Collective memory: between individual systems of consciousness and social systems.

Following a long period of neglect, research on different facets of collective memory is now developing apace in the human and social sciences, as well as at their interface with psychology and neuroscience. This resolutely multidisciplinary renewal of interest in memory sciences has given rise to a plethora of concepts with diverse meanings (e.g., social frameworks of memory, collective, shared, collaborative, social memory). The purpose of the present study was to provide a conceptual overview from a historical perspective, and above all to clarify concepts that are often used interchangeably, even though they refer to very different realities. Based on recent research in psychology and neuroscience, we use the concept of collective memory to refer to the operations of individual systems of consciousness. Collective memory is not the memory of a collective, but that of its individual members, either as members of social groups (shared memory) or as participants in social interactions (collaborative memory). Drawing on the contributions of contemporary sociology, we show that social memory is not collective memory, as it refers not to individual systems of consciousness, but to social systems. More specifically, it is the outcome of communication operations which, through redundancy and repetition, perform a continuous and selective re-imprinting of meaning that can be used for communication. Writing, printing and the new communication technologies constitute the three historical stages in the formation and development of an autonomous social memory, independent of living memories and social interactions. In the modern era, mass media fulfill an essential function of social memory, by sorting between forgetting and remembering on a planetary scale. When thinking about the articulation between collective memory and social memory, the concept of structural coupling allows us to identify two mechanisms by which individual systems of consciousness and social systems can interact and be mutually sensitized: schemas and scripts, and social roles. Transdisciplinary approach spearheads major methodological and conceptual advances and is particularly promising for clinical practice, as it should result in a better understanding of memory pathologies, including PTSD, but also cognitive disorders in cancer (chemobrain) or in neurodegenerative diseases.

The philosophy of collective memory in the novel "The Buried Giant" by Kazuo Ishiguro.

Memory is a major theme running through Kazuo Ishiguro's works, one of which is The Buried Giant. This study aims to analyze the concept of collective memory in Kazuo Ishiguro's novel The Buried Giant through hermeneutic interpretation and sociological analysis. The results show that this novel links collective memory with individual experience and generational identity whilst making aging a central element in the exploration of time and history. In the novel, collective memory is seen through the prism of aging. The aging characters serve as a metonymy to convey the image of memory. They find themselves in circumstances broadcasting a horrific story of decline and marginalization of the nation because they cannot access the past and move into the future. They revisit the story of their lives, but even though they can recount their losses, they do not seem to be critical of their past choices or their responsibilities in the global conflicts they lived through. In The Buried Giant, the aging characters are the ones who come to terms with their individual and collective histories to face their remaining years. This is not an idealized vision of wisdom; rather, it is an acceptance of complicity and guilt. The results can be applied in literary, sociological, and historical studies concerning the collective memory of different historical periods. They are of practical value as they contribute to the study of collective memory in literary theory. Research on collective memory in literature sheds light on the ways historical events and shared experiences impact human behavior, beliefs, and decision-making processes.

[Memory and traumatism: From biology to humanities]. / Mémoire et traumatisme : de la biologie aux sciences sociales.

This article is a brief Introduction to a series of articles issued from the Journée Claude Bernard, organized at the Académie Nationale de Médecine. This session had for thematic "Memory and traumatism" and was composed of presentations coming from different disciplines including biological sciences and humanities. Several publications come from the Programme 13-Novembre, devoted to a traumatic event in French society - the attacks of 13 November 2015 in Paris and its immediate suburbs - and its consequences on the construction of individual and collective memories of this tragic event.

Title: Mémoire et traumatisme : de la biologie aux sciences sociales. Abstract: Cet article est une brève Introduction à une série d'articles issus de la Journée Claude Bernard, organisée à l'Académie Nationale de Médecine le 24 novembre 2021. Cette Journée, dont le thème était « Mémoire et traumatisme ¼, avait pour originalité de présenter des travaux provenant de disciplines différentes allant des sciences biologiques aux sciences humaines et sociales. Plusieurs publications s'appuient sur le Programme 13-Novembre, qui envisage les conséquences des attentats du 13 novembre 2015 sur la construction des mémoires individuelles et collectives de cet événement dramatique.

