The effect of individual values on self-esteem and meaning in life in adolescents: A cross-sectional study from Turkey.

AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of personal values on self-esteem and meaning in life in adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 404 adolescents in Turkey. The data were collected with the "Portrait Values Questionnaire" (PVQ), the "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale" (RSE), and the "Meaning in Life Questionnaire" (MLQ) between September and December 2021. Descriptive statistics were used in the analysis of the data, and multivariate correlation and regression analyses were performed. The STROBE checklist was used for reporting. RESULTS: The mean PVQ score was 4.84 ± 0.59, indicating good individual values. The mean RSES score was 1.86 ± 0.62, showing moderate self-esteem. The mean MLQ score was 4.24 ± 1.17, indicating a moderate meaning in life. There was a positive relationship between the PVQ scores of the adolescents and their RSE and MLQ. PVQ was a positive predictor of RSE and MLQ in these adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that adolescents have good individual values, and moderate self-esteem and meaning in life. Individual values have a positive effect on adolescents' self-esteem and meaning in life. Future studies are expected to explore how personal values affect self-esteem and meaning in life in adolescents using longitudinal study data. Understanding how adolescents' personal values affect self-esteem and well-being can contribute to the development of further strategies to increase adolescents' self-esteem and happiness levels.

Social Axioms and Individual Values as Predictors of COVID-19 Fear among University Students from Countries with Different Government Strategies for Managing the Pandemic.

Background: Effective prevention of psychological trauma by fear of COVID-19 requires the study of the relationships between the psychological and contextual factors that can influence the level of this fear. The social axioms, individual values, and government strategies for managing the pandemic have not yet been studied as a system of psychological and contextual factors contributing to COVID-19 fear. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the level of COVID-19 fear and the characteristics of the relationships between the social axioms, individual values, and fear of COVID-19 among university students from countries with different government strategies for managing the pandemic. Design: University students from countries with different government strategies for managing the pandemic (208 Belarusians, 200 Kazakhstanis, and 250 Russians ages 18 to 25) participated in an anonymous online survey. The respondents filled in questionnaires that assessed their manifestations of COVID-19 fear (COVID-19 Fear Scale: FCV-19S) as the dependent variable; the "Social Axiom Questionnaire" (QSA-31) and the "Portrait Value Questionnaire" (ESS-21) measured the social axioms and individual values as the independent variables. Results: Fear of COVID-19 reached a higher level among the students from the countries with the weakest (Belarus) and the strongest (Kazakhstan) restrictive measures during the pandemic. Dysfunctional fear of COVID-19 was manifest among those Belarusian students who attached the greatest importance to self-enhancement values and the fate control axiom, and the least importance to the social complexity axiom, as well as among those Russian students for whom the religiosity social axiom was significant and the social complexity axiom was not. For Kazakhstani students, social axioms and values were not predictors of dysfunctional fear of COVID-19. Conclusion: The greatest contribution of social axioms and individual values to the experience of COVID-19 fear among the students was observed under conditions where the actions of the authorities were incompatible with the existing pandemic risks (in Belarus), as well as under conditions where a variable assessment of threat level was possible (in Russia).

Basic values as a motivational framework relating individual values with acculturation strategies among Arab immigrants and refugees across different settlement contexts.

There is a lack of systematic acculturation research on the motivations underpinning the behavior of migrants, which could explain how they acculturate and adapt to their new country of residence. This paper examines the link between values, using the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values, and acculturation strategies among Arab immigrant and refugee groups across different settlement contexts. The results of Study 1 (Arab immigrants; N = 456) showed, as hypothesized, positive links between strategies and values: the integration strategy with conservation, social focus, self-protection, and self-transcendence values; assimilation with openness to change, personal focus, and growth values; and separation with conservation, social focus, and self-protection. These findings were generally repeated in Study 2 (Syrian refugees; N = 415) except that integration was not associated with self-transcendence and that assimilation was positively linked to self-enhancement instead of openness to change. Our analyses indicated that acculturation preferences are mainly related to motivational values, rather than to different settlement contexts in both samples; however, assimilation seems to be more associated to context than values among the refugee sample. Implications of the findings to the acculturation literature are discussed.

