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1.
Methods Mol Biol ; 1672: 261-294, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29043630

ABSTRACT

The DNA replication process can be heavily perturbed by several different conditions of genotoxic stress, particularly relevant for cancer onset and therapy. The combination of psoralen crosslinking and electron microscopy has proven instrumental to reveal the fine architecture of in vivo DNA replication intermediates and to uncover their remodeling upon specific conditions of genotoxic stress. The replication structures are stabilized in vivo (by psoralen crosslinking) prior to extraction and enrichment procedures, allowing their visualization at the transmission electron microscope. This chapter outlines the procedures required to visualize and interpret in vivo replication intermediates of eukaryotic genomic DNA, and includes an improved method for enrichment of replication intermediates, compared to previously used BND-cellulose columns.


Subject(s)
DNA Replication , Eukaryotic Cells/physiology , Microscopy, Electron , Animals , Cross-Linking Reagents , DNA, Fungal/ultrastructure , DNA, Single-Stranded/ultrastructure , Nucleosomes/metabolism , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
2.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 32(12): 1257-1262, Dec. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-662557

ABSTRACT

Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) is a respiratory pathogen associated with the swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens. In Brazil, live aMPV vaccines are currently used, but subtypes A and, mainly subtype B (aMPV/A and aMPV/B) are still circulating. This study was conducted to characterize two Brazilian aMPV isolates (A and B subtypes) of chicken origin. A challenge trial to explore the replication ability of the Brazilian subtypes A and B in chickens was performed. Subsequently, virological protection provided from an aMPV/B vaccine against the same isolates was analyzed. Upon challenge experiment, it was shown by virus isolation and real time PCR that aMPV/B could be detected longer and in higher amounts than aMPV/A. For the protection study, 18 one-day-old chicks were vaccinated and challenged at 21 days of age. Using virus isolation and real time PCR, no aMPV/A was detected in the vaccinated chickens, whereas one vaccinated chicken challenged with the aMPV/B isolate was positive. The results showed that aMPV/B vaccine provided a complete heterologous virological protection, although homologous protection was not complete in one chicken. Although only one aMPV/B positive chicken was detected after homologous vaccination, replication in vaccinated animals might allow the emergence of escape mutants.


O Metapneumovírus aviário (aMPV) é um patógeno respiratório associado à síndrome da cabeça inchada (SHS) em galinhas. Apesar de vacinas vivas contra o aMPV serem utilizadas no Brasil, os subtipos A e B (aMPV/A e aMPV/B) são ainda encontrados no país, com predominância do subtipo B. Este estudo foi conduzido com o intuito de estudar dois isolados brasileiros de aMPV (subtipos A e B) isolados de frango. Para isto, um desafio experimental em frangos foi conduzido com o intuito de explorar a capacidade de replicação dos subtipos A e B Brasileiros. Posteriormente, a protecção virológica conferida por uma vacina do subtipo B em pintos foi realizada com os mesmos isolados. Após o desafio experimental demonstrou-se, por isolamento viral e PCR em tempo real, que o isolado do subtipo B replicou por maior período de tempo e em quantidades maiores, em comparação com o subtipo A. Para o estudo de proteção, 18 pintos de um dia de idade foram vacinados e desafiados aos 21 dias. Usando isolamento viral e PCR em tempo real, em nenhuma ave vacinada e desafiada com aMPV/A foi detectado o vírus, ao passo que uma ave vacinada e desafiada com o aMPV/B foi positiva. Os resultados mostraram que a vacina do subtipo B forneceu protecção heteróloga completa, embora a protecção homóloga não tenha sido conferida em uma ave. Apesar de o aMPV/B ter sido detectado em apenas um frango após vacinação homóloga, a replicação viral em aves vacinadas pode resultar em emergência de mutantes de escape.


Subject(s)
Animals , Metapneumovirus , Virus Replication , Chickens/immunology , Vaccines/biosynthesis
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