Metabolic syndrome prevalence in military personnel and correlation with anthropometric values in Ecuador

Introduction: Fat excess in the organism can behave as a multifactorial problem and predisposes to the presence of non-transmissible chronic diseases, in which cardiovascular diseases can be mentioned. Objective: To establish the optimal cut-off for anthropometric indices to predict Metabolic Syndrome in army personnel, attended at the primary health care. Method: An analytical, non-experimental study that was carried out in army personnel at the University of the Armed Forces, during the year 2020. The sample was represented by 203 participants, the collection methods were the medical and anthropometric records, taking into consideration variables such as height and weight, hip and waist circumference, body mass index, laboratory tests, among others. All the data was analyzed using international classification criteria. Results: The prevalence of MetSyn was obtained, according to the different criteria: MetSyn ALAD: 4.08% (SD: 0.52), MetSyn ATP III: 7.65% (SD: 0.52), MetSyn HARM: 5.4% (SD: 0.52) and finally, MetSyn OMS: 7.65% (SD: 0.52). Likewise, the predictive anthropometric indices according to the highest AUC are the WC and WHtR in all the criteria studied, in addition, according to MetSyn ATP III, the optimal WC cut-off is 91 cm and the WHtR is 0.53. Conclusions: The optimal cut-off for anthropometric indices that predict Metabolic syndrome in army personnel are WC and WHtR, with an optimal cut off lower than the criteria established by ALAD to the diagnosis of MetSyn.

Introducción: El exceso de grasa en el organismo puede ser un problema multifactorial y predispone a la presencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, entre las que se encuentran las cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Establecer el corte óptimo de los índices antropométricos para predecir el síndrome metabólico en personal militar que se atiende en la atención primaria de salud. Métodos: Estudio analítico, no experimental, llevado a cabo en personal militar de la Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, durante el año 2020. La muestra está representada por 203 participantes, los métodos de colección fueron los registros médicos y antropométricos, tomando en consideración variables como talla y peso, circunferencia de cintura y cadera, índice de masa corporal, pruebas de laboratorio, entre otros. Todos los datos fueron analizados usando criterios de clasificación internacional. Resultado: La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico (MetSyn), según los diferentes criterios es: MetSyn ALAD: 4,08 % (SD: 0,52), MetSyn ATP III: 7,65 % (SD: 0,52), MetSyn HARM: 5,4 % (SD: 0,52) y finalmente, MetSyn OMS: 7,65 % (SD: 0,52). Además, los índices antropométricos predictivos son el WC y WHtR en todos los criterios estudiados, y según MetSyn ATP III, el corte óptimo del WC es de 91 cm y del WHtR es de 0,53. Conclusiones: Los puntos de corte óptimos para los índices antropométricos que predicen el síndrome metabólico en el personal militar son WC y WHtR, con un punto de corte óptimo inferior a los criterios establecidos por ALAD para el diagnóstico de MetSyn.

Riesgo cardiometabólico en población colombiana con perfíl dietario bajo en fibra y ácidos grasos poliinsaturados / Cardiometabolic risk in a colombian population with dietary profile low in fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acids

Introducción: Los factores de riesgo a enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares pueden pasar desapercibidos en personas aparentemente sanas, consideradas así por tener dentro del rango normal el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la tensión arterial. Al determinar tempranamente los factores de riesgo a las alteraciones metabólicas puede retrasarse el desarrollo de patologías, como la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y sus complicaciones, que actualmente causan discapacidad y muerte a nivel global. Objetivo: Evaluar factores de riesgo metabólico y cardiovascular en adultos colombianos aparentemente sanos, entre 40 a 70 años. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron voluntarios sin medicación antihipertensiva ni hipoglucemiante, entre otros fármacos A cada participante se le determinó glucosa basal y perfil lipídico completo en suero, las medidas antropométricas y de composición corporal. Se diligenció la escala Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), una encuesta de frecuencia de alimentos y sociodemográfica. Resultados: De acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión, 535 voluntarios completaron el protocolo, de ellos el 70% presentó alteración del IMC. En el 57% se detectó riesgo a padecer DM2 en un lapso de 10 años, valorado entre moderado y alto mediante FINDRISC. Se encontró en el 23% hiperglucemia, el 2% en rango de diagnóstico a DM2. Se determinó alguna forma de dislipidemia en el 86% de la población y el 66% presentó riesgo cardiovascular. El análisis nutricional de macronutrientes permitió detectar deficiencia en el consumo de fibra, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados y poliinsaturados. Conclusiones: Una valoración integral, con implementación de herramientas de fácil acceso y aplicación como el FINDRISC, los índices antropométricos y aterogénicos, logró detectar en una población aparentemente sana, alto riesgo a enfermedad cardiovascular y a DM2. El patrón dietario con características de tipo occidental, puede ser una de las causas en el aumento del porcentaje...(AU)

Objective: To evaluate metabolic and cardiovascular riskfactors in apparently healthy Colombian adults between 40and 70 years of age. Methods: Volunteers were selected without antihyper-tensive and hypoglycemic medication. Basal glucose andcomplete serum lipid profile, anthropometric measurementsand body composition were determined in each participant.The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC), a food fre-quency survey were completed and atherogenic indiceswere determined. Results: 535 volunteers completed the inclusion criteria.70% of whom presented altered BMI. In 57%, a risk of de-veloping DM2 within 10 years was detected, assessed be-tween moderate and high by FINDRISC. Hyperglycemia wasfound in 23%, some form of dyslipidemia was found in 86%of the population and 66% presented risk of cardiovasculardisease. The nutritional analysis of macronutrients showeddeficiency in the consumption of fiber and polyunsaturatedfatty acids. The response to FINDRISC questionnaire andmedical history question about physical activity characterized79% of the volunteers as sedentary.Conclusions: A medical evaluation, with implementationof easily accessible and applicable tools such as FINDRISC,anthropometric and atherogenic indices, it was possible to de-tect in an apparently healthy population, alteration of BMI,with high cardiovascular risk and to DM2. The dietary patternwith Western-type characteristics may be one of the causesof the increase in the percentage of cardiovascular diseaserisk factors and metabolic alterations.(AU)

