The development of assistive product policies in China from the perspective of the assistive product industry.

PURPOSE: The aim was to develop targeted and complete policy structure of China's assistive products, and to provide recommendations for boosting the matching rate of assistive products and driving the benign development of China's assistive product market. METHODS: This paper establishes a theoretical framework of the development logic of assistive product policies. Then it adopts the text quantification method to review 81 relevant documents on these policies issued from 1988 to 2019 systematically. RESULTS: We found that environmental policy tools account for the largest proportion with regard to policy tool, and can provide a good policy environment; the role of demand-based policy tools in creating market activity and stimulating industrial development needs to be elevated. The policies concerning assistive products industry in China show a rising trend. This paper is centred on the relatively stable theme of policy issuing. Coordination with various ministries can maximize the benefits. In the early period, the targeted policy objectives are put forward for assistive products industry; in the later period, the focus is on the combination with the policies concerning the elderly. Division of labour and proper coordination are required to coordinate type of policies. CONCLUSION: The key to the industrial development lies in promoting the change of consumption concepts, and the difficulty lies in how to coordinate the contradiction interests between product suppliers and demanders through policy intervention. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: The relatively disadvantaged position of users of assistive products determines certain public goods attributes of the products, which mean that the operation of the market cannot rely entirely on the price mechanism. That is, non-market mechanisms (especially the administrative mechanism) need to play their roles in the case of a market failure.After more than 30 years of development, assistive product policies in China covered various policy tools such as supply-based, demand-based and environment-based ones, and the assistive product industry has developed significantly. However, the recipients of assistive products are mainly among disadvantaged groups such as persons with disabilities and the elderly. The products have social welfare attributes. The policies involve profound changes in economic conditions, industrial models and institutional mechanisms. The key to the industrial development lies in promoting the change of consumption concepts, and the difficulty lies in how to coordinate the contradiction in interests between product suppliers and demanders through policy intervention at this stage.This paper systematically analyzes the development logic and practice of China's industry policies of assistive products and put forward suggestions that more attention of policies can be paid to the demand side and develop a demand-pull model, the consumption of universal products can be encouraged and guided by policies, and attempts in policies can be made to guide the consumption concept of assistive products.

A evolução recente da indústria farmacêutica brasileira nos limites da subordinação econômica / The recent evolution of the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry in the limits of economic subordination

Resumo Este artigo apresenta a evolução da indústria farmacêutica brasileira e da balança comercial entre 1996 e 2014 e discute possibilidades de mudanças na política industrial farmacêutica. Os pressupostos da pesquisa foram: que as possibilidades industriais para o setor estão fortemente conectadas com o cenário internacional; e que este piorou a partir dos anos 1990, tornando o país mais vulnerável. As fontes utilizadas foram a Pesquisa Industrial Anual, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia Estatística, e os dados da balança comercial do Sistema de Análise das Informações, do Ministério da Indústria, Comércio Exterior e Serviços. Os valores foram deflacionados e corrigidos para desconsiderar a influência da inflação. Os resultados demonstraram que há um desequilíbrio entre a evolução das indústrias farmoquímica e de medicamentos para uso humano em relação à das indústrias voltadas para medicamentos veterinários e de produtos químicos para o agronegócio. A balança comercial mostrou-se crescentemente deficitária para produtos farmacêuticos para uso humano. Os resultados corroboraram tanto a hipótese de crescente subordinação econômica quanto os pressupostos do estudo acima apontados.

Abstract This study shows the results of the development of the Brazilian Pharmaceutical Industry and trade balance between 1996 and 2014, discussing possibilities of changes in Brazilian industrial policies. The research had two assumptions: industrial possibilities are strongly connected with the international scenario, which has worsened since the 1990s, leaving the country more vulnerable. The data sources were the Annual Industrial Survey of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and the Foreign Trade Information System from the Ministry of Industry. The values were adjusted not to consider the inflation. The results show that there was a big imbalance between the performances of the human pharmaceutical products and pharmochemical industries in regards to those focused on the production of chemicals and veterinary pharmaceutical products, in favor of these last ones. The trade balance data show a large and growing trade deficit for medicines for human use. The results corroborated the hypothesis of growing international subordination of the Brazilian pharmaceutical industry and the assumptions mentioned above.

Restructuring the Production of Medicines: An Investigation on the Pharmaceutical Sector in China and the Role of Mergers and Acquisitions.

In places like China, an ageing population coupled with changes in living standards and increases in disposable income, imply a shift of the demand for health-related goods and services which is likely to affect the whole organization of the industries that supply such goods and services at the global level. One of the industries most likely to be affected is the pharmaceutical sector. In the early 2000s China was already the second largest global producer of pharmaceutical ingredients. The pharmaceutical sector has become one of the most important industries promoted by the Chinese government and Five-Year Plan of China's Strategic Emerging Sectors, mergers and acquisition (M&A) activity has been the key strategy to restructure the sector and increase its competitiveness. This paper firstly provides an updated picture of the evolution of M&As in the pharmaceutical sector, compared to other sectors, in China in the period 2005-2013. Secondly, we develop a composite indicator to measure the industrial performance of all Chinese industrial sectors over time, which allows us to assess the performance of the pharmaceutical industry compared to that of other sectors of the Chinese economy. Finally, we develop and estimate an empirical model that tests the relationship between the number of M&A in a sector and its performance, with a particular focus on the pharmaceutical case. The results offer some initial evidence of positive effects from the process of restructuring of the pharmaceutical sector in China.