An assessment of the sensory drivers influencing consumer preference in infant formula, assessed via sensory evaluation and GC-O-MS.

Consumer partiality for food products is related to purchase and consumption behavior, and are influenced by sensory preferences. The sensory and chemical drivers behind consumer preference in the infant formula (IF) were analyzed. A total of 31 aroma-active compounds were identified, playing an important role in the production of off-flavors (especially fishy). Combined with the correlation analysis, the key aroma substances affecting the sensory attributes of IF were initially identified. A21, A22, B9 represented the key substances responsible for producing milky and creamy, while A2, A5, A11, A12, B5, C15, H5 primarily produced fishy. In addition, the two sensory attributes namely milky and creamy, and the T-sweet were more strongly correlated with consumer preference. Therefore, it can be concluded that consumers are more interested in the main flavor of the product than the off-flavor. These findings will inform the quality control of IF and the maintenance of sensory quality.

Infant sensorimotor decoupling from 4 to 9 months of age: Individual differences and contingencies with maternal actions.

Triadic interactions, wherein infants coordinate attention between caregivers and objects of shared focus, are believed to facilitate infant learning, and emerge around 9-12 months of age (Carpenter et al., 1998). Sensorimotor decoupling, wherein infants look at one percept while manipulating another, or use each hand for different actions, was hypothesized (de Barbaro et al., 2016) to contribute to triadic skills by allowing infants to smoothly shift attention between objects and social partners. We explored the development of Hand-Hand (H-H) and Gaze-Hand (G-H) decoupling in 38 infants at 4, 6, and 9 months. We also tested contingencies between maternal behaviors and infant decoupling: i.e., whether decoupling events followed maternal object-directed actions. Both overall and contingent infant decoupling increased from 4 to 9 months. Decoupling rates (both G-H and H-H) predicted variance in infants' fine and gross motor scores. Contingent G-H decoupling at 6 months predicted BSID-III communication scores at 18 months. Thus the development of infant sensorimotor skills, including decoupling, allows infants to smoothly shift attention and participate in triadic interactions.

Relationship Between Maternal Emotional Distress and Early Dyadic Interactions During Hospitalization of Preterm Infants in Malawi.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between emotional distress and mother-preterm infant interactions among mothers who used skin-to-skin care and to explore their experiences of childbirth and continuous skin-to-skin care. DESIGN: A sequential, explanatory, mixed-methods design. SETTING: A neonatal nursery in a tertiary-level hospital in Malawi. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-four mother-preterm infant dyads; we interviewed 15 of these mothers. METHODS: We administered surveys to assess emotional distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and worry about infant health) and video-recorded mother-infant interactions. We used regression analysis to assess the relationship between indicators of emotional distress and mother-infant interactions and further examined whether skin-to-skin care was associated with maternal distress. We used in-depth interviews to collect qualitative data and used content analysis to identify common themes. RESULTS: Symptoms of emotional distress were negatively associated with the frequency of infant negative behaviors and gestures, infant smiling, and mother looking and infant smiling when we controlled for the number of days administering continuous skin-to-skin care, gestational age, and severity of the infant's condition. Mothers reported that they felt stressed by providing continuous skin-to-skin care but appreciated its positive effects on the infant. CONCLUSION: Emotional distress while providing continuous skin-to-skin care was associated with poorer mother-preterm infant interactions The mental distress that mothers undergo while delivering continuous skin-to-skin care to their infants can be draining. It is essential for nurses to offer the required psychological support to enhance maternal mental health and encourage positive infant behavior and development. Health care systems need to support this level of nursing care.

Effect of pH and temperature on tropane alkaloids within a processing strategy to provide safe infant cereal-based food.

Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are secondary metabolites from weeds that can contaminate cereals and vegetables during harvest. Due to their toxicity, the Regulation (EC) 2023/915 sets maximum levels for atropine and scopolamine in cereal-based foods for infants containing millet, sorghum, buckwheat or their derived products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH and temperature on the stability of TAs, as possible parameters in thermal processing to mitigate this chemical hazard in cereal-based infant food. The effect of pH (4 and 7) and temperature (80 °C and 100 °C) was assessed in buffer solutions. Also, treatment at 180 °C was performed in spiked and naturally incurred millet flour to assess the effect of high temperature, simulating cooking or drying, on the stability of TAs in the cereal matrix. The fate of 24 TAs was assessed by UHPLC-MS/MS. TAs showed high thermostability, although it was variable depending on the specific compound, pH, temperature and treatment time. In buffer solutions, higher degradation was found at 100 °C and pH 7. In spiked millet flour at 180 °C for 10 min, scopolamine and atropine contents decreased by 25 % and 22 %, similarly to other TAs which also showed a slow thermal degradation. Atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine, norscopolamine, scopine and scopoline were found in naturally contaminated millet flour. Interestingly, naturally incurred atropine was more thermostable than when spiked, showing a protective effect of the cereal matrix on TAs degradation. The present results highlight the need for an accurate monitorization of TAs in raw materials, as this chemical hazard may remain in infant cereal-based food even after intense thermal processing.