Eating frequency has an inverse correlation with adiposity measures and non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters in healthy adult people / La frecuencia de alimentación tiene una correlación inversa con las medidas de adiposidad y los parámetros de rigidez arterial no invasivos en personas adultas sanas

Background: Lifestyle modifications have been recommended as an essential treatment approach for cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that eating frequency (EF) correlates with hypertension and related risk of organ damage. This study aimed to examine critical clinical implications to evaluate the association of EF with arterial stiffness parameters as an early marker of atherosclerosis manifestations. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 658 participants of the PERSIAN Organizational Cohort study in Mashhad, aged 30–70 years. Arterial stiffness was assessed by measurement markers of arteriosclerosis, including arterial age, augmentation index (AIx), augmentation pressure (AP), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (Cf-PWV), and central blood pressure. Differences in anthropometric indices, blood indices, and arterial stiffness parameters were evaluated across EF groups. Results: Our data demonstrate that EF was positively correlated with total daily energy intake, and favourable profiles of adiposity and blood lipids. Subjects with an increased EF, had significantly lower AIx, AP, Arterial Age and Central blood pressure (P for trend<0.001) as compared to Lowest EF and not significant with PWV (P for trend, 0.19). Arterial stiffness was also significantly lower in those with increased EF compared with subjects with low EF. By Linear regression analysis, after adjustment for Confounding factors, except PWV, EF showed the associations with all of the non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters. Conclusion: Increased EF is associated with a lower wave reflection and blood pressure in the central arteries.(AU)

Introducción: Las modificaciones del estilo de vida se han recomendado como un enfoque de tratamiento esencial para las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Estudios recientes han demostrado que la frecuencia de las comidas (EF) se correlaciona con la hipertensión y el riesgo relacionado de daño orgánico. Este estudio tenía como objetivo examinar las implicaciones clínicas críticas para evaluar la asociación de la EF con los parámetros de rigidez arterial como un marcador temprano de las manifestaciones de la aterosclerosis. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 658 participantes del estudio de cohorte organizativo PERSIAN en Mashhad, de entre 30 y 70 años de edad. La rigidez arterial se evaluó mediante la medición de marcadores de arteriosclerosis, incluyendo la edad arterial, el índice de aumento (AIx), la presión de aumento (AP), la velocidad de la onda del pulso carótido-femoral (Cf-PWV) y la presión arterial central. Se evaluaron las diferencias en los índices antropométricos, los índices sanguíneos y los parámetros de rigidez arterial en los grupos de EF. Resultados: Nuestros datos demuestran que la EF se correlacionó positivamente con la ingesta energética diaria total, los perfiles favorables de adiposidad y los lípidos sanguíneos. Los sujetos con una EF aumentada, tenían un AIx, una AP, una edad arterial y una presión arterial central significativamente menores (p de tendencia <0,001) en comparación con la EF más baja y no significativa con la PWV (p de tendencia, 0,19). La rigidez arterial también fue significativamente menor en los sujetos con una mayor FE en comparación con los sujetos con una FE baja. Mediante un análisis de regresión lineal, después de ajustar los factores de confusión, excepto la VOP, la frecuencia de las comidas se asoció con todos los parámetros de rigidez arterial no invasivos. Conclusiones: El aumento de la FE se asocia a una menor reflexión de la onda y a una menor presión arterial en las arterias...(AU)

Eating frequency has an inverse correlation with adiposity measures and non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters in healthy adult people.

BACKGROUND: Lifestyle modifications have been recommended as an essential treatment approach for cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that eating frequency (EF) correlates with hypertension and related risk of organ damage. This study aimed to examine critical clinical implications to evaluate the association of EF with arterial stiffness parameters as an early marker of atherosclerosis manifestations. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 658 participants of the PERSIAN Organizational Cohort study in Mashhad, aged 30-70 years. Arterial stiffness was assessed by measurement markers of arteriosclerosis, including arterial age, augmentation index (AIx), augmentation pressure (AP), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (Cf-PWV), and central blood pressure. Differences in anthropometric indices, blood indices, and arterial stiffness parameters were evaluated across EF groups. RESULTS: Our data demonstrate that EF was positively correlated with total daily energy intake, and favourable profiles of adiposity and blood lipids. Subjects with an increased EF, had significantly lower AIx, AP, Arterial Age and Central blood pressure (P for trend<0.001) as compared to Lowest EF and not significant with PWV (P for trend, 0.19). Arterial stiffness was also significantly lower in those with increased EF compared with subjects with low EF. By Linear regression analysis, after adjustment for Confounding factors, except PWV, EF showed the associations with all of the non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters. CONCLUSION: Increased EF is associated with a lower wave reflection and blood pressure in the central arteries.

Aplicabilidad de la superficie corporal e índicesantropométricos para valorar el tamaño corporal en adolescentes que viven a gran altitud / Applicability of body surface area and anthropometric indices to assess bodysize in adolescents living at high altitude

