[A unique population in today's paediatric intensive care unit: Immigrant children presenting with infectious diseases]. / Una población única en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de la actualidad: niños inmigrantes que presentan enfermedades infecciosas.

INTRODUCTION: Despite similar disease severity scores; we found a higher crude death rate in the group of immigrant children compared to the group of native children in a paediatric intensive care unit. Our study aimed to compare descriptive data and standardised mortality ratios (SMR) in order to analyse differences in mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study comparing demographic characteristics, diagnostic data, disease severity scores and mortality in immigrant children of Syrian descent and children of Turkish descent. We included data for the medical and surgical patients admitted in 1 year. The sample included 1283 patients. RESULTS: We compared the age and sex distribution, presence of underlying disease, frequency of community-acquired infectious diseases, length of say, PRISM scores, SMR and crude death rates in the 2 groups. There were 1077 patients in the Turkish group and 206 patients in the immigrant group. The proportion of patients with underlying disease was greater in the Turkish group (42% vs. 37.4%). The proportion of patients with a community-acquired infectious disease as the presenting complaint was similar in both groups (52.9% vs. 47.4%). The mortality in patients with infectious disease was higher in the immigrant group (19.3% vs. 9.8%). There was not significant difference in the mean PRISM score between the 2 groups. We found a higher mortality in the immigrant group (16% vs. 11%). The standardised mortality ratio was 0.32 in the total sample group; 0.4 in the immigrant group and 0.24 in the Turkish group. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we found an association between community-acquired infectious disease and increased mortality in the immigrant group. The underlying mechanism for this increase remains to be explained and further research is required to determine whether parameters related to infection should be added to this severity score for its use in this specific population.

Comparison of antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli between community-acquired and post-prostate biopsy acute bacterial prostatitis. / Comparación de la sensibilidad a antibióticos de E coli entre prostatitis aguda bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad y la secundaria a biopsia de próstata.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli) between community- acquired acute bacterial prostatitis (CA-ABP) and ABP following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (Bx-ABP). METHODS: A total of 4,383 patients underwent prostate biopsy from January 2005 to June 2014. Among these patients, 34 had Bx-ABP; of which 22 patients had E. coli identified in their urine or blood culture. E. coli was also identified in 91 out of 209 patients with CA-ABP in urine or blood culture. We investigated patient and microbiological characteristics. RESULTS: The Bx-ABP (59.1%) group showed a higher bacteremia prevalence than the CA-ABP group (13.2%) (p<0.001). Significant differences in the antibiotic sensitivity to E. coli between the two groups were observed for fluoroquinolone, cephalothin, and gentamicin. The antibiotic sensitivity of fluoroquinolone in the Bx-ABP group was only 27.3%. Amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and piperacillin/ tazobactam showed more than 95% antibiotic sensitivity in both groups. Bx-ABP was an independent predictive factor for bacteremia by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli in Bx-ABP showed a higher incidence of antibiotic resistance and bacteremia than those in CA-ABP. Carbapenem may be a treatment of choice for patients suspected of having sepsis. Considering the recent emergence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria, piperacillin/tazobactam or amikacin may be considered.

OBJETIVOS: Comparar la sensibilidad de Escherichia coli (E. coli) entre la prostatitis aguda bacteriana adquirida en la comunidad (PBA- AC) y la secundaria a biopsia de prostata guiada por ecografia transrectal (PBA- Bx).MÉTODOS: Un total de 4.383 pacientes fueron sometidos a biopsia de próstata entre enero 2005 y junio 2014. De estos pacientes, 34 presentaron PBA-Bx. De ellos en 22 se identificó E. coli en cultivos de orina o hemocultivos. También se identificó E. coli en orina o sangre en 91 de los 209 pacientes con PAB-AC.Investigamos las características de los pacientes y la microbiología. RESULTADOS: El grupo de pAB-Bx mostró una prevalencia mayor de bacteriemia que el de PAB-AC (59,1% frente a 13,2%) (p<0,001). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en la sensibilidad a antibióticos para fluorquinolonas, cefalotina y gentamicina. La sensibilidad a fluorquinolonas en el grupo de PBA-Bx fue sólo del 27,3%. La sensibilidad a amikacina, imipemem, meropenem, amoxicilina/ácido Clavulánico y piperacilina/tazobactam era mayor del 95% en ambos grupos. En el análisis multivariante, la PAB-BX era un factor predictivo independiente para bacteriemia. CONCLUSIONES: E. coli mostró una incidencia mayor de resistencias antibióticas y bacteriemia en las PAB-BX en comparación con las PAB-AC. En los pacientes con sospecha de sepsis, carbapenem puede ser el tratamiento de elección. Considerando la reciente aparición de bacterias resistentes a carbapenem, se pueden considerar piperacilina/tazobactam o amikacina.

