Dissecting and tracing the gut microbiota of infants with botulism: a cross sectional and longitudinal study.

Background: Infant botulism is caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is mainly produced by Clostridium botulinum. However, there is a lack of longitudinal cohort studies on infant botulism. Herein, we have constructed a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort of infants infected with C. botulinum. Our goal was to reveal the differences in the intestinal microbiota of botulism-infected and healthy infants as well as the dynamic changes over time through multi-omics analysis. Methods: We performed 16S rRNA sequencing of 20 infants' stools over a period of 3 months and conducted whole genome sequencing of isolated C. botulinum strains from these laboratory-confirmed cases of infant botulism. Through bioinformatics analysis, we focused on the changes in the infants' intestinal microbiota as well as function over time series. Results: We found that Enterococcus was significantly enriched in the infected group and declined over time, whereas Bifidobacterium was significantly enriched in the healthy group and gradually increased over time. 18/20 isolates carried the type B 2 botulinum toxin gene with identical sequences. In silico Multilocus sequence typing found that 20\u00B0C. botulinum isolates from the patients were typed into ST31 and ST32. Conclusion: Differences in intestinal microbiota and functions in infants were found with botulism through cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and Bifidobacterium may play a role in the recovery of infected infants.

Case report: Aberrant fecal microbiota composition of an infant diagnosed with prolonged intestinal botulism.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal botulism is primarily reported in small babies as a condition known as infant botulism. The condition results from the ingestion of environmental or foodborne spores of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) producing Clostridia, usually Clostridium botulinum, and subsequent spore germination into active botulinum neurotoxinogenic cultures in the gut. It is generally considered that small babies are susceptible to C. botulinum colonization because of their immature gut microbiota. Yet, it is poorly understood which host factors contribute to the clinical outcome of intestinal botulism. We previously reported a case of infant botulism where the infant recovered clinically in six weeks but continued to secrete C. botulinum cells and/or BoNT in the feces for seven months. CASE PRESENTATION: To further understand the microbial ecology behind this exceptionally long-lasting botulinum neurotoxinogenic colonization, we characterized the infant fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing over the course of disease and recovery. C. botulinum could be detected in the infant fecal samples at low levels through the acute phase of the disease and three months after recovery. Overall, we observed a temporal delay in the maturation of the infant fecal microbiota associated with a persistently high-level bifidobacterial population and a low level of Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroidaceae and Ruminococcaceae compared to healthy infants over time. CONCLUSION: This study brings novel insights into the infant fecal composition associated with intestinal botulism and provides a basis for a more systematic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants diagnosed with botulism. A better understanding of the gut microbial ecology associated with infant botulism may support the development of prophylactic strategies against this life-threatening disease in small babies.

Closed genome sequence of Clostridium botulinum type B1 strain isolated from an infant botulism case in the United States.

We present the closed genome sequence of the Clostridium botulinum BT-22100019 strain isolated from the stool specimen of an infant diagnosed with botulism. With 4.33-Mb genome size and 28.0% G + C content, the bont/B1 gene encoded for botulinum neurotoxin serotype B was found on a 262 kb plasmid arranged in a ha+ orfx - cluster.

Viable Clostridium botulinum spores not detected in the household dust of major Canadian cities.

Clostridium botulinum causes infant botulism by colonising the intestines and producing botulinum neurotoxin in situ. Previous reports have linked infant botulism cases to C. botulinum spores in household dust, yet the baseline incidence of C. botulinum spores in residential households is currently unknown. Vacuum cleaner dust from 963 households in 13 major Canadian cities was tested for C. botulinum using a novel real-time PCR assay directed against all known subtypes of the botulinum neurotoxin gene. None of the samples tested positive for C. botulinum. Analysis of a random subset of samples by MALDI Biotyper revealed that the most common anaerobic bacterial isolates were of the genus Clostridium and the most common species recovered overall was Clostridium perfringens. Dust that was spiked with C. botulinum spores of each toxin type successfully produced positive real-time PCR reactions. These control experiments indicate that this is a viable method for the detection of C. botulinum spores in household dust. We make several recommendations for future work that may help discover a common environmental source of C. botulinum spores that could lead to effective preventative measures for this rare but deadly childhood disease.

Duration of Fecal Excretion of Clostridium Botulinum and Botulinum Neurotoxin in Patients Recovering from Infant Botulism.