[The Programme 13-Novembre between individual memory and collective memory]. / Le Programme 13-Novembre entre mémoire individuelle et mémoire collective.

The purpose of this article is to present the evolution of scientific work on human memory from the end of the 19th century. The work of experimental psychology and neuropsychology first dominated the scientific scene. Research in the humanities and social sciences was established in the interwar period, but without any real interaction with psychology and neurosciences. We recall the most emblematic historical works of two distinct visions of memory: those of the experimental psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus who measured memory, on himself, from lists of meaningless syllables, and those of the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs for whom any act of memory is a social act. This disciplinary closure persisted until the end of the 20th century. A real social shift has taken place since the 2000s, with a desire to studying and understanding the interactions between individual and collective memories. In this article, the authors argue for the emergence of "sciences of memory" based on dialectic and transdisciplinarity. They draw on the Programme 13-Novembre that is emblematic of this evolution. The Programme 13-Novembre has seized upon a diversity of research tools on memory by applying them to a traumatic event in French society: the attacks of 13 November 2015 in Paris and its immediate suburbs. Its genesis, its overall architecture and several of its components are presented here, as well as a few results already published. In addition to its theoretical scope, this work has many possible applications, particularly in the understanding and management of various pathologies, post-traumatic stress disorder being the most demonstrative in this respect.

Title: Le Programme 13-Novembre entre mémoire individuelle et mémoire collective. Abstract: Cet article a pour objectif de présenter l'évolution des travaux scientifiques sur la mémoire humaine de la fin du 19e siècle à aujourd'hui. Les travaux de psychologie expérimentale et de neuropsychologie ont d'abord dominé la scène scientifique. Des recherches en sciences humaines et sociales se sont mises en place dans l'entre-deux-guerres, mais sans réelle interaction avec celles menées en psychologie et en neurosciences. Cette clôture disciplinaire a persisté jusqu'à la fin du 20e siècle. Un véritable tournant social s'est opéré depuis les années 2000 avec comme volonté d'étudier et de comprendre les interactions entre mémoires individuelles et mémoires collectives. Dans cet article, les auteurs plaident pour l'émergence de « sciences de la mémoire ¼ fondées sur la dialectique et la transdisciplinarité. Ils s'appuient sur le Programme 13-Novembre, emblématique de cette évolution. Sa genèse, son architecture d'ensemble et plusieurs de ses composantes sont présentées ici ainsi que quelques résultats déjà publiés. Outre leur portée théorique, ces travaux rendent possibles de nombreuses applications, en particulier dans la compréhension et la prise en charge de différentes pathologies, le trouble de stress post-traumatique étant la plus démonstrative à cet égard.

[Memories of the 13-November 2015 terrorist attacks: what discourse analysis can teach us]. / Mémoires des attentats terroristes du 13-Novembre 2015 : ce que peut nous apprendre l'analyse de discours.

The Programme 13-Novembre aims to analyze the individual and collective memory of the terrorist attacks of November 13, 2015. At its heart is the Étude 1000, which is to gather the same 1000 people in audiovisual interviews four times in 10 years. Having the transcripts at our disposal, we choose here to show the importance of discourse analysis by recalling its theoretical foundations, to present one of the tools allowing this statistical analysis, the Correspondence Factor Analysis, and to use it to analyze the sub-corpus of interviews conducted at a distance from the Paris events, with 76 inhabitants of the Metz region. Crossing these volunteers with the words they use, we see that two variables clearly stand out that oppose the vocabularies, the gender variable and the age variable.

Title: Mémoires des attentats terroristes du 13-Novembre 2015 : ce que peut nous apprendre l'analyse de discours. Abstract: Le Programme 13-Novembre vise à analyser la mémoire individuelle et collective des attentats terroristes du 13 novembre 2015. Au cœur se trouve l'Étude 1000 qui doit recueillir, à 4 reprises en 10 ans, les témoignages des mêmes 1000 personnes dans des entretiens audiovisuels. Disposant des transcriptions, nous choisissons ici de montrer l'importance de l'analyse de discours en rappelant ses fondements théoriques, de présenter l'un des outils permettant cette analyse statistique, l'Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances, et de l'utiliser pour analyser le sous-corpus des entretiens réalisés à distance des événements parisiens, auprès de 76 habitants de la région de Metz. Croisant ces volontaires avec les mots qu'ils utilisent, on constate que deux variables ressortent clairement qui opposent les vocabulaires, la variable du genre et la variable de l'âge.

