racism in the context of psychoanalytic institutions, since we verified the almost absolute absence of the black population in these environments, despite the expressive number of Afro-descendants in the Brazilian territory. It also intends to question how these institutions have mobilized about this theme and the debate, which are increasingly necessary, considering the urgency of this discussion and actions that guarantee the access of this social group of black population to psychoanalytic training. The text aims above all to encourage psychoanalysts to repair the inequality that has been perpetuated throughout the historical process of these institutions, caused by the erasure and silence on the subject.

El artículo tiene como objetivo plantear reflexiones críticas sobre el racismo estructural e institucional en el contexto de las instituciones psicoanalíticas, ya que constatamos la ausencia casi absoluta de la población negra en estos entornos, a pesar del expresivo número de afrodescendientes en el territorio brasileño. También se pretende cuestionar cómo estas instituciones se han movilizado sobre este tema y el debate, que son cada vez más necesarios, considerando la urgencia de esta discusión y acciones que garanticen el acceso de este grupo social de población negra a la formación psicoanalítica. El texto pretende sobre todo animar a los psicoanalistas a reparar la desigualdad que se ha perpetuado a lo largo del proceso histórico de estas instituciones, provocada por el borrado y silencio sobre el tema.

L'article vise à soulever des réflexions critiques sur le racisme structurel et institutionnel dans le contexte des institutions psychanalytiques, puisque nous avons vérifié l'absence presque absolue de la population noire dans ces environnements, malgré le nombre expressif d'afro-descendants sur le territoire brésilien. Il entend également interroger comment ces institutions se sont mobilisées autour de cette thématique et du débat, de plus en plus nécessaires, compte tenu de l'urgence de cette réflexion et des actions qui garantissent l'accès de ce groupe social de population noire à la formation psychanalytique. Le texte vise avant tout à inciter les psychanalystes à réparer l'inégalité qui s'est perpétuée tout au long du processus historique de ces institutions, causée par l'effacement et le silence sur le sujet.

[Work, family, resources and unequal levels of psychological distress between working men and working women : vulnerability or gendered expression of stress?] / Inégalité de détresse psychologique entre les hommes et les femmes en emploi : vulnérabilité ou expression genrée du stress?

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to compare the vulnerability hypothesis and the expression hypothesis to explain a greater level of psychological distress among working women than among working men. METHOD: The two hypotheses were contrasted by integrating work stressors, family stressors, work-family conflicts and psychosocial resources. The conceptual models were tested by using multilevel path analyses on 2026 employees in Quebec (Canada) based in 63 work establishments. RESULTS: Results partially supported both hypotheses. According to the vulnerability hypothesis, single parenting, child-related problems and self-esteem were indirectly involved in the variation of psychological distress among women through family-to-work, otherwise known as work-family conflict. According to the expression hypothesis, although family-to-work conflict was closely associated with more psychological distress among women, this stressor was also closely associated with higher at-risk alcohol consumption among men. Couple-related problems and a sense of control likewise played a role in the expression mechanism through family-to-work conflict. CONCLUSION: These results underline the importance of considering that gender contributes to mental health inequalities through multiple mechanisms. They also call for a distinction between the two directions of work-family conflict as gendered mediators.

[Cognitive aging apart from dementia]. / Le vieillissement cognitif en dehors de la démence.

Cognitive aging apart dementia results from different genetic programming, different according to individuals. The aging of the various cognitive and very heterogeneous cognitive functions largely depends on the life course of each person. Social factors, in particular the environment in which a person lives, may or may not accelerate the processes of cognitive aging. The slower processing speeds of information from the environment, practical or strategic new acquisitions, and the difficult management of multiple tasks, reflect an age-related hypofrontality. Physical and mental health, social and relational well-being participate in good cognitive aging. Exploration of the different facets of cognitive aging shows its complexity.

[Gender and health: what are we talking about?] / Genre et santé : de quoi parle-t-on ?