Oral docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and retinopathy of prematurity: The JoiDHA Clinical Trial.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a leading cause of blindness in premature infants. The condition is associated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DHA supplementation on the occurrence of ROP in infants receiving oral oil drops. It is part of the Joinville DHA study (JoiDHA Study), a non-parallel-group cohort study conducted from March 2020 to January 2023 at a public maternity hospital in Brazil. Infants born before 33 weeks of gestational age or with a birth weight ≤1,500 g were recruited. Among 155 infants, 81 did not receive and 74 received DHA supplementation until complete vascularization of the peripheral retina. There was a higher incidence of infants with ROP in the unsupplemented group (58·6%) compared to the DHA group (41·4%), but this difference was not significant (P=0·22). Unadjusted logistic regression analysis showed that patent ductus arteriosus and neonatal corticosteroids were significantly (P<0·05) associated with ROP in both groups. In the DHA group, surfactant use was also associated with ROP (P=0·003). After adjusting for important covariates, patent ductus arteriosus and neonatal corticosteroids continued to be significant for infants in the unsupplemented group (OR=3·99; P=0·022 and OR=5·64; P=0·019, respectively). In the DHA group, only surfactant use continued to be associated with ROP (OR=4·84; P=0·015). In summary, DHA supplementation was not associated with ROP. Further studies are necessary to better understand the relationship between DHA supplementation, ROP, and associated comorbidities.

Comparison of protein digestibility of human milk and infant formula using the INFOGEST method under infant digestion conditions.

Many improvements have been made to bring infant formula (IF) closer to human milk (HM) regarding its nutritional and biological properties. Nevertheless, the protein components of HM and IF are still different, which may affect their digestibility. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the protein digestibility of HM and IF using the infant INFOGEST digestion method. Pooled HM and a commercial IF were subjected to the infant INFOGEST method, which simulates the physiological digestion conditions of infants, with multiple directions, i.e., the curd state, SDS-PAGE, molecular weight distribution, free amino acid concentration, and in vitro protein digestion rate. HM underwent proteolysis before digestion, and tended to have a higher protein digestion rate with finer curds during gastric digestion, than the IF. However, multifaceted analyses showed that the protein digestibility of HM and IF was not significantly different after gastrointestinal digestion. In conclusion, the infant INFOGEST method showed that the digestibility of HM and IF proteins differed to some extent before digestion and after gastric digestion, but not at the end of gastrointestinal digestion. The findings of this study will contribute to the refinement of IFs with better protein digestibility in infant stomach.

Elastic sac to support oral feeding performance of preterm infants: Crossover randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Swaddling is recommended for preterm infants during feeding. Swaddling preterm infants with elastic cotton materials allows infants to easily stretch and move their extremities. This study aimed to assess the effect of bottlefeeding in a novel "elastic sac" on physiological parameters and feeding performance of preterm infants. METHODS: A randomized controlled, crossover trial was conducted with total of 26 preterm infants at 26-36+6 weeks of gestation. Infants randomly assigned to group 1 (n = 13) were bottlefed in an elastic sac (researcher-designed single-piece pouch made of soft, elastic cotton) for the first feeding and in normal clothes for the next feeding. Infants randomly assigned to group 2 (n = 13) were fed first in normal clothes and then in the elastic sac. The physiological parameters and feeding performance of the infants were assessed during each feeding. RESULTS: Preterm infants fed in the elastic sac had lower heart rate and higher oxygen saturation during and after feeding than infants fed in normal clothes (P < 0.05). Although all values were within clinically normal ranges, the findings suggest that feeding preterm infants in the elastic sac had a favorable effect on physiological parameters compared with feeding in normal clothes. There was no significant difference in the infants' feeding performance (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: A semielevated right lateral position and flexed body posture are recommended while feeding preterm infants, which can be easily maintained using the elastic sac. Feeding preterm infants in an elastic sac may support physiologic stability during oral feeding.