This study sought to determine duration of fecal excretion of Clostridium botulinum organisms and neurotoxin after onset of infant botulism in 66 affected infants. Median excretion was longer for type A than type B patients (organisms: 5.9 vs 3.5 weeks, toxin: 4.8 vs 1.6 weeks, respectively). Toxin excretion always ceased before organism excretion. Antibiotic therapy did not affect duration of excretion.

Infant Botulism, Israel, 2007-2021.

Infant botulism (IB) is an intestinal toxemia that manifests as descending paralysis, constipation, and, in some cases, respiratory failure. Laboratory-confirmed IB cases are rare, and recent data in Israel are lacking. We conducted a national multicenter retrospective study of laboratory-confirmed IB cases reported in Israel during 2007-2021. A total of 8 cases were reported during the study period. During 2019-2021, incidence may have increased because of a cluster of 5 cases. Infant median age for diagnosis was 6.5 months, older than previously reported (3 months). Most cases occurred during March-July. Honey consumption was reported in 1 case, and possible environmental risk factors (living nearby rural or construction areas, dust exposure, and having a father who works as a farmer) were reported in 6 cases. Although IB is rare, its incidence in Israel may have increased over recent years, and its epidemiology and risk factors differ from cases reported previously in Israel.

First confirmed case of infant botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum type A(B) in a 10-month-old infant in Hanoi, Vietnam.

Infant botulism is a rare but sometimes life-threatening toxemia caused by ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores. Although cases of infant botulism have probably occurred in Vietnam in the past, they have never been diagnosed and reported. Herein, we report the isolation of C. botulinum type A(B) from the stool of a 10-month-old infant during hospitalization.

Botulismo del lactante en Argentina. Trabajo multicéntrico / Infant botulism in Argentina. Multicentric work

Resumen El botulismo del lactante (BL), es la forma más frecuente del botulismo humano en la actualidad, es una enfermedad "rara" o "huérfana" ya que afecta a menos del 0,05 % de la población. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la Incidencia del BL en la Argentina, evaluar el diagnóstico y tratamiento realizado, comparar la evolución y las secuelas al alta en pacientes con y sin tratamiento específico y, considerar las características climáticas (precipitaciones y vientos) y los estudios de muestras de suelos de las provincias con mayor cantidad de casos de BL. Presentamos un estudio multicéntrico, de cohorte (longitudinal) observacional, retrospectivo analizando las historias clínicas de los pacientes con BL, que ingresaron a Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos con asistencia respiratoria mecánica, desde el 1 de enero de 2010 hasta 31 de diciembre de 2013. Se consideró: edad, sexo, días previos al ingreso hasta diagnóstico por laboratorio, total internación en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos con asistencia respiratoria mecánica, alimentación por sonda nasogástrica, tratamiento y secuelas. En Argentina entre 2010 al 2013 se registraron 216 casos de BL. En este trabajo se analizaron 79 pacientes provenientes de 11 provincias, que ingresaron a Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. La edad promedio de los pacientes ingresados fue de 4 meses, de los cuales 90% recibía alimentación materna. Dieciocho pacientes de seis provincias recibieron antitoxina botulínica equina. El promedio de días de enfermedad previos al ingreso fue de 2 días en los pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con antitoxina botulínica equina y 4 días en los pacientes no tratados. Diagnóstico de laboratorio (Toxina A y Clostridium botulinum) a los 5 días en los tratados con antitoxina botulínica equina, y a los 11,5 en los no tratados. En los pacientes tratados con antitoxina botulínica equina, el promedio de días de internación fue de 30 versus 70 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001). El promedio días en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de los pacientes tratados fue de 20 versus 54 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001). Los días de asistencia respiratoria mecánica en los tratados fue de 16 versus 43 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001) y los tratados requirieron 29 días de alimentación por sonda nasogástrica versus 70 días en los no tratados (p=0,0001). El 40% de los pacientes tratados presentaron neumonía asociada a respirador versus el 56% de los no tratados (p=0,0038), sepsis el 11% versus el 34% (p=0,005) y secuelas al alta 6% versus 64% (p=0,0001), respectivamente. En zonas con mayor número de casos, se observó una alta frecuencia de esporas en los suelos, asociado a clima seco y ventoso. Los resultados sugieren que el tratamiento precoz con antitoxina botulínica equina es una alternativa hasta disponer de inmuno-globulina botulínica humana. Los climas secos y ventosos favorecen la enfermedad.