In terms of health, women and men are not on equal footing. Not only due to biological factors, but also in the social, cultural and economic realms. Gender bias influences medical practice, research, teaching and behaviour of both caregivers and patients. This bias results in situations of inequality as well as gender discrimination in access to health and medical care. Taking gender into account in matters of health is a major bioethical issue.

[Refusing care: a gender thing?] / Le renoncement aux soins, une affaire de genre ?

Quantitative surveys reveal that a greater number of women than men report that they refuse care. This article presents three complementary approaches to gender which examine this disparity and allow us to think about the differences between men and women when it comes to health in a more complex way. These approaches are also useful for considering the conditions for equal access to healthcare for everyone.

Implementação de políticas educacionais e equidade: regulação e mediação / Implementación de políticas educacionales y equidad: regulación y mediación / La mise en oeuvre de politiques éducatives et équité: régulation et médiation / Implementation of educational policies and equity: regulation and mediation

Resumo Este artigo discute o modelo de regulação de duas iniciativas de justiça como equidade na escola. Referências sobre implementação de políticas públicas, ação pública e regulação dos sistemas de ensino geraram categorias a priori. Os dados analisados vieram de entrevistas com dirigentes, gestores e professores. Sua interpretação baseou-se na análise de conteúdo. Conclui-se que as duas iniciativas são regidas por modelos de regulação similares, instituindo vigilância sobre ações e interações dos dirigentes e agentes implementadores, mesclando medidas educativas dos tipos burocrático e pós-burocrático. Esse modelo incorpora instrumentos, técnicas e ferramentas que implicam os atores nos objetivos prescritos, na presença de tensões, denotando capacidade de incidir nas práticas cotidianas.

Resumen Este artículo discute el modelo de regulación de dos iniciativas de justicia como equidad en la escuela. Referencias sobre implementación de políticas públicas, acción pública y regulación de los sistemas de enseñanza, generaron categorías a priori. Los datos analizados vinieron de entrevistas a dirigentes, gestores y profesores. Su interpretación se basó en el análisis del contenido. Se concluye que las dos iniciativas son regidas por modelos de regulación similares, instituyendo vigilancia sobre acciones e interacciones de los dirigentes y agentes implementadores, mezclando medidas educativas de los tipos burocrático y postburocrático. Ese modelo incorpora instrumentos, técnicas y herramientas que implican los actores en los objetivos prescritos, en la presencia de tensiones, denotando capacidad de incidir en las prácticas cotidianas.

Résumé Cet article traite du modèle de régulation de deux initiatives de justice visant l'équité à l'école. Des références concernant la mise en œuvre de politiques publiques, de l'action publique et de la réglementation des systèmes éducatifs ont généré des catégories a priori. Les données analysées proviennent d'entretiens avec des dirigeants, des gestionnaires et des enseignants. L'interprétation s´appuye l'analyse de contenu. La conclusion est que les deux initiatives sont régies par des modèles de régulations similaires qui établissent un contrôle sur les actions et les interactions des dirigeants et des agents de l'exécution, en associant des mesures éducatives bureaucratiques et post-bureaucratiques. Ce modèle intègre des instruments, des techniques et des outils qui impliquent les acteurs dans les objectifs prescrits, même en présence de tensions, ce qui indique sa capacité d'affecter les pratiques quotidiennes.

Abstract The present article addresses the regulation model of two Law initiatives as equity in school environment. References about the implementation of public policies and actions, and the regulation of teaching systems account for the generation of categories, a priori. The assessed data were collected during interviews carried out with school principals, managers and teachers. Data interpretation was based on content analysis. In conclusion, both initiatives were guided by similar regulation models, they lied on monitoring the actions and interactions of school principals and implementation agents by mixing bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic education measures. These models encompass instruments, techniques and tools that imply actors' involvement in the prescribed goals and in solving distress cases to highlight their ability to influence daily routines.