Does threat trigger prosociality? The relation between basic individual values, threat appraisals, and prosocial helping intentions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prosociality is often considered as quintessential in coping with the threats of health emergencies. As previous research has suggested, prosocial behaviors are shaped by both dispositional factors and situational cues about the helping situation. In the present research, we investigated whether "bonding" types of prosociality, helping directed towards close others within one's social network, and "bridging" types of prosociality, helping directed towards vulnerable people across group boundaries, are predicted by basic individual values and threat appraisals concerning COVID-19. During the pandemic, we conducted a cross-sectional study in the US and India (Ntotal = 954), using the Schwartz value inventory and a multifaceted measure of threat assessment to predict prosocial helping intentions. After controlling for other value and threat facets, self-transcendence values and threat for vulnerable groups uniquely predicted both bonding and bridging types of prosociality. Furthermore, threat for vulnerable groups partially mediated the effect of self-transcendence on prosocial helping intentions: People who endorsed self-transcendent values were particularly concerned by the effect of the pandemic on vulnerable groups, and thus willing to engage in prosocial behaviours to help those in need. Our findings support the idea that prosociality is stimulated by empathic concerns towards others in need and underline the importance for future research to consider the broad spectrum of threats appraised by people during health emergencies. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-023-04829-1.

Value Orientations and Institutional Trust as Contributors to the Adoption of Online Services in Youth: A Cross-Country Comparison.

Internet usage data from around the globe show that adolescents are the most frequent Internet users, but mostly for leisure activities and maintaining social contacts. In the present study, we focused on Internet use for e-services, which could improve youth efficiency in the financial domain (responsible consumer behaviour) and bridge the online divide in youth. Specifically, we explored how societal constructs (namely, institutional trust and personal values) influence the use of the Internet for online shopping, e-banking and communication with providers of goods and services online. We used a representative sample of adolescents (N = 10.902) from 10 countries of Southeast Europe where a great variability in Internet use is present, and where the use of e-services is generally lower than the EU average. This also allowed for meaningful cross-country comparisons. We tested a structural equation model of values predicting the use of the Internet through institutional trust (including some relevant demographic variables such as settlement size, SES and Internet use frequency) which was grounded in social capital theory, cultural theory and Schwartz human values model. The model exhibited a good fit to the data but the strengths of regressional paths were rather modest. Looking into the cross-country stability of the model, however, revealed some notable differences: while the relationship between trust and use of the Internet for e-services was modest in some countries, the relationship was insignificant in other countries, where Internet usage is lower in general. This suggests that strategies aimed at leveraging e-services and digital technology potential in youth should also account for cultural specificities in the transitional economies and cultural settings with sub-optimal adoption of digital services.

Nursing students' individual values, inclination to ethical and professional values.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between nursing students' individual values, inclination to ethical and professional nursing values. DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 315 nursing students in Turkey. Data were collected using the student information form, the Portrait Values Scale, the Inclination to Ethical Values Scale, and Nursing Professional Values Scale. FINDINGS: The students' basic values are Tradition and Universalism. It was determined that an inclination toward ethical and professional values was quite high. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The fact that nursing students are aware of their individual values how these values affect behaviour can be a guide to human focused values in professional lifes.

Psychological Distress of International Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Multidimensional Effects of External Environment, Individuals' Behavior, and Their Values.

The COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on society. In particular, it has had a strong impact on college students, including international students. Through an online questionnaire survey, it is found that the psychological distress experienced by international students is the result of a combination of the external environment (including the lockdown measures, social distancing, and social support) and internal factors such as values and behavior. The analysis shows that the new teaching mode and the corresponding changes in learning behavior are significantly associated with the psychological distress brought about by the COVID-19 epidemic. In addition, the influence of international students' values also plays a significant role in their psychological distress. Collective values are conducive to the alleviation of psychological distress, while individual values have the opposite effect. At the same time, the study also reveals that if there is sufficient social support, isolation (due to lockdown or social distancing early or later on) is not necessarily directly related to psychological distress. However, only formal social support can effectively alleviate psychological distress, while informal social support does not play a similar role. These conclusions have certain policy significance for the prevention of and response to epidemics in other countries.

No man is an island: Psychological underpinnings of prosociality in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak.