Introducción: Los índices antropométricos se utilizan para evaluar el estado de salud general, la adecuación nutricional y el patrón de crecimiento físico. Objetivo: Verificar la capacidad de estimar adecuadamente el tamaño corporal por medio de la superficie corporal (SC), Índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice tri-ponderal (ITP) por edad cronológica (EC) y estado de madurez (EM) en adolescentes que viven a gran altitud del Perú. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (correlacional) en adolescentes de 10 a 14 años. Fueron reclutados 3.088 escolares. Se evaluó el peso, estatura, se calculó la SC por la fórmula de Dobois y Dubois, el IMC y el ITP. Resultados: En ambos sexos el poder de determinación entre SC con EC, EM, peso y estatura fueron altos (hombres: r2= 0,31 a 0,89% y mujeres: r2= 0,36 a 0,94%). En los hombres, las relaciones entre IMC con EC, EM, y estatura fueron nulas (r2= 0.01 a 0.05%), excepto con el peso (r2= 0.70%), mientras que, en las mujeres, las relaciones fueron bajas con la EC, EM y estatura (r2= 0,11 a 0,24%), excepto en el peso (r2=0,805). Con el ITP, las relaciones con la EC, EM y estatura fueron nulas en ambos sexos (hombres: r2= 0,02 a 0,03% y mujeres: r2= 0,00 a 0,07%), excepto con el peso, donde explica r2= 0,33% en hombres y 0,48% en mujeres. No hubo diferencias cuando se comparó entre hombres y mujeres por EC (11, 12 y 13 años), excepto a los 10 y 14 años. Conclusión: Se verificó que la SC se correlacionó significativamente con la EC, EM, peso y estatura en relación al IMC e IP. Estos resultados sugieren que la SC podría ser un mejor indicador para evaluar y monitorizar el tamaño corporal en adolescentes que viven a elevada altitud.(AU)

Introduction: Anthropometric indices are used to assessgeneral health status, nutritional adequacy and physicalgrowth pattern. Objective: To verify the ability to adequately estimatebody size by body surface area (BS), body mass index (BMI) and tri-ponderal index (TPI) by chronological age (CE) andmaturity status (MS) in adolescents living at high altitude inPeru. Methods: A descriptive (correlational) study was carriedout in adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. A total of 3,088schoolchildren were recruited. Weight, height, BF, BMI andITP were evaluated and calculated by the Dobois and Duboisformula. Results: In both sexes the power of determination betweenCS with CE, MS, weight and height were high (males: r2=0.31 to 0.89% and females: r2= 0.36 to 0.94%). In men, therelationships between BMI with CD, MS, and height were null(r2= 0.01 to 0.05%), except with weight (r2= 0.70%),whereas, in women, the relationships were low with CD, MS,and height (r2= 0.11 to 0.24%), except for weight(r2=0.805). With ITP, the relationships with CD, MS andheight were null in both sexes (men: r2= 0.02 to 0.03% andwomen: r2= 0.00 to 0.07%), except with weight, where it ex-plains r2= 0.33% in men and 0.48% in women. There wereno differences when comparing males and females by CE (11,12 and 13 years), except at 10 and 14 years. Conclusion: It was verified that CS was significantly cor-related with CD, MS, weight and height in relation to BMI andPI. These results suggest that CS could be a better indicatorto assess and monitor body size in adolescents living at highaltitude.(AU)

Evaluation of anthropometric indices as predictors of metabolic syndrome: 3-year cohort in Ecuadorian military personnel / Evaluación de índices antropométricos como predictores de síndrome metabólico: cohorte de 3 años en personal militar ecuatoriano

ABSTRACT Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is a condition that predisposes to the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, where the presence of altered blood pressure, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity is evaluated in order to know the risk of developing this disease. Objective: To evaluate the anthropometric indices that predict the presence of developing metabolic syndrome in Ecuadorian military personnel. Methods: The research work is quantitative, observational and longitudinal with a correlational scope, it was made analyzing the annual medical records of preventive medicine, in the military personnel of the Army Soldiers Training School "Vencedores del Cenepa", during a 3-year cohort from 2019 to 2021. Results: The study shows an overweight military population, with a prevalence of metabolic syndrome: according to Asociación Latinoamericana de Diabetes criteria of 1 %, 1.66 % and 0.76 %, in the years 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively; in contrast, according to Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, with a prevalence of 6.67 %, 6.31 % and 5.70 % in the years 2019, 2020 and 2021 respectively. Conclusions: The anthropometric indices, such as the waist-height index, abdominal perimeter and body mass index significantly predict the development of metabolic syndrome in the military personnel of the "Vencedores del Cenepa" Army Soldier Training School.

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome metabólico predispone al desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y metabólicas; en este se evalúa la presencia de presión arterial alterada, resistencia a la insulina, hiperglucemia, dislipidemia y obesidad abdominal, para conocer el riesgo de desarrollar esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar los índices antropométricos que predicen la presencia de síndrome metabólico en desarrollo, en militares ecuatorianos. Métodos: El trabajo de investigación es cuantitativo, observacional y longitudinal con alcance correlacional, se realizó analizando las historias clínicas anuales de medicina preventiva, en el personal militar de la Escuela de Formación de Soldados del Ejército "Vencedores del Cenepa", en una cohorte de 3 años, de 2019 a 2021. Resultados: El estudio muestra una población militar con sobrepeso, con la siguiente prevalencia de síndrome metabólico: según criterios de la Asociación Lationoamericana de Diabetes, de 1 %, 1,66 % y 0,76 %, en los años 2019, 2020 y 2021 respectivamente; en cambio, según criterios del Adult Treatment Panel III, 6,67 %, 6,31 % y 5,70 % en los años 2019, 2020 y 2021 respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los índices antropométricos, como el cintura-altura, perímetro abdominal e índice de masa corporal predicen significativamente el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico en el personal militar de la Escuela de Formación de Soldados del Ejército "Vencedores del Cenepa".