Abstract Infant botulism (BL), the most common form of human botulism today, is a "rare" or "orphan" disease as it affects less than 0.05% of the population. The objective of this work is to determine the incidence of BL in Argentina. Evaluate the diagnosis and treatment performed. To compare evolution and sequelae at discharge in patients with and without specific treatment. Consider the climatic characteristics (precipitations and winds) and the studies of soil samples from the provinces with the highest number of BL cases. We present a retrospective, observational, multicenter, cohort (longitudinal) study analyzing the medical records of patients with BL, who were admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units with mechanical ventilation, from January 1,2010 to December 31,2013. The following were considered: age, sex, days prior to admission, until laboratory diagnosis, Pediatric Intensive Care Units, me-chanical respiratory assistance, average hospital days, nasogastric tube feeding, treatment and sequelae. In the country, 216 cases of BL were registered between 2010 and 2013. We analyzed 79 who were admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units from 11 provinces. Average age 4 months. Maternal nutrition 90%. Eighteen patients (6 provinces) received equine botulinum antitoxin .Mean days of illness prior to admission: 2 in those treated with equine botulinum antitoxin and 4 in those not treated. Laboratory diagnosis (Toxin A and Clostridium botulinum) at 5 days in treated with equine botulinum antitoxin, at 11.5 in untreated. Patients with equine botulinum antitoxin average hospital days 30 vs 70 in untreated patients (p=0.0001). Mean Pediatric Intensive Care Unit days 20 vs 54 (p=0.0001) of mechanical respiratory assistance 16 vs 43 (p=0.0001) and nasogastric tube feeding 29 vs 70 (p=0.0001). Those treated presented ventilator-associated pneumonia 40% vs 56% (p=0.0038) and sepsis 11% vs 34% (p=0.005). Sequelae at discharge 6% vs 64% (p=0.0001) in those not treated. In areas with a higher number of cases, high frequency of spores in soils, dry and windy weather. The results suggest that early treatment with equine botulinum antitoxin is an alternative until human botulinum immunoglobulin is available. The dry and windy climates favor the disease.

Comparative whole-genome sequence analysis of a BoNT/B5-producing Clostridium botulinum isolate from an infant botulism case of unknown source in Osaka, Japan.

A case of infant botulism of unknown origin, not involved in honey consumption, occurred in Osaka, Japan in 2020. A Clostridium botulinum type B strain named Osaka2020 was isolated from a stool sample of the patient. To clarify the epidemiology of the case, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of the isolate and compared it with strains from other sources. WGS analysis revealed that isolate Osaka2020 was classified into ST133 of a new sequence type, B5 subtype, and its toxin gene was encoded in a ∼274 kb plasmid. This plasmid was closely related to the pCLJ plasmid from strain 657Ba in the USA, reported to be conjugatively transferable to other strains. Moreover, isolate Osaka2020 also possesses another smaller plasmid that was common with some type A(B) infant botulism isolates in Japan. The phylogenetic tree from whole-genome SNP analysis showed that isolate Osaka2020 was the most closely related to a type B infant botulism isolate that occurred in Japan 10 years ago. Although no epidemiological connection among the two cases was confirmed, there is possibility that the cases are attributed to common causes such as some environmental substance.

Infant botulism: Report of a misleading case and important key messages.

Infant botulism is a rare and life-threatening disease caused by the inhalation of Clostridium botulinum spores and differs from adult forms. We report the case of infant botulism in a 4-month-old boy who was exclusively breastfed without any consumption of honey. He presented with severe and acute encephalo-myelo-radiculitis. The patient was treated without success for suspected "postviral" central nervous system inflammatory disease. The diagnosis was eventually made 20 days after the onset of symptoms on the basis of a stool sample. Recovery was complete. Infant botulism should be suspected when infants present with acute flaccid paralysis or brainstem weakness and specific immunoglobulins should be administered.