In response to the COVID-19 outbreak, sustainable forms of collective resilience help societies coping cohesively with unprecedented challenges. In our empirical contribution, we framed collective resilience and cohesion in terms of prosociality. A study carried out in the midst of the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK (N = 399) articulated basic individual values, ideological orientations (i.e., authoritarianism and social dominance orientation), and core political values in a comprehensive framework to predict bonding and bridging forms of prosocial intentions, and prosocial behaviors directed towards vulnerable groups. According to our findings, people whose worldview incorporates collective and collaborative principles cared more about others' welfare. Jointly, self-transcendence, equality, and accepting immigrants predicted more prosociality, whereas social dominance orientation predicted less prosociality. Over and beyond all other predictors, self-transcendence uniquely predicted prosocial intentions and behaviors alike. To conclude, we suggest interventions to promote and sustain prosociality among people motivated by a larger array of life goals and worldviews.

The Why and How of Entrepreneurial Action: An Integrative Model Based on Individual Values and Action Theory.

Although individual values have been scarcely studied in the entrepreneurship literature, existing research provides evidence that they are relevant for understanding entrepreneurial behavior. Values, however, do not necessarily influence action in a direct way. Instead, they may indirectly predict behavior via more proximal psychological processes. We build upon previous research in entrepreneurship values using Schwartz (1992) individual-values theory and Frese's (2007) entrepreneurial action theory, and propose a theoretical model in which individual values have an indirect effect on entrepreneurial behavior through a series of four ulterior cognitive processes: Goal setting and intentions, mapping of information about the environment, planning and monitoring of the execution, and feedback processing. In doing so we integrate the theory of individual values with entrepreneurial cognition research. Despite their complementarity, these two theoretical approaches have not been studied together before. In this way, we offer new insights on the way individual values can explain entrepreneurial action. Based on these two lines of research we additionally propose a research agenda.

Charting and Evaluation of Real-Time Continuous Monitoring Water Bioburden.

Bioburden data of municipal water, generated continuously with an online water burden analyzer sampling every two seconds (2 s), were subjected to a statistical analysis for the purpose of charting, evaluating the monitoring process behavior, and understanding when to take action and maintain the process under a state of control. The biocounts were recorded with a commercial analyzer that employs the intrinsic fluorescence of microorganisms as a result of laser excitation in order to generate a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signal. The real-time and continuous counting of optical signals leads to a stream of positively autocorrelated data. These high-frequency data, when plotted on Shewhart control charts, are difficult to interpret and exhibit a high rate of false alarm signals because of the autocorrelation. This paper analyzes an example set of data of water biocounts of one single day with the purpose of removing or minimizing the autocorrelation using model-based and model-free methods. This analysis can be equally applied to environmental monitoring of inert particles and microbes in the air in controlled rooms. The skip sampling and time series model methods were shown to remove the autocorrelation. The author favors the model-free method of "batch means control charts" whereby a "batch" or a number of successive data points is averaged and plotted on a standard Shewhart chart. The magnitude of this number depends on the knowledge of the given process and the purpose of the process control chart. Subsequently, the "batch means control charts" were made more meaningful and practical by setting limits that were determined under relaxed constraints. The ultimate outcome is converting high-frequency data to low-frequency data plotted onto standard control charts with practical limits and fewer false alarms, charts that reveal more clearly the underlying behavior and trends of the monitoring process.LAY ABSTRACT: Bioburden data of municipal water, generated continuously with an online water analyzer sampling every 2 s, were subjected to a statistical analysis for the purpose of charting, evaluating the monitoring process behavior, and understanding when to take action and maintain the process under a state of control. This paper analyzes the data of biocounts of one single day with the purpose of removing or minimizing the autocorrelation using model-based and model-free methods. The skip sampling and time series model methods were shown to remove the autocorrelation. The author favors the model-free method of "batch means control charts" whereby a "batch" or a number of successive data points is averaged and plotted on a standard Shewhart chart. The magnitude of this number depends on the knowledge of the given process and the purpose of the process control chart. Subsequently, the "batch means control charts" were made more meaningful and practical by setting limits that were determined under relaxed constraints. The ultimate outcome is turning high-frequency data to low-frequency data plotted onto standard control charts with practical limits and fewer false alarms, charts that more easily reveal the trends of the monitoring process.