Reading children's teeth to reconstruct life history and the evolution of human cooperation and cognition: the role of dental enamel microstructure and chemistry.

Studying infants in the past is crucial for understanding the evolution of human life history and the evolution of cooperation, cognition, and communication. An infant's growth, health, and mortality can provide information about the dynamics and structure of a population, their cultural practices, and the adaptive capacity of a community. Skeletal remains provide one way of accessing this information for humans recovered prior to the historical periods. Teeth in particular, are retrospective archives of information that can be accessed through morphological, micromorphological, and biogeochemical methods. This review discusses how the microanatomy and formation of teeth, and particularly enamel, serve as archives of somatic growth, stress, and the environment. Examining their role in the broader context of human evolution, we discuss dental biogeochemistry and emphasize how the incremental growth of tooth microstructure facilitates the reconstruction of temporal data related to health, diet, mobility, and stress in past societies. The review concludes by considering tooth microstructure as a biomarker and the potential clinical applications.

Mother-infant bonding: The role of postpartum depression, violence, and bonding established with one's own mother during childhood.

Mother-infant bonding is influenced by several risk and protective factors, and the literature has investigated the relationships between these factors independently. This study aimed to verify the interrelationships of some of these factors and how they influence mother-infant bonding in Brazil. In this study, 361 mothers participated, and the outcome variable of mother-infant bonding was assessed using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Multivariate regression analysis was performed using a hierarchical model with three blocks structured according to the influence exerted on mother-infant bonding. The PBQ's factor scores were estimated and used in the subsequent analyses to decrease measurement error. The variable "violence experienced by mothers" was statistically significant for explaining the second block model but not significant for the third block. Network analysis was performed after multiple regression, showing that the violence experienced by mothers does not directly influence mother-infant bonding but rather is mediated by postpartum depression. This explains why violence is not significant in the hierarchical multiple regression when maternal depression is added to the model. This study's strengths lie in its utilization of PBQ factor scores and network analysis, enabling the estimation of conditional relationships among variables. This approach provides deeper insights into factors affecting mother-infant bonding.

Varios factores de riesgo y de protección ejercen influencia sobre la unión afectiva madre­infante; la literatura disponible ha investigado las relaciones entre estos factores de una manera independiente. Este estudio se propuso verificar las interrelaciones de algunos de estos factores y cómo ellos influyen en la unión afectiva madre­infante. Se consultó un total de 361 madres y el variable resultado de afectividad madre­infante se evaluó por medio del Cuestionario de Afectividad de Postparto (PBQ). Se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión multivariados usando un modelo jerárquico con tres estructuras de bloques de acuerdo con la influencia ejercida sobre la unión afectiva madre­infante. Se estimaron y usaron los puntajes de factores del PBQ en los análisis subsecuentes para disminuir el error en la medida. La variable "violencia experimentada por las madres" fue estadísticamente significativa para explicar el segundo modelo de bloque, pero no significativa para el tercer bloque. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de interrelaciones después de la regresión múltiple, demostrando que la violencia experimentada por las madres no influye directamente la afectividad madre­infante, sino que la misma es mediada por la depresión posterior al parto. Esto explica por qué la violencia no es significativa en la jerárquica regresión múltiple cuando la depresión materna se le agrega al modelo. Entre los puntos fuertes de este estudio se incluye el uso de los puntajes de factores del PBQ y el análisis de interrelaciones, lo cual permitió que se estimaran las relaciones condicionales existente dentro del grupo de variables, aportando una mayor comprensión de algunos factores que interfieren en la unión afectiva madre­infante.

Evaluating the Baby@Home program: Early discharge strategies for (pre)term infants are safe and benefit health outcomes.