Background familiar, retornos da educação e desigualdade racial no brasil / Background familiar, retornos de la educación y desigualdad racial en brasil / Contexte familial, taux de rendement de léducation et inégalité raciale au brésil / Family background, returns to education and racial inequality in brazil

Resumo Este trabalho analisa o efeito do background familiar sobre os rendimentos do trabalho e sobre os retornos da escolaridade no Brasil, comparando os resultados obtidos por brancos e negros. São estimadas equações de rendimento com dados de 1996 e 2014 da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad/IBGE), adotando- -se a escolaridade dos pais do trabalhador como proxy de seu background familiar. Os resultados mostram que ter um diploma universitário tem efeito pronunciado sobre os rendimentos, porém em menor magnitude para os negros. Entre 1996 e 2014, apesar de ter ocorrido uma diminuição do efeito diploma, bem como do diferencial salarial entre brancos e negros, não houve redução da importância do background familiar para o desempenho dos indivíduos no mercado de trabalho.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el efecto del background familiar sobre los ingresos laborales y las tasas de rendimiento de la escolaridad en Brasil, comparando los resultados obtenidos por blancos y negros. Se calculan ecuaciones de salarios con datos de 1996 y 2014 de la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad/IBGE), adoptándose la escolaridad de los padres del trabajador como proxy de su contexto familiar. Se verificó que el hecho de poseer un diploma universitario ocasiona efectos pronunciados sobre la remuneración, pero con menor magnitud en el caso de los negros. Entre 1996 y 2014, a pesar de observarse la disminución del efecto diploma, así como la diferencia salarial entre blancos y negros, no hubo reducción de la importancia del background familiar para el desempeño de los individuos en el mercado laboral.

Résumé Cet article examine l'effet du contexte familial sur les revenus de travail et sur le aux rendement de l'éducation au Brésil, dans la comparaison des résultats des travailleurs noirs et blancs. À cette fin, des équations de revenus sont estimées a partir des données de la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad/IBGE). La scolarisation des parents est utilisée comme proxy du contexte familial. Les résultats montrent que le diplôme universitaire augmente substantiellement les rémunérations, bien que de façon moins prononcée chez les travailleurs noirs. Entre 1996 et 2014, malgré la chute dans l'effet diplôme ainsi que dans l'écart de salaires entre blancs et noirs, l'importance du contexte familial sur la performance des individus au marché du travail n'a pas décliné.

Abstract This paper analyzes the effect of family background on earnings from labor and on returns to education in Brazil, comparing results from white and black workers. We estimate earnings equations using cross-sectional data from the 1996 and 2014 National Household Sample Survey (Pnad/IBGE); parents' education is used as a proxy for family background. Our findings show that having a university degree significantly increases labor earnings, but less so for the blacks. Although the diploma effect and the racial wage gap decreased over the 1996-2014 period, there was no decrease in the influence of family background on individuals' performance in the job market.

[Nursing students, key players in health services]. / Les étudiants en soins infirmiers, acteurs clés du service sanitaire.

The health service, which came into effect in September 2018, concerns all health-care students. Nursing students were among the first to get involved in nursing fields in a variety of settings where the population could get involved in raising awareness of healthy behaviours. A group of nursing students from a school in Île-de-France attests to their involvement in this innovation.

Economic impacts of chronic conditions in a country with high levels of population health coverage: lessons from Mongolia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) on household out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses, catastrophic health payments and medical impoverishment in Mongolia, a middle-income country with a high population health insurance coverage rate. METHODS: Secondary data analysis of the Mongolian Household Socioeconomic Survey with 12 840 households, including information on standard of living, OOP spending, and health conditions of household members. Measures of catastrophic spending and medical impoverishment were constructed for Mongolia. The association of medical impoverishment and catastrophic spending with a range of socioeconomic and demographic covariates and health conditions was assessed using multiple regression models. RESULTS: OOP health spending contributed to an 8% increase in the incidence of poverty in Mongolia. The impoverishment associated with medical expenses is concentrated in the poorer quintiles, indicating some deepening of poverty among the already poor. Households with a member affected by NCDs and with multiple morbidities were more likely to experience catastrophic spending and medical impoverishment than those with infectious diseases. The main drivers of the financial distress were expenditures incurred for outpatient services, including for diagnostics and drugs. CONCLUSION: Despite high rates of population health insurance coverage, health expenditures have substantial impoverishing effects in Mongolia, with the impacts being greater among households containing individuals with chronic conditions. Addressing the goal of universal health coverage (UHC) in Mongolia needs attention to the depth of coverage, especially for expenditures on outpatient care and medicines, and targeting the poor effectively.