Toward new memory sciences: The Programme 13-Novembre.

Studies devoted to individual and collective memory have evolved in a compartmentalized way for more than a century. We recall the most emblematic historical works of two distinct visions of memory: those of the experimental psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus who measured memory, on himself, from lists of meaningless syllables, and those of the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs for whom any act of memory is a social act. Since the beginning of the years 2000, the social turn in life sciences and, more rarely, the opening up of sociologists and historians to the life sciences have tended to bring these hitherto compartmentalized currents together. The Programme 13-Novembre has seized upon a diversity of research tools on memory by applying them to a traumatic event in French society: the attacks of 13 November 2015 in Paris and its immediate suburbs. The main objective of this program is to better understand the links between individual and collective memory in the construction of these memories related to this traumatic event. This research is fundamentally transdisciplinary-i.e., developed by researchers from different disciplines-and longitudinal over 12 years to understand the evolution of memories over time. Our studies focus on people who were closest to the traumatic event-and likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder-and on those who were further away but who are more representative of the general population. We present some of the results, derived from data collected in studies of the program that feed our advocacy for new memory sciences.

Blumenau e as memórias de maria: as enchentes da década de 1980 a partir de experiências de vida / Blumenau and the memories of maria: the floods of 1980 decade from life experiences / Blumenau y las memorias de maría: las inundaciones de la década de los 80 a partir de experiencias de vida

Este artigo traz as memórias de Maria acerca das grandes enchentes de 1983 e 1984 ocorridas em Blumenau-SC. O objetivo é evidenciar os acontecimentos que não estão impressos na história "oficial" da cidade. Esta pesquisa segue metodologia qualitativa com base em história oral. Os dados foram captados por entrevista em profundidade. Como conclusão, percebese que Maria, por vezes, assume o papel de protagonista e, por vezes, de testemunha ocular, trazendo uma memória que imprime não somente os acontecimentos das tragédias, mas o resgate das raízes da cultura alemã. Apesar de Maria evidenciar a dura realidade que viveu no período, em suas falas, parece não fazer parte delas. O sofrimento do outro se mostra maior. Isso é evidenciado quando reproduz narrativas que giravam de boca em boca e pelo rádio, tomando uma dimensão maior do que sua própria experiência em relação às tragédias

This paper brings forth the memories of Maria from the great floods, which occurred in the city of Blumenau in 1983-84. Our aim is to put events in the foreground, which as of yet, have not been etched into the "official" city history. This study follows qualitative methods based on Oral History. Data having been collected through in-depth interviews. It is possible to conclude that Maria acts at times as a protagonist and as an eye-witness at other times, bringing a memory that prints out not only the tragedy of the events, but also the later rescuing of German cultural and heritage roots. Although Maria puts forward evidence of the harsh reality she lived through at the time, she seems distanced from them in her discourse. The suffering of others shown as greater. This can be seen when radio and word-of-mouth accounts are reproduced, taking greater dimensions than her own tragic experience

Este artículo trae las memorias de María sobre las grandes inundaciones de 1983 y 1984 ocurridas en Blumenau-SC. El objetivo es mostrar los hechos que no están impresos en la historia "oficial" de la ciudad. Esta investigación sigue metodología cualitativa con base en historia oral. Los datos han sido captados por entrevista en profundidad. Como conclusión, se observa que María, en ocasiones, asume el papel de protagonista y, otras veces, de testigo ocular, trayendo una memoria que imprime no solamente los sucesos de las tragedias, sino el rescate de las raíces de la cultura alemana. Aunque María muestra la dura realidad que vivió en este periodo, en su narración no parece formar parte de ella. El sufrimiento del otro se muestra mayor. Esto se manifiesta cuando se reproducen narrativas que iban de boca en boca y por la radio, tomando una dimensión mayor que su propia experiencia en relación con las tragedias