Botulismo del lactante grave por toxina tipo A y uso de antitoxina equina AB luego de 5 días de evolución, reporte de caso y revisión bibliográfica / Severe infant botulism due to type A toxin and use of equine AB antitoxin AB after 5 days of evolution, a case report and literature review

Resumen El botulismo del lactante (BL) es una enfermedad neuroparalítica potencialmente grave que afecta a niños menores de un año, ocasio nada por la ingesta y germinación de esporas de la bacteria del género Clostridium en tubo digestivo y la producción in situ de toxina botulínica (TB). Ésta se absorbe de manera intermitente y puede ser sostenida en el tiempo, condicionando una mayor exposición a la TB respecto a otras formas de botulismo. La TB representa el agente más letal conocido para el ser humano, con capacidad de producir parálisis flácida descendente, insuficiencia respiratoria y la muerte. Los lactantes representan la población más susceptible a esta toxiinfección. El eje central del manejo del BL radica en el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento de sostén adecuado y oportuno. Si bien en la bibliografía consultada se describe que el tratamiento específico con antitoxina botulínica humana (BabyBIG® reduce el tiempo de hospitalización y estadía en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, la misma no se encuentra disponible en muchos países, incluida la Argentina. En nuestro país se encuentra disponible la antitoxina botulínica de origen equino (AtBE) bivalente A-B. La misma no posee indicación formal para el tratamiento del BL por la escasa experiencia en esta población, su corta vida media y los efectos adversos descritos, como son la sensibilización a antígenos equinos de por vida y posibles reacciones anafilácticas más graves en lactantes, basados en trabajos de la década de 1980 y opiniones de expertos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 5 meses asistida en el Hos pital de Niños "Superiora Sor María Ludovica" con BL severo, con requerimientos de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica y deterioro clínico durante la internación. Recibió AtBE a los 48 días de enfermedad, con respuesta favorable, a partir de una búsqueda bibliográfica sobre la eficacia y el perfil de seguridad de la AtBE en BL grave y la eficacia de su administración luego de 5 días de inicio del cuadro. A pesar de no haberse hallado bibliografía que avale la eficacia de la AtBE pasados 5 días de evolución, se plantea su uso en pacientes con BL grave e indicadores compatibles con presencia de TB en circulación, como la intensificación de la hipotonía muscular o la identificación de TB en materia fecal o suero. La búsqueda realizada arrojó datos sobre posibles beneficios de su uso, tanto antes como después de los 5 días de evolución del cuadro, y la ausencia de reportes de reacciones adversas severas en lactantes. Se concluye que el uso de la AtBE podría ser una opción terapéutica frente a la ausencia de BabyBIG® en pacientes con BL grave confirmado que requieran cuidados intensivos con soporte ventilatorio mecánico, frente a indicadores compatibles con TB circulante, independientemente del tiempo de evolución.

Abstract Infant botulism (BL) is a potentially serious neuroparalytic disease that affects children under one year old, caused by the ingestion and germination of spores of the Clostridium genus bacterium in the digestive tract and the in situ production of botulinum toxin (TB), which is absorbed intermittently and can be sustained over time, with longer exposure time to TB than other botulism forms. The TB represents the most lethal toxin known to humans and can cause descending flaccid paralysis, respiratory failure and death. Infants represent an especially susceptible population. Early diagnosis and supportive care are the cornerstone of BL management. Although specific treatment with human botulinum antitoxin (BabyBIG® has shown to reduce the hospitalization time and Intensive Care Unit stay in the consulted bibliography, it is not currently available in many countries, including Argentina. Botulinum antitoxin of equine origin (AtBE) bivalent A-B is available in our country. This antitoxin has not a formal indication in BL due to the limited experience of its use in this population, its short half-life and the adverse effects described, such as lifelong sensitization to equine antigens and possible more severe anaphylactic reactions in infants, based on studies from the 1980s and expert opinions. We present the case of a 5 month old patient assisted at the Children's Hospital "Superiora Sor María Ludovica" with severe BL, in need of mechanical ventilatory assistance and worsening of her clinical state during hospitalization, who received ATBE at 48 days of illness with a favorable response. A bibliographic search was carried out on the efficacy and safety profile of AtBE in severe BL and the efficacy of its administration after 5 days of illness onset. Even though bibliography on efficacy of ATBE after 5 days of evolution was not found, its use is proposed in patients with compatible indicators of circulating TB, such as worsening of muscular hypotonia or TB presence in feces or serum in severe ill patients. The carried out search has shown data of the possible benefits of its use, both before and after 5 days of disease onset, and the absence of severe adeverse reaction reports in infants. We concluded that the use of AtBE could be a therapeutic option in absence of BabyBIG® in patients with confirmed severe BL who require intensive care with mechanical ventilatory support and compatible indicators with circulating TB, regardless of the evolution time.