OBJECTIF: Analyser l'impact des maladies non transmissibles (MNT) sur les dépenses directes des ménages, les paiements de santé catastrophiques et l'appauvrissement médical en Mongolie, un pays à revenu intermédiaire avec un taux élevé de couverture d'assurance santé de sa population. MÉTHODES: Analyse secondaire des données de l'enquête socioéconomique sur les ménages mongols auprès de 12.840 ménages, y compris des informations sur le niveau de vie, les dépenses directes et les conditions de santé des membres du ménage. Des mesures des dépenses catastrophiques et de l'appauvrissement médical ont été élaborées pour la Mongolie. L'association entre l'appauvrissement médical et les dépenses catastrophiques à une gamme de covariables socioéconomiques et démographiques et de conditions de santé a été évaluée à l'aide de modèles de régression multiple. RÉSULTATS: Les dépenses directes de santé contribuaient à une augmentation de 8% de l'incidence de la pauvreté en Mongolie. L'appauvrissement associé aux dépenses médicales est concentré dans les quintiles les plus pauvres, ce qui indique une aggravation de la pauvreté chez ceux déjà pauvres. Les ménages avec un des membres atteint de MNT et avec des morbidités multiples sont plus susceptibles de connaître des dépenses catastrophiques et un appauvrissement médical que ceux souffrant de maladies infectieuses. Les principales causes de la crise financière étaient les dépenses engagées pour les services ambulatoires, notamment les diagnostics et les médicaments. CONCLUSION: Malgré des taux élevés de couverture de l'assurance santé de la population, les dépenses de santé ont des effets appauvrissants considérables en Mongolie, les impacts étant plus importants pour les ménages comptant des personnes atteintes de maladies chroniques. Pour atteindre l'objectif de la couverture santé universelle (CSU) en Mongolie, il est nécessaire de porter une attention particulière à l'étendue de la couverture, en particulier pour les dépenses en soins ambulatoires et en médicaments, et cibler efficacement les pauvres.

Exílio na cidade: algumas reflexões / Exile in the city: some reflections / Exilio en la ciudad: algunas reflexiones / L'exile en ville: quelques réflexions

Este artigo aborda questões que incluem fenômenos inconscientes presentes na cultura e atravessam os sujeitos vítimas da humilhação e desamparo social. Reflete sobre a contribuição que o psicanalista pode oferecer para estabelecer novas formas de compreensão dos fenômenos que nos cercam, ampliando a relação da psicanálise com as questões do mundo, seus limites e sobretudo sua potência. Pretende explorar esse tema, apoiado em uma situação ligada ao processo de reurbanização e realocação de populações que vivem em favelas na vizinhança do Ceagesp. Discute a lógica da exclusão e preconceito vigente, trabalhando com a ideia de invisibilidade, o terror da dessubjetivação e a angústia diante do estranho. O referencial teórico centrou-se nas ideias de Arendt, Gonçalves Filho e Debieux.

This paper deals with issues that involve unconscious phenomena present in culture. These issues affect subjects who are victims of humiliation and social helplessness. The author writes her reflections on the contribution the psychoanalyst may bring by establishing new ways of understanding the phenomena that surround us and by expanding the relationship between Psychoanalysis and world's issues, as well as the limits and, especially, the potency of this relationship. This study is based on a situation related to the process of re-urbanization and the reallocation of people who live in slums in the surrounding areas of Ceagesp. The author discusses the logic behind the current exclusion and prejudice by working with the idea of invisibility, the extreme fear of desubjectivation, and the anguish at the stranger. Arendt's, Gonçalves Filho's, and Debieux's ideas are used as theoretical reference.