AIM: Prolonged hospitalisation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can emotionally tax newborn infants and their families, resulting in developmental adversities and inadequate parent-infant bonding. This study aimed to assess the feasibility and value of the Baby@Home program in reducing prolonged hospital stays. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of 26 infants from a tertiary neonatology department, using qualitative data (gathered through interviews with parents (n = 15) and professionals (n = 5)) and quantitative data (retrieved from medical records and the Luscii application). RESULTS: Our study included 26 newborn infants. 76% were premature, born at an average term of 35 weeks and 2 days. During the study period, all infants thrived, and only two adverse events occurred (an allergic reaction and respiratory incident necessitating readmission). Interviews were conducted based on six major themes concerning the feasibility and value of the program. Despite the challenges of application utilisation, the program's overall value was evident. CONCLUSION: The Baby@Home program effectively facilitated early discharge, promoted family reunification, and yielded favourable safety and health outcomes. Innovative solutions such as Baby@Home have the potential to pave the way for more sustainable and patient-centred care models.

Characteristics and treatment outcomes of malnutrition among infants aged less than 6 months in North-East Nigeria (2019-2022).

Recommendations for the management of malnutrition among infants aged less than 6 months (<6 m) are based on limited evidence. This study aimed to describe the characteristics, treatment outcomes and outcome-associated factors among malnourished infants <6 m admitted at Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) inpatient and ambulatory therapeutic feeding centres (ITFC and ATFC) in North-East Nigeria, 2019-2022. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the cohorts and logistic regression to measure the association between two selected outcomes-inpatient mortality and defaulting from the ambulatory programme-and possible factors associated. In total, 940 infants <6 m were admitted at ITFC. Most of them presented severe acute malnutrition and comorbidities, with diarrhoea being the most frequent. On discharge, 13.3% (n = 125) of infants were cured, 72.9% (n = 684) stabilized (referred to ATFC), 6.5% (n = 61) left against medical advice and 4.2% (n = 39) died. The median length of hospital stay was 10 days [IQR 7-14]. A hospital stay shorter than 10 days was significantly associated with inpatient mortality (aOR = 12.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.72-42.11, p ≤ 0.01). Among 561 infants followed up at the ATFC, only 2.8% reported comorbidities. On discharge, 80.9% (n = 429) were cured, 16.2% (n = 86) defaulted and 1.1% (n = 6) died. Male sex (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.15-3.27, p = 0.01), internally displaced status (aOR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.05-2.79, p = 0.03) and <-3 WLZ (aOR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.05-3.63, p = 0.03) were significantly associated with programme defaulting. Stabilization and recovery rates among malnourished infants <6 m in the studied project align with acceptable standards in this humanitarian setting. Notable defaulting rates from outpatient care should be further explored.

Parent's perception of respiratory syncytial virus and subsequent wheezing burden: A multi-country cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. RSV bronchiolitis is associated with an increased risk of subsequent wheezing. We aimed to document the parents' perception of the link between RSV infection and subsequent wheezing, wheezing-related healthcare and family resources use, and its impact on family daily life. METHODS: This cross-sectional online survey enrolled 1200 parents with at least one child ≤6y living in the United States, United Kingdom, Spain, and Italy. Children diagnosed with RSV bronchiolitis before age of 2 years were included in the RSV group, and those never diagnosed with RSV bronchiolitis in the Reference group. RESULTS: The odds of wheezing were 4.5-fold (95%CI 3.5-5.9) higher in the RSV than in the Reference group. The odds increased to 7.7-fold (95%CI 5.4-11.1) among children who were hospitalized, and 9-fold (95%CI 5.1-16.6) among those admitted to pediatric intensive care with RSV bronchiolitis. Similar trends were observed across all countries. In total, 57% of parents reported their child's wheezing to have moderate to severe impact on their emotional well-being, and 53% on their daily life activities and/or social life. 64% of parents reported moderate-severe impact of wheezing on child's quality of sleep and 49% and 46% reported a moderate-severe impact on their children's emotional well-being and physical activities. CONCLUSIONS: This survey suggests an association between RSV infection and subsequent wheezing in children across different countries. Wheezing, especially in association with RSV infection, was associated with increased healthcare utilization and costs, and significantly impacted parents' and children daily life.

The effect of the separation of mother-preterm newborn infants hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal depression and stress levels, infant development, and bonding quality on Chilean dyads.