Predictores antropométricos asociados a hiperglucemia en mujeres adultas zapotecas del Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca: un estudio transversal / Anthropometric predictors associated with hyperglycemia in adult Zapotec women from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca: a cross-sectional study

Fundamentos: Las disparidades sociales en México han afectado a los grupos indígenas dejándolos en estadode vulnerabilidad ante las enfermedades crónicas, reflejando la necesidad de herramientas para undiagnóstico precoz de hiperglucemia. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la capacidad predictiva demediciones antropométricas para identificar hiperglucemia en mujeres adultas zapotecas.Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 130 mujeres zapotecas. Se efectuaron pruebasestadísticas como, t de student, U-mann-whitney y X2para variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas yclínicas. Se obtuvieron puntos de corte del IMC, CC y el ICT utilizando curvas ROC y se obtuvieron razones deprevalencia (RP) mediante regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para su asociación conhiperglucemia. Un valor p<0.05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo.Resultados: Se encontró una elevada proporción conjunta de sobrepeso y obesidad de 90,6% ehiperglucemia (prediabetes y diabetes) de 43,1%. La CC y el ICT se asociaron significativamente (RP=1,75; IC:1,14-2,69) y (RP=1,75; IC: 1,12-2,75) aumentando 75% la probabilidad de hiperglucemia con puntos de cortede 97.5cm y 0.65 respectivamente.Conclusiones: La CC y el ICT son buenos predictores de hiperglucemia en la población estudiada, además detener la bondad de ser herramientas accesibles que se adaptan a las necesidades de grupos vulnerables. (AU)

Background: Social disparities in Mexico have affected indigenous groups leaving them in a state ofvulnerability to chronic diseases, reflecting the need for tools for early diagnosis. The objective of this studywas to evaluate the predictive capacity of anthropometric measurements to identify hyperglycemia in adultZapotec women.Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted in 130 Zapotec women. Statistical tests such asStudent's t, Mann-Whitney U and X2 were performed for sociodemographic, anthropometric and clinicalvariables. Cut-off points for BMI, CC and CTI were obtained using ROC curves and prevalence ratios (PR) wereobtained by Poisson regression with robust variance for their association with hyperglycemia. A p-value <0,05was considered statistically significant.Results: We found a high combined proportion of overweight and obesity of 90,6% and hyperglycemia(prediabetes and diabetes) of 43,1%. CC and CTI were significantly associated (PR=1,75; CI:1,14-2,69) and(PR=1,75; CI: 1,12-2,75) increasing 75% the probability of hyperglycemia with cut-off points of 97,5 cm and0,65 respectively.Conclusions: CC and ICT are good predictors of hyperglycemia in the population studied, in addition to havingthe goodness of being accessible tools that adapt to the needs of vulnerable groups. (AU)

Association between fitness, anthropometric indices and laboratory parameters in elderly women

ABSTRACT Background: Aging causes an involution of anthropometric and health indices that can affect physical fitness. Aim: To determine the influence of anthropometric and health indices on the physical fitness of elderly women. Material and Methods: Anthropometric parameters, serum lipids, blood glucose and physical fitness evaluated using Senior Fitness Test, were assessed in 140 women aged 70 ± 5 years. The association between parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression models. Results: In the regression models serum lipids and the suprailiac skinfold were significant predictors of the up and go test (R2= 0.48). HDL cholesterol and the level of physical activity were predictors of the two minutes step test (R2= 0.31). Serum lipids, suprailiac skinfold and age were predictors of the back-scratch test (R2= 0.41). Fasting blood glucose and HDL cholesterol were predictors of the chair sit and reach test (R2= 0.24). Serum lipids and body mass index were predictors of the arm curl test (R2= 0.37). Body mass index and serum lipids were predictors of the chair stand test (R2= 0.49). Conclusions: Anthropometric variables, serum lipid levels and blood glucose were predictors of different physical fitness parameters in these women.

Antecedentes: El envejecimiento causa involución de indices antropométricos y de salud, los cuales pueden afectar la condición física. Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de indices antropométricos y de salud sobre la condición física de mujeres mayores. Material y Métodos: Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos, lípidos séricos y la condición física mediante el "senior fitness test" en 140 mujeres de 70 ± 5 años. La asociación entre variables se evaluó mediante correlaciones simples y modelos de regresión múltiple. Resultados: En los modelos de regresión múltiple, los lípidos séricos y pliegue suprailíaco fueron predictores significativos de la prueba de levantarse, caminar y volver a sentarse (R2 = 0,48). El colesterol HDL y el nivel de actividad física fueron predictores de la prueba de dos minutos de marcha (R2 = 0,310). Los lípidos séricos, el pliegue suprailíaco y la edad fueron predictores de la prueba de juntar las manos tras la espalda (R2 = 0,41). La glicemia en ayunas y el colesterol HDL fueron predictores de la prueba de flexión del tronco en silla (R2 = 0,24). El índice de masa corporal y los lípidos séricos fueron predictores de la prueba de flexo-extensión de codo (R2= 0,37). El índice de masa corporal y los lípidos séricos fueron predictores de la prueba de sentarse y levantarse de una silla (R2 = 0,49). Conclusiones: Las variables antropométricas, los lípidos séricos y la glicemia fueron predictores de diversas pruebas de capacidad física en mujeres mayores.

