Intellectual property in the bio-sector research: Applying patenting rules in a field with no definition of life / La propiedad intelectual en investigaciones del sector Bio: aplicación de normas de patentes en un campo sin definición de vida

Abstract Intellectual Property is a powerful legal and economic instrument. In our "knowledge economy", patents are the preferred IP tool with special emphasis in the pharma - agro biotech industry. However, the growth of patents in the bio sector such as the pharma and agro fields, encounters many challenges. Life itself has not been defined yet. So, how can it be determined exactly when a living being, or a biological entity has been modified by itself or by human intervention, and thus address issues of patentability? Therefore, a researcher in the bio field cannot be alien to Intellectual Property, being the main actor in the revolution of the bio-pharma-agro sectors.

Resumen La propiedad intelectual es un poderoso instrumento legal y económico. En nuestra "economía del conocimiento", las patentes son la herramienta de propiedad intelectual preferida, con mayor énfasis en la industria farmacéutica - agrícola - biotecnológica. Sin embargo, el crecimiento de patentes en el sector biológico, tales como el campo farmacéutico y el agro, encuentra muchos desafíos. La vida misma aún no ha sido definida. Entonces, ¿cómo podría determinarse exactamente cuándo un ser vivo o una entidad biológica ha sido modificado por sí mismo o por la intervención humana? Por lo tanto, un investigador del sector bio, no puede ser ajeno a la Propiedad Intelectual, siendo el actor principal en la revolución del sector biofarmacéutico y agrario.

The cohabitation of academia and industry: What position do the medical journals take regarding opinion articles? / La cohabitación de la academia y la industria: ¿qué postura toman las revistas médicas en relación con los artículos de opinión?

Should medical journals publish editorials and educational articles written by authors who have financial conflicts of interest with pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries on whose products (or their competitors) they discuss? In the last 18 months, a controversy was sparked between The New England Journal of Medicine and BMJ, who took 2 opposite positions: the former stated that the negative bias against authors with conflicts of interest with industry is excessive and therefore accept articles from any expert, ensuring that they have the minimum possible bias. BMJ, in contrast, prohibits the publication of these types of article by authors who have financial conflicts of interest with industry. This article discusses the approaches of the 2 journals (and those of others) and reflects on this type of conflict in the medical profession.