Early infant development is a maturation process critically depends on the infant's interaction with primary caregivers. Hence, neonatal units prioritize their proximity. In COVID-19, parental visitation hours were limited, reducing caregivers time with their infants. This follow-up study Analyze? and compares levels of maternal depression and stress, infant development, and bonding quality in preterm mother-infant dyads hospitalized, before and during the pandemic. Out of 66 dyads participated, 36 were admitted before COVID-19, and 30 during COVID-19. The assessed was two video-call sessions in which mothers completed selected questionnaires. No significant differences between mothers' levels of depression and stress. However, low birth weight was associated with greater difficulties in children's communication and interpersonal relationships. Furthermore, infants hospitalized in COVID-19 had a higher risk of experiencing delayed communication. No significant differences were observed in bonding quality. Lower infant gestational age and longer breastfeeding time were associated with better bonding quality in both groups. Psychosocial intervention is considered a valuable tool, capable of preventing maternal mental health difficulties and protecting bonding in premature infants and in highly complex healthcare settings. Nevertheless, it is essential to more actively address the socio-affective needs of newborns during their hospital stay to promote adequate development.

El desarrollo infantil temprano es un proceso de maduracion que depende críticamente de la interacción del infante consus cuidadores primarios. Por tal razón, en las unidades neonatales priorizan su proximidad. Durante el COVID­19, se limitaron las horas de visitas de los progenitores, lo que redujo el tiempo que los cuidadores con sus bebés. Este estudio de seguimiento analiza y compara el nivel de depresión y estrés materno, el desarrollo infantil y la calidad del vínculo afectivo en díadas madre­bebé prematuro hospitalizado al nacer, antes y durante la pandemia. De las 66 díadas participantes, 36 fueron admitidas antes del COVID­199 y a 30 durante el COVID­19. Se realizaron dos sesiones de vídeo­llamada, en las que las madres completaron los cuestionarios seleccionados. No se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa entre los niveles de depresión y estrés en las madres. Sin embargo, un bajo peso al nacer se asoció con mayores dificultades en la comunicación y las relaciones interpersonales en los niños. Además, los infantes hospitalizados durante el COVID­19 presentaron mayor riesgo de experimentar retrasos en la comunicación. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la calidad del vínculo afectivo. Una menor edad gestacional del infante y mayor tiempo de lactancia materna se asociaron con una mejor calidad del vínculo afectivo en ambos grupos. Se considera la intervención psicosocial como una herramienta de valor, capaz de prevenir dificultades en la salud mental materna y de proteger el vínculo afectivo en infantes nacidos prematuramente y en entornos sanitarios altamente complejos. Sin embargo, es esencial abordarmás activamente las necesidades socioafectivas de los recién nacidos durante su estadía en el hospital para promover un desarrollo adecuado.

Neonatal transfer and duration of hospitalization of newborns as potential risk factors for impaired mother-infant bonding: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no consensus regarding the relationship between neonatal transfer and duration of hospitalization in cases of impaired mother-infant bonding (MIB). This study aimed to determine whether neonatal transfer and duration of hospitalization of newborns increase the risk for impaired MIB. METHODS: The MIB Scale was used to assess impaired MIB 1 year after delivery, using data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study. A score ≥ 5 points indicated impaired MIB. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate the association between neonatal transfer and duration of hospitalization of newborns with the risk of impaired MIB. RESULTS: A total of 66,402 pregnant women were included in the study. The overall incidence rate of impaired MIB was 11.2 %. The mean duration of hospitalization of newborns was 7.1 ±â€¯6.4 days. After adjusting for potential confounders, neonatal transfer (adjusted odd ratio (OR): 1.13 [95 % confidence interval (CI)), 1.01-1.27]) and duration of hospitalization of newborns (adjusted OR 1.007; 95 % CI 1.003-1.010) were associated with impaired MIB. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the duration of hospitalization of newborns for impaired MIB was 0.53. LIMITATIONS: Maternal childhood abuse and neglect history were not evaluated, and information regarding whether the infants were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit was unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: Japanese women whose newborns underwent neonatal transfer should be followed up for at least 1 year after delivery, regardless of the duration of hospitalization of newborns.

Helpless infants are learning a foundation model.

Humans have a protracted postnatal helplessness period, typically attributed to human-specific maternal constraints causing an early birth when the brain is highly immature. By aligning neurodevelopmental events across species, however, it has been found that humans are not born with especially immature brains compared with animal species with a shorter helpless period. Consistent with this, the rapidly growing field of infant neuroimaging has found that brain connectivity and functional activation at birth share many similarities with the mature brain. Inspired by machine learning, where deep neural networks also benefit from a 'helpless period' of pre-training, we propose that human infants are learning a foundation model: a set of fundamental representations that underpin later cognition with high performance and rapid generalisation.