Relationship of anthropometric indexes and indicators of body composition by arm anthropometry on hospitalized pediatric patients.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of arm anthropometric indicators with direct indicators of nutritional status in hospitalized pediatric patients. Methods: an analytical cross-sectional study with 760 patients hospitalized in the Pediatric Division of the Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara during 2014 was used. The anthropometric indices were weight/length, weight/height, weight/age, length/age, height/age, head circumference/age and body mass index (BMI)/age. The arm indicators were mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), total arm area (TAA), arm muscle area (AMA), arm fat area (AFA) and fat percentage (FP). The ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and Pearson's correlation tests and also odds ratios were used to identify the probability of nutritional status impairment. Results: the prevalence of acute and chronic malnutrition was higher in infants (31% and 30%, respectively). With arm areas (TAA, AMA, AFA), the risk of deficit (≤ -2DE) was higher in infants and early preschoolers (p < 0.001). The correlation between the anthropometric indexes and the arm areas was direct and significant (p < 0.001). The BMI variability was explained in 68% by the AMA, AFA, and FP (p < 0.001); the variability of the height/age index was also explained in 34% by the AMA and AFA (p < 0.001). Conclusion: it is possible to diagnose both a chronic and acute deficit using the indirect indicators of the arm, while the body mass index only reflects an acute deficit. Therefore, arm areas would be more useful indicators in the assessment of nutritional status and the diagnosis of chronic-acute malnutrition in hospitalized pediatric patients.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación de los indicadores antropométricos de brazo con los indicadores directos del estado de nutrición en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados. Métodos: se utilizó un estudio transversal analítico con 760 pacientes ingresados en la División de Pediatría del Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara durante 2014. Los índices antropométricos fueron peso/longitud, peso/altura, peso/edad, longitud/edad, altura/edad, circunferencia cefálica e IMC. Los indicadores del brazo fueron circunferencia media del brazo (CMB), área total del brazo (ATB), área muscular del brazo (AMB), área grasa del brazo (AGB) y porcentaje de grasa. Se utilizaron las pruebas de ANOVA, Kruskall-Wallis, U de Mann-Whitney, correlación de Pearson y razón de momios para identificar la probabilidad de deterioro del estado nutricional. Resultados: la prevalencia de desnutrición aguda y crónica fue mayor en lactantes (31% y 30%, respectivamente). Con las áreas del brazo (ATB, AMB, AFA), el riesgo de déficit (≤ -2 DE) fue mayor en lactantes y preescolares tempranos (p < 0,001). La correlación entre los índices antropométricos y las áreas del brazo fue directa y significativa (p < 0,001). La variabilidad del IMC fue explicada en un 68% por AMB, AGB y porcentaje de grasa (p < 0,001); la variabilidad del índice de talla/edad también fue explicada en un 34% por AMB y AGB (p < 0,001). Conclusión: es posible diagnosticar el déficit crónico y agudo utilizando los indicadores indirectos del brazo, mientras que el IMC solo refleja un déficit agudo. Las áreas de brazo serían indicadores más útiles en el diagnóstico de desnutrición crónica-aguda en pacientes pediátricos hospitalizados.

Asociación entre índices antropométricos y presencia de apnea obstructiva del sueño en adultos / Association Between Anthropometric Indexes and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults

Antecedentes: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) es un trastorno del sueño altamente prevalente producido por una obstrucción anatómica o neuromuscular de la vía aérea superior. Propósito: Identificar la asociación entre los índices antropométricos: circunferencia de cuello (CC), perímetro abdominal e índice de masa corporal (IMC), con la presencia de AOS en adultos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de casos y controles en 353 individuos entre 18 y 82 años de edad con diagnóstico polisomnográfico de AOS. Se correlacionó el índice apnea hipoapnea con los índices antropométricos y los datos demográficos. El grupo control estuvo conformado por 105 adultos sin AOS y el de estudio por 248 pacientes con diagnóstico de AOS. Para determinar la asociación entre las variables se utilizaron las pruebas de Chi cuadrado de Pearson y odds ratio. Resultados Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el IMC y la CC, que estaban aumentados con la presencia de AOS en adultos. La presencia de AOS fue mayor en mujeres y hombres entre 56 y 82 años. Conclusiones: Las medidas antropométricas IMC y CC son factores de riesgo de AOS en adultos.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent sleep disorder caused by anatomic or neuromuscular obstructions. Purpose: To identify the association between anthropometric indexes: neck circumference (NC), abdominal perimeter, and Body Mass Index (BMI), and the presence of OSA in adults. Methods: A retrospective observational case-control study was carried out in 353 individuals between the ages of 18 and 82 years with a polysomnographic diagnosis of OSA. The Apnea-Hypopnea Index was correlated with the anthropometric indexes and demographic data. The control group consisted of 105 adults without OSA and the case group were 248 patients diagnosed with OSA. Pearson Chi-square and Odds Ratio (OR) tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Statistically significant associations between increased BMI and NC with the presence of OSA in adults were found. The presence of OSA was greater in 56-to-82-year-old women and men. Conclusions: Anthropometric measures BMI and NC are OSA risk factors in adults.

Asociación entre índices antropométricos de salud y condición física en mujeres mayores físicamente activas / Association between health anthropometric indexes with physical fitness in physically active elderly women

Resumen: Objetivo: Asociar los índices antropométricos de salud con la condición física de las mujeres mayores (MM) que participan en talleres de ejercicio físico. Material y métodos: Participaron 272 mujeres chilenas mayores de 60 años. Las variables correspondieron al IMC, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura estatura (ICE) y condición física (CF). Se realizaron correlaciones a través del coeficiente de Pearson o Spearman, y asociaciones bivariadas mediante ji cuadrada de Pearson y el test exacto de Fisher, considerando un p<0.05. Resultados: De las MM, 70.8% alcanzó sobrepeso u obesidad; y 68.8% y 96% riesgo cardiometabólico de acuerdo con PC e ICE, respectivamente. Su CF presentó un rendimiento igual (53.5%) o superior (33.8%) según su edad y sexo. Se encontraron correlaciones inversas entre estado nutricional y riesgo cardiometabólico con las pruebas de CF (excepto la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico, en donde la relación fue directa), y asociación directa con juntar manos. Conclusiones: El exceso de peso en MM físicamente activas no afecta su rendimiento físico-funcional; sin embargo, el riesgo cardiometabólico se asocia inversamente con la funcionalidad motriz.

Abstract: Objective: To associate health anthropometric indexes with physical fitness of elderly women (EW) who participate in physical exercise workshops. Materials and methods: 272 Chilean women over 60 years took part in the study. The variables studied were BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-height index (WHI) and physical fitness (PF). Correlations were made through the Pearson or Spearman coefficient, and bivariate associations using Pearson's Chi-square and the Fisher's exact test, considering p<0.05. Results: 70.8% of the EW were overweight or obese; 68.8% and 96% were at cardiometabolic risk due to their WC and WHI, respectively. Their PF showed equal performance (53.5%) or higher (33.8%) according to their age and gender. Inverse correlations were found between nutritional status and cardiometabolic risk with PF tests (except for agility and dynamic balance [direct]), and direct association with back scratch test. Conclusions: Excess weight in physically active EW would not affect their physical-functional performance; however, cardiometabolic risk would be inversely associated with motor function.