Botulism in Spain: Epidemiology and Outcomes of Antitoxin Treatment, 1997-2019.

BACKGROUND: Botulism is a low incidence but potentially fatal infectious disease caused by neurotoxins produced mainly by Clostridium botulinum. There are different routes of acquisition, food-borne and infant/intestinal being the most frequent presentation, and antitoxin is the treatment of choice in all cases. In Spain, botulism is under surveillance, and case reporting is mandatory. METHODS: This retrospective study attempts to provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of botulism in Spain from 1997 to 2019 and an assessment of the treatment, including the relationship between a delay in antitoxin administration and the length of hospitalization using the Cox proportional hazards test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and an approach to the frequency of adverse events, issues for which no previous national data have been published. RESULTS: Eight of the 44 outbreaks were associated with contaminated commercial foods involving ≤7 cases/outbreak; preserved vegetables were the main source of infection, followed by fish products; early antitoxin administration significantly reduces the hospital stay, and adverse reactions to the antitoxin affect around 3% of treated cases.

Infant Botulism: Checklist for Timely Clinical Diagnosis and New Possible Risk Factors Originated from a Case Report and Literature Review.

Infant botulism is a rare and underdiagnosed disease caused by BoNT-producing clostridia that can temporarily colonize the intestinal lumen of infants less than one year of age. The diagnosis may be challenging because of its rareness, especially in patients showing atypical presentations or concomitant coinfections. In this paper, we report the first infant botulism case associated with Cytomegalovirus coinfection and transient hypogammaglobulinemia and discuss the meaning of these associations in terms of risk factors. Intending to help physicians perform the diagnosis, we also propose a practical clinical and diagnostic criteria checklist based on the revision of the literature.

Genomic Characterization of Strains From a Cluster of Infant Botulism Type A in a Small Town in Colorado, United States.

Three cases of infant botulism were reported in a small Colorado town between 1981 and 1984. The first two cases occurred in 1981, 6 months apart, and the third case occurred in 1984. Clostridium botulinum type A was isolated from stool of all three case patients and from environmental samples of the patient's homes. An epidemiological investigation and follow-up study were conducted from 1981 to 1986 and concluded the cases were likely related. In this study, we sought to determine whether the C. botulinum type A clinical isolates were related to each other and to isolates obtained from environmental samples. We performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) for 17 isolates associated with this potential cluster of infant botulism. Fifteen isolates were confirmed to be C. botulinum type A(B) and contained botulinum toxin gene subtypes A1 and B5 by WGS; these strains formed a monophyletic cluster in a phylogeny and were considered closely related to each other (0-18 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms), but distinct from other C. botulinum type A(B) in Colorado and elsewhere in the United States. Results of our study suggest that the three infant botulism cases could have represented a cluster due to a C. botulinum type A(B) strain present in the environment.

Infant botulism: an underestimated threat.

Infant botulism (IB) is defined as a potentially life-threatening neuroparalytic disorder affecting children younger than 12 months. It is caused by ingestion of food or dust contaminated by Clostridium botulinum spores, which germinate in the infant's large bowel and produce botulinum neurotoxin. Although the real impact of IB is likely underestimated worldwide, the USA has the highest number of cases. The limited reporting of IB in many countries is probably due to diagnostic difficulties and nonspecific presentation. The onset is usually heralded by constipation, followed by bulbar palsy, and then by a descending bilateral symmetric paralysis; ultimately, palsy can involve respiratory and diaphragmatic muscles, leading to respiratory failure. The treatment is based on supportive care and specific therapy with Human Botulism Immune Globulin Intravenous (BIG-IV), and should be started as early as possible. The search for new human-like antibody preparations that are both highly effective and well tolerated has led to the creation of a mixture of oligoclonal antibodies that are highly protective and can be produced in large quantities without the use of animals. Ongoing research for future treatment of IB involves the search for new molecular targets to produce a new generation of laboratory-produced antitoxins, and the development of new vaccines with safety and efficacy profiles that can be scaled up for clinical use. This narrative literature review aims to provide a readable synthesis of the best current literature on microbiological, epidemiological and clinical features of IB, and a practical guide for its treatment.