Quantitative analysis of individual cell-free DNA concentration before and after penetrating trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) elevations were remarked in the blood of trauma patients. Published increases refer to comparative values of a healthy control group, ignoring thereby inter- and intra-individual differences under normal conditions. The aim of this study was to quantify cfDNA in patients in the time course of a planned orthopedic surgery, which constitutes the advantage of obtaining individual pre- and post-trauma values for each patient. By this approach, a basis should be established for the potential future application of cfDNA as biomarker for the detection of mild injuries related to volunteer experiments in forensic biomechanics. METHODS: Plasma samples of ten patients obtaining knee or hip arthroplasty were analyzed quantitatively for cfDNA by real-time qPCR the day prior operation (Prior), immediately afterwards (Day0), and the day after the surgery (Day1). RESULTS: Prior values exhibited a broad range, indicating pronounced inter-individual differences in the basic level of cfDNA. After surgery, levels were significantly elevated on both days (Wilcoxon test p = 0.002). In nine patients, highest values were measured on Day0, whereby a fold change of 19 was remarked once. After Day0, values decreased, though they did not reach Prior values until Day1 in nine patients. CONCLUSION: Endoprosthesis surgery represents a well-defined trauma scenario for the measurement of individual cfDNA elevations. The analysis of pre- to post-trauma alterations lay the groundwork for the application of cfDNA as biomarker for the detection of minor injuries in the field of forensic biomechanics.

Recycling Alone or Protesting Together? Values as a Basis for Pro-environmental Social Change Actions.

Social change can be pursued by participating in a public protest, joining a community gardening initiative, or recycling at home. However, little research has investigated how individual differences in values relate to people's engagement in different types of social change actions in the context of pro-environmental behavior. We hypothesized that values would be differentially related to different types of social change actions, based on different goals that each of these actions may have (e.g., changing one's own behavior or influencing others). A survey among people engaged in pro-environmental activism during the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference supported our predictions. Specifically, we found that individual behavior and community-based actions were uniquely related to biospheric values (i.e., a key concern for nature and the environment). However, other social change actions (e.g., public protest) were uniquely related to altruistic values (i.e., a key concern for the welfare of all people), and pro-environmental lobbying was positively related to egoistic values (i.e., a key concern for power and achievement). Our findings suggest that different behaviors directed at pro-environmental social change may be based on different values. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Managers' individual values and performance / Valores individuais e desempenho de gerentes

The paper presents a study in the field of organizational behavior concerning individual values and self-reported performance of intermediate leaders. Its main objective was to identify priority values, specially the hierarchy of values according to the intermediate leaders' personal priorities and link them to job performance using exploratory and descriptive methodology, through a survey, scaled with questionnaires "SVS individual values" and "self reported performance," both through Likert scale and deductive logic. It was made a census with leaders in intermediate leadership positions in a medium-sized food industry in the state of Ceará - Brazil. Data were collected electronically and analyzed by SPSS software, using descriptive and factorial statistics. The results pointed to the priority values of motivational types "Benevolence" associated with Compliance. Those with better self-reported performance presented a different result: Benevolence was associated with Self-determination. The overall objective was achieved because the priority values were identified in the intermediate leadership and they were related to professional performance, otherwise checking which values are on top for leaders with better self-reported performance. The study brought new contributions in the area of Organizational Behavior, particularly in what concerns organizational management, the importance of the intermediate leaders in the context of organizational leadership, the understanding of their values, performance, as well as their motivation

O presente artigo apresenta um estudo no campo do comportamento organizacional sobre valores individuais e desempenho auto-reportado de médias lideranças. O objetivo principal do estudo foi identificar as prioridades axiológicas, nomeadamente a hierarquização dos valores conforme as prioridades pessoais de médias lideranças e relaciona-las ao desempenho profissional se utilizando de metodologia exploratória e descritiva, por meio de um levantamento ou survey, dimensionado com os questionários "SVS de valores individuais" e "Desempenho auto-reportado", ambos em escala likert e com lógica dedutiva. Foi realizado um censo com os indivíduos que ocupam cargos de médias lideranças em uma indústria de alimentos do estado do Ceará. Os dados foram coletados por meio eletrônico e analisados pelo software SPSS com estatística descritiva e fatorial. Os resultados das prioridades axiológicas apontaram para os tipos motivacionais Benevolência associado com Conformidade, enquanto para aqueles com melhor desempenho auto-reportado a combinação se deu diferente: Benevolência associado com Autodeterminação. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi atingido porque as prioridades axiológicas das médias lideranças foram identificadas e relacionadas ao desempenho profissional, verificando quais os tipos motivacionais estão no topo dos líderes que apresentam melhor desempenho auto-reportado. O trabalho trouxe novas contribuições na área do comportamento organizacional, em especial no que tange à gestão empresarial, à importância das médias lideranças no contexto da liderança organizacional, à compreensão dos seus valores, performance e, consequentemente, motivações

Charting and Evaluation of Environmental Microbial Monitoring Data.