Association of eating frequency with anthropometric indices and blood pressure in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV Study / Associação da frequência de alimentação com índices antropométricos e pressão arterial em crianças e adolescentes: o Estudo CASPIAN-IV

Abstract Objectives: This study was conducted to explore the association of eating frequency (EF) with anthropometric indices and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study was performed on a multi-stage sample of 14,880 students, aged 6–18 years, living in 30 provinces in Iran. Parents were asked to report dietary intake of children as frequency of food groups and/or items. EF was defined as the sum of the daily consumption frequency of main meals and snacks. Association of EF with weight disorders, abdominal obesity, and elevated BP was assessed using different logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Results: Eating more frequently (≥6 vs. ≤3) was found among students who were at younger age (11.91 vs. 13.29 years) (p < 0.001). Students who reported an EF of 4 (OR: 0.67, CI: 0.57–0.79), 5 (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.62–0.87), and 6 (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.44–0.65) had lower odds of being obese compared to those who had EF ≤ 3. Having EF of 4 (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.71–0.94), 5 (OR: 0.86, CI: 0.74–0.99), and ≥6 (OR: 0.73, CI: 0.63–0.85) was related to lower prevalence of abdominal adiposity. Conclusion: Higher EF was associated with lower mean values of anthropometric and BP measures, as well as with lower prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of EF on body composition in the pediatric age group.

Resumo Objetivos: Este estudo foi feito para explorar a associação da frequência de alimentação (FA) com índices antropométricos e pressão arterial (PA) em crianças e adolescentes. Métodos: Este estudo transversal nacional foi feito em uma amostra de várias etapas de 14.880 estudantes entre seis e 18 anos de 30 províncias do Irã. Foi pedido que os pais relatassem o consumo alimentar das crianças, como a frequência de grupos e/ou itens alimentares. A FA foi definida como a soma da frequência de consumo diária das principais refeições e lanches. A associação entre FA e disfunções do peso, obesidade abdominal e PA elevada foi avaliada com diferentes modelos de regressão logística ajustados pelos possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: Foi constatada uma alimentação mais frequente (≥ 6 em comparação com ≤ 3) entre estudantes mais novos (11,91 em comparação com 3,29 anos) (P < 0,001). Estudantes que relataram quatro [razão de chance (RC): 0,67; intervalo de confiança (IC): 0,57-0,79], cinco (RC: 0,74; IC: 0,62-0,87) e seis (RC: 0,54; IC: 0,44-0.65) refeições apresentaram menores chances de se tornar obesos em comparação com os que apresentaram FAs ≤ 3. FA de quatro (RC: 0,82; IC: 0,71-0,94), cinco (RC: 0,86; IC: 0,74-0,99) e ≥ sei (RC: 0,73; IC: 0,63-0,85) foi associada a menor prevalência de adiposidade abdominal. Conclusão: A FA mais alta foi associada à redução nos valores médios das medidas antropométricas e de PA, bem como à menor prevalência de obesidade generalizada e abdominal em crianças e adolescentes. São necessários estudos longitudinais para avaliar os efeitos de longo prazo da FA sobre a composição corporal na faixa etária pediátrica.

Association of eating frequency with anthropometric indices and blood pressure in children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to explore the association of eating frequency (EF) with anthropometric indices and blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. METHODS: This nationwide cross-sectional study was performed on a multi-stage sample of 14,880 students, aged 6-18 years, living in 30 provinces in Iran. Parents were asked to report dietary intake of children as frequency of food groups and/or items. EF was defined as the sum of the daily consumption frequency of main meals and snacks. Association of EF with weight disorders, abdominal obesity, and elevated BP was assessed using different logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. RESULTS: Eating more frequently (≥ 6 vs. ≤ 3) was found among students who were at younger age (11.91 vs. 13.29 years) (p<0.001). Students who reported an EF of 4 (OR: 0.67, CI: 0.57-0.79), 5 (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.62-0.87), and 6 (OR: 0.54, CI: 0.44-0.65) had lower odds of being obese compared to those who had EF ≤ 3. Having EF of 4 (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.71-0.94), 5 (OR: 0.86, CI: 0.74-0.99), and ≥ 6 (OR: 0.73, CI: 0.63-0.85) was related to lower prevalence of abdominal adiposity. CONCLUSION: Higher EF was associated with lower mean values of anthropometric and BP measures, as well as with lower prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity in children and adolescents. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of EF on body composition in the pediatric age group.

Capacidad predictiva de los índices antropométricos en la detección de Síndrome Metabólico en adultos chilenos / Predictive capacity of anthropometric indeces in the detection of metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults

La presencia de componentes cardiometabólicos condiciona un aumento del riesgo en la aparición de síndrome metabólico y las patologías asociadas. La insulinoresistencia, es probablemente, el mecanismo subyacente a las complicaciones derivadas de este síndrome, donde la acumulación adiposa abdominal se presenta como característica frecuente. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad predictiva de los índices antropométricos estimadores de distribución adiposa central versus el índice de masa corporal en la detección de síndrome metabólico en adultos chilenos. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal con 229 adultos, cuyos datos fueron obtenidos a través de una fuente de datos secundaria. Estos fueron analizados a través de correlación de Pearson y curva operador receptor estableciendo área bajo la curva. Los resultados mostraron una prevalencia de 58,3% de síndrome metabólico según NCEP-ATP III, donde los índices antropométricos como el índice cintura estatura (0,746), circunferencia de cintura (0,735) e índice de masa corporal (0,722) no presentaron diferencias significativas en la detección de síndrome metabólico. Se estableció mayor correlación de los factores cardiometabólicos con el índice cintura estatura y circunferencia cintura.