[Effect of gestational weight gain on growth trajectory in children aged 0 to 3 years].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the growth trajectory of body mass index for age Z score(BAZ) in children aged 0 to 3 years and to explore the association between gestational weight gain and BAZ growth trajectory. METHODS: Based on a prospective cohort study, we recruited pregnant women in their early pregnancy into this study from 2013 to 2017 in Taicang of Jiangsu Province, tracked their weight changes until they gave birth, and calculated and evaluated their gestational weight gain(GWG) as appropriate, inadequate or excessive GWG based on Chinese GWG standard. Children's height/length and weight were measured at birth, 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months of age, and their BAZ scores were calculated. Group-based trajectory modeling(GBTM) was used for fitting BAZ trajectories. Multilevel Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between the level of GWG and BAZ growth trajectories. RESULTS: There were 1864 mother-child pairs in the study, and three groups of BAZ trajectories were fitted including slow growth trajectory(34.07%), appropriate growth trajectory(48.23%), and fast growth trajectory(17.70%). In univariate analysis, compared with children whose mothers had appropriate GWG, the children whose mothers had inadequate GWG were more likely in the group of slow growth trajectory(OR = 1.95, 95%CI 1.28-2.96), and the children whose mothers had excessive GWG were more likely in the group of fast growth trajectory(OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.19-2.07). After adjusting for maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index(BMI) and parity, and the child's gender and birth weight, the children whose mothers gained in adequate GWG were more likely in the group of slow growth trajectory(OR = 1.84, 95%CI 1.19-2.84), while the association between excessive GWG and fast growth trajectory was not statistically significant(OR = 1.26, 95%CI 0.94-1.68). CONCLUSION: The BAZ trajectories of children aged 0-3 years can be categorized into slow, appropriate, and fast growth groups, and children's slow growth was associated with maternal inadequate GWG.

[Comparison study of the new national standard infant formula and dietary reference intakes 2023].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the relationship between the nutrient limit in new national standard Infant Formula(GB 10765-2021)(New GB)and the corresponding nutrients in Dietary Reference Intakes for China 2023(DRIs 2023), to determine the scientific and reasonable base of each nutrient in New GB, and provide supports for future revision of it. METHODS: Using a data conversion method, the adequate intake(AI) of each nutrient recommended by DRIs 2023 for infants aged 0-6 months and the nutrient limit in the New GB were input into the Excel table. Based on authoritative data on the representative weight of 0-6 month infants and the recommended energy values, the conversion was done, the ratio of the lower limit of each nutrient in New GB and the AI of corresponding nutrient, as well as the ratio of the upper limit of nutrients in New GB and their tolerable upper intake level(UL) were calculated. RESULTS: For most nutrients in New GB for infant formula, the ratio of the lower limit to their AI is close to 1. For those nutrients with a large ratio of the lower limit to AI, or with a ratio of the upper limit to UL were greater than 1, detail analysis was conducted. CONCLUSION: Based on DRIs 2023, the nutrient limit for each nutrient in New GB for infant formula was scientific and reasonable. For some nutrients with a large ratio, more studies should be done in the future to determine whether the limit in National Standard need to be adjusted.

[Construction and acceptability of different complementary foods texture in infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months].

OBJECTIVE: To construct the complementary food texture in infants and young children aged 6 to 23 months, and observe the acceptability of complementary food of different months old infants. METHODS: Based on the domestic and foreign guidelines, consensus and literatures on complementary feeding, and combined with the characteristics of children's growth and development in China. The complementary food texture index of 6-23 months old infants and young children was constructed. One province was selected in the south and north respectively, one city and one rural area was selected as the observation point in each province. The stratified random sampling principle was adopted in each observation point, 240 infants and young children were selected for the acceptability study. According to the food type, 12 common foods were selected to make the complementary food toolkit. The parents were instructed to make complementary food at home according to the corresponding month age, observe and record the acceptability of single/mixed complementary food feeding. RESULTS: The complementary food texture index of 6 months, 7-8 months, 9-11 months, 12-17 months, 18-23 months was constructed. Caregivers could make complementary food at the corresponding month age according to the established complementary food texture index. The acceptability of single complementary food for infants and young children aged 6-23 months was 98.3%, 98.7%, 99.8%, 96.9% and 97.5%, respectively. The acceptability of mixed complementary food for children aged 7-23 months was 98.3%, 99.6%, 93.8% and 97.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The complementary food texture index of different month age can be made at home, and the acceptability of different texture is good.