First confirmed case of infant botulism in Africa, caused by a dual-toxin-producing Clostridium botulinum strain.

Botulism, a rare life-threatening toxemia, is probably underdiagnosed in all of its forms in Africa. This study reports the first laboratory-supported case of infant botulism on the African continent. A 10-week-old, previously well infant presented with progressive global weakness, feeding difficulty, and aspiration pneumonia. During a lengthy hospitalization, a rare bivalent Clostridium botulinum strain, producing subtype B3 and F8 toxins and with a new multilocus sequence type, was isolated from stool. The infant was successfully treated with a heptavalent botulinum antitoxin infusion and pyridostigmine. Despite the relative rarity of infant botulism, this case illustrates the importance of maintaining a high level of clinical suspicion when assessing hypotonic infants. The value of modern diagnostic modalities in identifying and characterizing this under-recognized condition is also demonstrated.

Two Cases of Infant Botulism Presenting with Altered Mental Status.

Infant botulism is a progressive process described as starting with descending weakness, facial palsies and constipation. Loss of bulbar reflexes and flaccid paralysis are common in infants less than 6 months old who have infant botulism. Clostridium botulinum, the bacteria that produce the toxin that causes this condition, are ubiquitous in the United States including Hawai'i, but infant botulism is rarely reported here. This report describes 2 cases of infant botulism with atypical initial presentations diagnosed on O'ahu, Hawai'i. Patient A is a 3-month-old male who presented with altered mental status, including inconsolability, who progressed to loss of gag reflex and constipation. Due to early concern for meningitis, Patient A was treated with antibiotics, however further evaluation led to eventual positive testing for botulinum B toxin. Patient B is a 2-month-old female who presented with somnolence and fever after immunizations and progressed to respiratory failure and apparent dehydration. Because she presented shortly after receiving immunizations, metabolic disorders were strongly considered as a potential cause of symptoms, but Patient B had normal metabolic evaluation and eventually tested positive for botulinum A toxin. Altered mental status and fever are unusual presentations for infant botulism. Infant botulism should be considered in infants with altered mental status when the course of illness includes the development of constipation and weakness, and evaluations are not suggestive of alternative causes, including infection, metabolic diseases, and spinal muscular atrophy. Early consideration and treatment of infant botulism should be considered for infants presenting with altered mental status who develop neuromuscular weakness. The Infant Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program (www.infantbotulism.org) should be contacted early for assistance with diagnosis and treatment.

Human Botulism in France, 1875-2016.

Botulism is a rare but severe disease which is characterized by paralysis and inhibition of secretions. Only a few cases had been reported at the end of the 19th century in France. The disease was frequent during the second world war, and then the incidence decreased progressively. However, human botulism is still present in France with 10-25 cases every year. Food-borne botulism was the main form of botulism in France, whereas infant botulism (17 cases between 2004 and 2016) was rare, and wound and inhalational botulism were exceptional. Type B was the prevalent botulism type and was mainly due to consumption of home-made or small-scale preparations of cured ham and to a lesser extent other pork meat products. In the recent period (2000-2016), a wider diversity of botulism types from various food origin including industrial foods was reported. Severe cases of type A and F botulism as well as type E botulism were more frequent. Albeit rare, the severity of botulism justifies its continued surveillance and recommendations to food industry and consumers regarding food hygiene and preservation practices.

The First Reported Case of Infant Botulism in Korea: Treatable Infantile Neuromuscular Disease.

Botulism is a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum. The diagnosis of infant botulism may be obscured or delayed, as its presentation is similar to that of infantile neuromuscular disorders. We report the first Korean case of infant botulism in an acute progressive floppy infant with poor sucking and a weak cry. No abnormalities were found in all blood, cerebrospinal fluid, genetic test, nerve conduction study, and imaging studies. A stool-toxin test was finally performed under suspicion of infant botulism, and the result was positive. The patient was immediately treated with heptavalent botulism antitoxin. Follow-up after 3 months showed normal development with a complete resolution of all symptoms. Therefore, clinical suspicion of infant botulism, which is a treatable infantile neuromuscular disease, is essential for early diagnosis and prompt treatment in the differential diagnosis of a floppy infant.