The presence of cardiometabolic components conditions the risk increase in the appearance of the metabolic syndrome and the associated pathologies. The insulin resistance is probably the subjacent mechanism to the complications derived from this syndrome, where the abdominal adipose accumulation is a common and frequent characteristic. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive capability of the anthropometric estimating central adipose distribution indexes against the body mass index in the detection of the metabolic syndrome in Chilean adults. A descriptive crosssectional study was conducted on 229 adults, information obtained through a secondary database. There were analyzed through a Pearson correlation and receiver operating curves determining the area under the curve. The results showed the predominance of 58.3 % of the metabolic syndrome prevailed according to NCEP-ATP III, where the anthropometric indexes such as waist height index (0.746), waist circumference (0.735) and body mass index (0.722) did not show significant differences in the detection of the metabolic syndrome components. It did show a higher correlation of these cardio-metabolic factors with the waist height index and waist circumference.

índices antropométricos para la evaluación de la embarazada y el recién nacido: cálculo mediante tablas bidimensionales / Anthropometric indices for the evaluation of pregnant women and newborns: calculation using two-dimensional tables

ANTECEDENTES: La valoración nutricional de la madre y el recién nacido es un criterio ampliamente usado con fines pronósticos y de manejo clínico. En el ámbito obstétrico materno y neonatal se utiliza índice de masa corporal e índice ponderal neonatal respectivamente. OBJETIVO: Construir tablas bidimensionales que en la clínica práctica faciliten la obtención de estos índices. MÉTODO: Los índices antropométricos que relacionan el peso y la talla, fueron calculados mediante sus fórmulas respectivas: peso dividido por talla al cuadrado o al cubo según se trate de índice de masa corporal o índice ponderal neonatal. Para la categorización posterior del estado nutricional tanto materno como neonatal, los índices obtenidos han de ser valorados con gráficas en función de la edad gestacional. Recomendamos para ello los estándares de referencia nacional. RESULTADOS: Se conformaron dos tablas bidimensionales para el cálculo de índices, las cuales fueron acotadas de acuerdo a valores antropométricos promedios de nuestra población. CONCLUSIÓN: Estas tablas facilitarán al clínico la obtención de índices antropométricos y el diagnóstico de la condición nutricional de la embarazada y recién nacido.

BACKGROUND: Nutritional assessment is a widely used criterion for prognostic purposes and clinical management. In obstetrics, maternal and neonatal body mass Índex and neonatal ponderal Índex, respectively, are used. OBJECTIVE: To construct bidimensional tables to facilítate indexes obtaining process in clinical practice, moreover, graphs also are recommend for nutritional categorize using this indexes. METHODS: The anthro-pometric indexes that associate weight with height were calculated by their respectively formulas: weight divided by height squared or cubed, depending if body mass index or neonatal ponderal index is needed. For the subsequently categorization of both maternal and neonatal nutritional status, these indexes have to be judged in terms of gestational age graphics. For this process, we recommend national standard references. RESULTS: Two bidimensional tables were built to calcúlate the indexes and were delimited according to anthropometric averages of our population. CONCLUSION: These tables will facilítate the obtaining of indexes by the clinicians and, at the same time, the nutritional status diagnosis of pregnant women and their newborn.

Evaluación nutricional de niños de 10 a 14 meses de edad / Nutrition assessment related to children aged 10 to 14 months

El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar la evaluación nutricional de un grupo de niños con edades entre 10 y 14 meses, residentes en Ciudad de La Habana. MÉTODOS. Las variables analizadas fueron la edad decimal, peso, longitud supina e ingestión de energía y macronutrientes. Los índices antropométricos peso para la edad, talla para la edad y peso para la talla se compararon con los valores nacionales e internacionales de referencia. Las encuestas dietéticas fueron analizadas en el programa CERES. RESULTADOS. La mayoría de los individuos fueron normales para los tres índices antropométricos, y aunque las niñas presentaron una ligera tendencia a la obesidad, no existieron diferencias significativas entre hembras y varones. El 87,5 por ciento presentó ingestión excesiva de proteínas y la contribución de los macronutrientes a la energía fue desequilibrada. CONCLUSIONES. Se comprobó que la mayoría de los niños son normales desde el punto de vista antropométrico y que existe un patrón dietético inadecuado.

The aim of this research was the carrying out of a nutrition assessment of a group of children aged from 10 to 14 months, in Ciudad de la Habana. METHODS: Variables analyzed included decimal age, weight, supine length and energy and macronutrients consumption. Anthropometric rates for age-weight, age-height and height-weight were compared with reference national and international values. Dietetic surveys were analyzed in CERES program. RESULTS: Most of subjects were normal for the three anthropometric rates, and although girls had a slight trend to obesity, there were not significant differences between both sexes. The 87,5 percent showed an excessive consumption of proteins and contribution of macronutrients to energy was unstable. CONCLUSIONS: Was proved that most of children are normal from the anthropometric point of view, and that there is an inappropriate dietetic pattern.