Community-acquired febrile urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in hospitalised infants. / Infección urinaria febril adquirida en la comunidad por bacterias productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en niños hospitalizados.

INTRODUCTION: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are infrequent pathogens of urinary tract infections in children. The objective of our study was to investigate the presence, clinically associated characteristics and risk factors for acquisition of urinary tract infection/acute pyelonephritis (UTI/APN) in hospitalised children <2years old caused by community-acquired ESBL. METHODS: A case-control study in a second level community hospital in Spain, in which 537 episodes of UTI/APN were investigated in a retrospective study between November 2005 and August 2014. Cases were patients with ESBL strains. For each case, four ESBL-negative controls were selected. A questionnaire with the variables of interest was completed for every patient, and the groups were compared. RESULTS: ESBL-positive strains were found in 19 (3,5%) cultures. Of these 16 (84%) were Escherichia coli. Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) of any grade was more frequent in the ESBL group (60 vs. 29%), although without statistical significance. Relapses were more frequent in the ESBL group (42% vs. 18%) (P=.029; OR=3.2; 95%CI: 1.09-9.5). The prevalence of UTI/APN due to ESBL-positive strains increased slightly from 2.7% in the period 2005-2009 to 4.4% in the period 2010-2014. CONCLUSIONS: ESBL UTI/APN were associated with more frequent relapses. VUR of any grade was twice more frequent in the ESBL group. Piperacillin/tazobactam, fosfomycin and meropenem showed an excellent activity. Aminoglycosides may be a therapeutic option, and in our patients gentamicin was the antibiotic most used.

Índices de oxigenación como predictores de ventilación mecánica en neumonía a 2600 metros de altitud / Oxygen indexes as predictors of mechanical ventilation in pneumonia at 2600 meters above sea level

Resumen Antecedentes: los valores de la diferencia alveolo arterial de oxígeno D(A-a)O2 y de la relación presión alveolar de oxígeno y fracción inspirada de oxígeno (PaO2/FiO2), son pobremente conocidos a gran altitud para predecir ventilación mecánica (VM) en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en comunidad (NAC) mayores de 65 años. Objetivo: conocer los valores de D(A-a)O2 y PaO2/FiO2 en pacientes con NAC que requirieron soporte ventilatorio. Métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo donde se obtuvo la D(A-a)O2 y PaO2/FiO2 de los gases arteriales de ingreso a urgencias, con cálculo de sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo VPN) y área bajo la curva ROC para el requerimiento de VM en las primeras 72 horas. Resultados: se siguieron 247 pacientes, 37 (15%) requirieron VM, no se encontraron diferencias en edad, género, y comorbilidades entre los grupos de VM y no VM. El área bajo la curva ROC para D(A-a) O2 como predictor de VM fue de 0.84 (IC95%:0.77-0.92), para la PaO2/FiO2 de 0.85 (IC 5%: 0.78-0.92) (p<0.0001). Para una D(A-a)O2 en 55 se obtuvo una sensibilidad para predecir VM en 70.27%, especificidad 86.19%, VPP: 47%, VPN: 94%, razón de verosimilitud positiva (LR+): 5.1, razón de verosimilitud negativa (LR-): 0.3. Una PaO2/FiO2 de 180 tiene una sensibilidad para predecir VM de: 86.65%, especificidad: 70.27%, VPP: 34%, VPN: 97%, LR+: 2.9, LR-: 0.2. La mortalidad global fue 3.2%. Conclusión: los valores de D(A-a)O2 y PaO2/FiO2 se relacionan con el requerimiento de VM en pacientes mayores de 65 años con NAC. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 169-175).