Este artículo aborda temas que incluyen fenómenos inconscientes que están presentes en la cultura y que atraviesan los sujetos victimas de humillación y desamparo social. Reflexiona sobre la contribución que el psicoanalista puede ofrecer para establecer nuevas formas de comprensión de los fenómenos nos rodean, ampliando la relación del psicoanálisis con los temas del mundo, sus límites y, principalmente, su potencia. Pretende explorar este tema, basado en una situación relacionada con el proceso de reurbanización y reubicación de poblaciones que viven en favelas en los alrededores del Ceagesp. Discute la lógica de la exclusión y el prejuicio vigente, trabajando con la idea de la invisibilidad, el terror de la desubjetivación y la angustia ante lo extraño. La referencia teórica se basó en las ideas de Arendt, Gonçalves Filho y Debieux.

Cet article évoque des questions qui comprennent des phénomènes inconscients présents dans la culture et qui passent par les sujets victimes de l'humiliation et du délaissement social. On réfléchit sur la contribution que le psychanalyste peut offrir pour établir de nouvelles façons de comprendre les phénomènes que nous entourent, en élargissant le rapport de la psychanalyse avec les questions du monde, ses limites et surtout sa puissance. On a l'intention d'explorer ce thème, appuyé sur un cas lié au processus de réurbanisation et réallocation de populations qui vivent dans des favelas aux voisinages de la Ceagesp - Compagnie d'Entrepôts et Magasins Généraux de São Paulo. On discute la logique de l'exclusion et des préjugés en vigueur, en travaillant avec l'idée d'invisibilité, la terreur de la dessubjectivation et l'angoisse face à l'étrange. Le référentiel théorique est centré sur les idées d'Arendt, Gonçalves Filho et Debieux.

[Smoking in France: What is the situation?] / Le tabagisme en France : quelle est la situation ?

Tobacco consumption in France is still important. Several reasons explain this: a great proximity between the State and the tobacco industry which allows an important lobby up to the highest level of the State, valorization by the elites. Yet things change gradually. The image of tobacco is less positive and the epidemiology of consumption has changed since the early 2000s. While adult consumption remains around 30% of daily smokers, youth consumption is steadily decreasing (41% in 2000 vs. 25% in 2017). Another positive point is the decrease in the number of smokers among general practitioners, 1994: 34% vs. 16% in 2015. These points hide the current reality of smoking in France that kills 73,000 people/year and lung cancer rates that literally explode in women. In 20 years, the incidence of lung cancer in women has increased from 5/10,000 people/year to 12/10,000 people years making lung cancer in women the leading cause of cancer deaths from breast cancer. At the same time, men went from 50/10,000 to 40/10,000. Finally, this health impact is responsible for a major financial impact: the social cost of tobacco in France is estimated at € 120 billion a year. Faced with these figures, the French policy to fight against tobacco has been reinforced since 2016 with the adoption of the plain packet and a significant increase in the price (+30% in 2 years).

[Emergency departments faced with social inequalities in healthcare]. / Les urgences face aux inégalités sociales de santé.

Emergency departments play an essential role with regard to social inequalities. However, in the current context, this role is not evident in the studies carried out into this sector of activity. This is due to the lack of relevance of the indicators used, such as the waiting time, which serve the hidden objective of increasing the productivity of emergency departments.

[Racism, between representations of the 'other' and nursing practices]. / Racisme, entre représentations de "l'autre" et pratiques soignantes.

The care environment, renowned for being humanistic and egalitarian, has long remained impenetrable to sociological studies. Surveys, however, reveal another side, where prejudices, unequal treatment and racism in care are expressed. Medicine is itself built on racial categories which still pervade epidemiology and genetics.