Evaluación nutricional de niños de 10 a 14 meses de edad / Nutrition assessment related to children aged 10 to 14 months

El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar la evaluación nutricional de un grupo de niños con edades entre 10 y 14 meses, residentes en Ciudad de La Habana. MÉTODOS. Las variables analizadas fueron la edad decimal, peso, longitud supina e ingestión de energía y macronutrientes. Los índices antropométricos peso para la edad, talla para la edad y peso para la talla se compararon con los valores nacionales e internacionales de referencia. Las encuestas dietéticas fueron analizadas en el programa CERES. RESULTADOS. La mayoría de los individuos fueron normales para los tres índices antropométricos, y aunque las niñas presentaron una ligera tendencia a la obesidad, no existieron diferencias significativas entre hembras y varones. El 87,5 por ciento presentó ingestión excesiva de proteínas y la contribución de los macronutrientes a la energía fue desequilibrada. CONCLUSIONES. Se comprobó que la mayoría de los niños son normales desde el punto de vista antropométrico y que existe un patrón dietético inadecuado(AU)

The aim of this research was the carrying out of a nutrition assessment of a group of children aged from 10 to 14 months, in Ciudad de la Habana. METHODS: Variables analyzed included decimal age, weight, supine length and energy and macronutrients consumption. Anthropometric rates for age-weight, age-height and height-weight were compared with reference national and international values. Dietetic surveys were analyzed in CERES program. RESULTS: Most of subjects were normal for the three anthropometric rates, and although girls had a slight trend to obesity, there were not significant differences between both sexes. The 87,5 percent showed an excessive consumption of proteins and contribution of macronutrients to energy was unstable. CONCLUSIONS: Was proved that most of children are normal from the anthropometric point of view, and that there is an inappropriate dietetic patternç(AU)

Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e indicadores de adiposidade central em escolares de Santa Catarina, Brasil / Prevalence of overweight and obesity and central adiposity indexes among school-aged children in Santa Catarina, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre escolares e sua associação com região, sexo, faixa etária e rede de ensino, e a correlação entre os índices antropométricos. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 4.964 escolares entre 6 a 10 anos de idade matriculados em 345 escolas do ensino fundamental do Estado de Santa Catarina. Foi utilizado o índice de massa corporal para diagnosticar sobrepeso e obesidade. Como indicadores de distribuição de gordura foram utilizadas circunferência de cintura, relação cintura-quadril, relação cintura-altura, dobras cutâneas triciptal e subescapular e razão subescapular-triciptal. Foram estimadas as razões de chance com IC 95 por cento e calculada correlação de Pearson para avaliar a relação entre índice de massa corporal e índices antropométricos. RESULTADO: Do total dos escolares, 52,2 por cento eram do sexo feminino. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 15,4 por cento e de obesidade 6,0 por cento. Não foi encontrada associação entre sobrepeso ou obesidade com regiões, sexo e faixa etária, somente entre sobrepeso e rede particular. Os escolares da rede particular apresentaram 1,46 (1,22-1,74) vezes mais chance de desenvolverem sobrepeso. Foi encontrada correlação forte entre o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência de cintura (r = 0,90). CONCLUSÃO: Os escolares da rede particular estão mais expostos ao sobrepeso e à obesidade, sugerindo que a condição socioeconômica dos escolares possa ser a explicação. A circunferência de cintura, além de indicador de adiposidade central, poderá ser utilizada como indicador de adiposidade total.

Pressão arterial e o perfil antropométrico e metabólico de indivíduos jovens acompanhados por 16 anos, estratificados pelo comportamento da pressão arterial. Estudo do Rio de Janeiro / Blood pressure and the anthropometric and metabolic profile of young individuals followed-up for 16 years, stratified by the blood pressure pattern. The Rio de Janeiro study

Objetivo: Avaliar a pressão arterial (PA), o perfil antropométrico e metabólico em indivíduos jovens, estratificados pelo comportamento da sua PA por 16 anos de acompanhamento. Métodos: Estudo observacional. Em seguimento de 199,38 mais ou menos 4,56 meses, 61 indivíduos (29M) pertencentes à coorte do Estado do Rio de Janeiro realizaram três avaliações. A1: aos 12,10 mais ou menos 0,96 anos (10-15 anos), A2: aos 21,97 mais ou menos l,95 anos (18-25 anos) e A3 aos 29,46 mais ou menos 1,70 anos (26-33 anos). Três grupos foram constituídos : Grupo N(n igual 27): PA normal nas 3 avaliações, Grupo H(n igual 8), PA anormal nas três avaliações, Grupo H (n igial 8), PA anormal nas e avaliações. Grupo I. (n igual 26, PA variável nas 3 avaliações. Nas Três ocasiões foram obtidos PA, peso e altura e o índice de massa corporal (INC). Em A2 e A3 foram dosados glicose, colesterol total, LDL-c, HDL-c e triglicerideos. Em A3 acrescentou-se a circunferência abdominal. Foi consisderada hipertensão arterial (HA) quando a PA maior ou menor percentil 95 (A1) ou maior ou menor 140/90mmHg (A2 e A3)....

Objective: To evaluate the blood pressure (BP), the anthropometric and metabolic profile of young individuals, stratified by the pattern of their BP in a16-year follow-up. Methods: Observational study. In a 199.38±4.56-month follow-up, 61 individuals (29M), belonging to a cohort study of Rio de Janeiro underwent three evaluations:A1: at ages 12.10±0.96 (10-15 years), A2: at ages 21.97±1.95 (18-25 years), and A3: at ages 29.46±1.70 (26-33 years). Three groups were formed: Group N (n=27): normal BP in the three evaluations; Group H (n=8): normal BP in the three evaluations; Group L (n=26): variable BP in the three evaluations. In all occasions BP, weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) wereobtained. In A2 and A3 glucose, total cholesterol, LDLC, HDL-C and triglycerides were measured. In A3waist circumference was added. High arterial pressure was considered as existing when AP >percentile 95(A1) or >140/90mmHg (A2 and A3).Results: 1) Group H showed higher averages of SBP, DBP (p<0.001), weight and BMI than Group N in A1,A2, and A3 (p<0.003); 2) In A3, the prevalence of AH was 32.8% and overweight was 60.0%. The prevalenceof overweight in groups N, H, and L were 30.8%, 100%, and 76.9%, respectively (p<0.001); 3) There were no differences as to the metabolic variables; 4) Metabolic syndrome (SM) was detected in 40.0% of Group H whileit was not at all detected in group N (p<0.03) in A3. Conclusion: After a 16 year follow-up, BP obtained in childhood and adolescence was significantly related to anthropometric variables and metabolic syndrome.