Abstract Background: the values of the difference of alveolar arterial oxygen D(A-a)O2 and ratio of the alveolar oxygen pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) are poorly known at high altitude to predict mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients over 65 years with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Objective: to know the values of D(A-a)O2 and PaO2/FiO2 in CAP patients requiring ventilatory support. Methods: prospective cohort study where D(A-a)O2 y PaO2/FiO2 were obtained from arterial blood gases at entrance to the emergency room, with calculation of sensitivity (S), specificity (E), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPP) and area under the ROC curve for MV requirement within the first 72 hours. Results: 247 patients were followed; 37 (15%) required MV. No differences were found in age, gender and comorbidities between the groups of MV and no MV. The area under the ROC curve for D(A-a) O2 as a predictor of MV was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.92), for the la PaO2/FiO2 of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.78 to 0.92) (p <0.0001). For a D(A-a)O2 in 55 patients was obtained a sensibility to predict MV in 70.27%, specificity 86.19%, PPV 47%, NPV 94%, positive likelihood ratio (LR +): 5.1, negative likelihood ratio (LR -): 0.3. A PaO2/FiO2 of 180 has a sensitivity to predict MV of 86.65%, specificity: 70.27%, PPV 34%, NPV 97%, LR +: 2.9, LR: 0.2. Overall mortality was 3.2%. Conclusion: the values of D(A-a)O2 and PaO2/FiO2 relate to the requirement of MV in patients older than 65 with CAP. (Acta Med Colomb 2016; 41: 169-175).

Actualización en bacteriemia por Staphylococcus Aureus / Update on Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia / Atualização em bacteriémia por Staphylococcus aureus

El Staphylococcus aureus es un patógeno bacteriano de distribución mundial y es el principal responsable de las bacteriemias en numerosas áreas geográficas. Las tasas de resistencia a antibióticos han aumentado exponencialmente y diversos estudios han demostrado que las cepas resistentes ya no se limitan al ámbito hospitalario, con un aumento significativo de las infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad por bacterias meticilino-resistentes. La epidemiología de la infección es cambiante, lo que ha dificultado el enfoque inicial de los pacientes con bacteriemia por S. aureus, sumado a la cantidad de antibióticos relativamente limitada para su tratamiento. A pesar de los avances médicos y científicos, la mortalidad atribuible a esta infección ha permanecido estable durante los últimos años, por lo que se ha convertido en un problema para los sistemas de salud con un aumento considerable en los costos de atención. Es necesario realizar una actualización en este tópico para facilitar un tratamiento clínico adecuado de las bacteriemias por S. aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that is distributed worldwide and is the main cause of bacteremia in numerous geographical regions. The rates of resistance to antibiotics have increased exponentially and various studies have demonstrated that the resistant strains are no longer limited to the hospital environment, as there has been a significant increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant bacteria. The epidemiology of this infection is changing, which has made the initial management of patients with S. aureus bacteremia more complicated, as well as the relatively limited amount of antibiotics for treatment. Despite medical and scientific progress, mortality attributed to this infection has remained the same over the past years. Thus, it is becoming a problem for health systems that implies increased healthcare costs. It is necessary to update this topic in order to offer adequate clinical treatment for S. aureus bacteremia.

O Staphylococcus aureus é um patógeno bacteriano de distribuição mundial e é o principal responsável das bacteriémias em numerosas áreas geográficas. As taxas de resistência a antibióticos aumentaram exponencialmente e diversos estudos demostraram que as cepas resistentes já não se limitam ao âmbito hospitalário, com um aumento significativo das infecções adquiridas na comunidade por bactérias meticilino-resistentes. A epidemiologia da infecção é cambiante, o que há dificultado o enfoque inicial dos pacientes com bacteriémia por S. aureus, somado à quantidade de antibióticos relativamente limitada para seu tratamento. A pesar dos avanços médicos e científicos, a mortalidade atribuível a esta infecção há permanecido estável durante os últimos anos, pelo que se há convertido num problema para os sistemas de saúde com um aumento considerável nos custos de atenção. É necessário realizar uma atualização neste tópico para facilitar um tratamento clínico adequado das bacteriémias por S. aureus.

Infecciones por Streptococcus agalactiae en un servicio de neonatología abierto / Infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae at an open neonatology service

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las infecciones por estreptococo del grupo B en recién nacidos egresados de los hospitales maternos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que incluyó a recién nacidos consecutivos con infecciones por Streptococcus agalactiae, ingresados en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Juan M Márquez entre febrero de 1992 y diciembre del 2007. Se procesaron y analizaron distintas variables clínicas y epidemiológicas, con cálculo de tasas de incidencia y letalidad, así como relación entre variables categóricas. Hubo 76 recién nacidos con infección por Streptococcus agalactiae, lo cual constituyó una tasa promedio anual de 1,9 x 100 ingresos. Predominaron las infecciones de inicio tardío y las adquiridas en la comunidad (89,5 por ciento y 93,4 por ciento, respectivamente). La meningitis fue la forma clínica más frecuente, seguida de la bacteriemia aislada. Hubo 56 de 76 recién nacidos con bacteriemia (73,7 por ciento). El Streptococcus agalactiae tuvo elevada sensibilidad ante la penicilina, la eritromicina, la vancomicina, la cefotaxima y el cloranfenicol. Hubo 7 fallecidos (9,2 por ciento) y todos fueron pacientes con infección del sistema nervioso central. Streptococcus agalactiae es un agente causal de infecciones que afectan al recién nacido, tanto en la comunidad como en el medio hospitalario. Estas infecciones pueden ser letales en algunos pacientes con infección del sistema nervioso central con bacteriemia o sin ella, aún manteniendo un patrón de elevada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos betalactámicos.