UNLABELLED: Statistical tools are required to organize and present microbial environmental monitoring data for the purpose of evaluating it against regulatory action limits and of determining if the microbial monitoring process is in a state of control. This paper applies a known methodology of a simple and straightforward construction of control XmR (X data and moving range) charts of individual microbial counts as they are or of contamination rates derived from them, irrespective of the type of the parent data distribution and without the need to transform the data into a normal distribution. Plotting of monthly and cumulative sample contamination rates, as newly suggested by USP <1116>, is also shown. Both types of the control charts and plots allow an evaluation of the behavior of the microbial monitoring process. After addressing the magnitude of microbial counts expected in environmental monitoring samples, this paper presents the rationale behind the use of XmR charts. Employing data taken from environmental monitoring programs of pharmaceuticals manufacturing facilities, this paper analyzes examples of (1) microbial counts from passive or active air sampling in area Grade D or B or Class 100,000 in XmR charts, (2) contamination recovery rates as suggested by USP <1116> from active air samples in area Grade B and contact plates in area Grade C, and (3) instantaneous contamination rates with calculations illustrated on microbial counts of contact plates in area Grade D. LAY ABSTRACT: Pharmaceutical companies conduct environmental monitoring programs, and samples of air (active and passive sampling) and of surfaces (contact plates) are routinely tested for microbiological quality. Thus, hundreds of microbial counts of tested environmental monitoring samples are routinely generated and recorded. Statistical tools are required to organize and present this abundant data for the purpose of evaluating it against regulatory action limits and determining if the microbial monitoring process is a state of control. This paper has a two-fold purpose. The first purpose is to provide microbiologists and quality assurance personnel simple and straightforward tools of statistical process control for evaluating the behavior of the microbial monitoring process: individual XmR (X data and moving range) control charts of microbial counts as they are or of rates derived from them are constructed irrespective of the type of the parent data distribution and without the need to transform the data into a normal distribution. Plotting of monthly and cumulative sample contamination rates, as newly suggested by USP <1116>, is also shown. The second purpose is to present examples of the charting of (1) microbial counts, (2) contamination recovery rates as suggested by USP <1116>, and (3) instantaneous contamination rates using data taken from environmental monitoring programs of pharmaceuticals manufacturing facilities.

Hierarquia de valores transculturais e brasileiros / Hierarchy of cross-cultural and Brazilian values

Foi estabelecida a hierarquia de 56 valores transculturais e quatro valores característicos da cultura brasileira com uma amostra de 419 sujeitos, de ambos os sexos, constituída por professores de escola secundária e estudantes universitários. A hierarquia foi estabelecida tanto no plano dos valores individuais como no dos tipos motivacionais de valores. As diferenças entre os subgrupos da amostra foram verificadas em termos do nível dos tipos motivacionais e da estrutura bidimensional dos valores. A hierarquia apresentou cinco níveis bem distintos de valores. Do ponto de vista motivacional, os valores de autodeterminação ocuparam o primeiro lugar. As mulheres enfatizaram mais do que os homens os valores a serviço de interesses coletivos e de autotranscendência de seus interesses egoístas em benefício do bem-estar dos outros. Os estudantes universitários salientaram mais do que os professores os valores relativos à autopromoção e à abertura à mudança.

The hierarchy of 56 cross-cultural values and four characteristic values of the Brazilian culture were established with a sample of 419 subjects, of both sexes, constituted by high school teachers and college students. The hierarchy was established so much in the plan of the individual values as in the one of the motivational values types. The differences among the subgroups of the sample were verified in terms of the level of the motivational types and of the bi-dimensional structure of the values. The hierarchy presented five levels very different from values. From the motivational point of view, the self-determination values occupied the first place. The women emphasized the values more than the men to service of collective interests and of self-transcendence of their selfish interests in benefit of the well-being of the other ones. The college students pointed out the relative values more than the teachers to the self-promotion and the opening to the change.