The objective of the present study was to know the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the infections caused by group B Streptococcus in newborns discharged from maternal hospitals. A descriptive study that included consecutive infants with infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae admitted in the Neonatology Service of ½Juan M. Mßrquez¼ University Pediatric Hospital from February 1992 to December 2007 was conducted. Different clinical and epidemiological variables were processed and analyzed, with calculation of incidence and lethality rates and relation among the categoric variables. There were 76 newborns with infection due to Streptococcus agalactiae for an average annual rate of 1,9 x 100 admissions. It was observed a predominance of late onset infections and of those acquired in the community (89,5 percent y 93,4 percent, respectively). Meningitis was the most common clinical form followed by isolated bacteriemia. 56 of the 76 newborn infants had bacteriemia (73,7 percent). Streptococcus agalactiae showed a high sensitivity to penicillin, erythromycine, vancomycin, cefotaxime and cloranphenicol. There were 7 deaths (9,2 percent). All of them had infection of the CNS. Streptococcus agalactiae is an agent that causes infections affecting the newborn infant, both in the community and in the hospital. These infections may be lethal in some patients with infection of the CNS with o without bacteriemia, even when they maintain a pattern of elevated susceptibility to betalactamic antibiotics.

Infecciones por Streptococcus agalactiae en un servicio de neonatología abierto / Infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae at an open neonatology service

El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las infecciones por estreptococo del grupo B en recién nacidos egresados de los hospitales maternos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que incluyó a recién nacidos consecutivos con infecciones por Streptococcus agalactiae, ingresados en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Juan M Márquez entre febrero de 1992 y diciembre del 2007. Se procesaron y analizaron distintas variables clínicas y epidemiológicas, con cálculo de tasas de incidencia y letalidad, así como relación entre variables categóricas. Hubo 76 recién nacidos con infección por Streptococcus agalactiae, lo cual constituyó una tasa promedio anual de 1,9 x 100 ingresos. Predominaron las infecciones de inicio tardío y las adquiridas en la comunidad (89,5 por ciento y 93,4 por ciento, respectivamente). La meningitis fue la forma clínica más frecuente, seguida de la bacteriemia aislada. Hubo 56 de 76 recién nacidos con bacteriemia (73,7 por ciento). El Streptococcus agalactiae tuvo elevada sensibilidad ante la penicilina, la eritromicina, la vancomicina, la cefotaxima y el cloranfenicol. Hubo 7 fallecidos (9,2 por ciento) y todos fueron pacientes con infección del sistema nervioso central. Streptococcus agalactiae es un agente causal de infecciones que afectan al recién nacido, tanto en la comunidad como en el medio hospitalario. Estas infecciones pueden ser letales en algunos pacientes con infección del sistema nervioso central con bacteriemia o sin ella, aún manteniendo un patrón de elevada susceptibilidad a los antibióticos betalactámicos(AU)

The objective of the present study was to know the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the infections caused by group B Streptococcus in newborns discharged from maternal hospitals. A descriptive study that included consecutive infants with infections due to Streptococcus agalactiae admitted in the Neonatology Service of ½Juan M. Mßrquez¼ University Pediatric Hospital from February 1992 to December 2007 was conducted. Different clinical and epidemiological variables were processed and analyzed, with calculation of incidence and lethality rates and relation among the categoric variables. There were 76 newborns with infection due to Streptococcus agalactiae for an average annual rate of 1,9 x 100 admissions. It was observed a predominance of late onset infections and of those acquired in the community (89,5 percent y 93,4 percent, respectively). Meningitis was the most common clinical form followed by isolated bacteriemia. 56 of the 76 newborn infants had bacteriemia (73,7 percent). Streptococcus agalactiae showed a high sensitivity to penicillin, erythromycine, vancomycin, cefotaxime and cloranphenicol. There were 7 deaths (9,2 percent). All of them had infection of the CNS. Streptococcus agalactiae is an agent that causes infections affecting the newborn infant, both in the community and in the hospital. These infections may be lethal in some patients with infection of the CNS with o without bacteriemia, even when they maintain a pattern of elevated susceptibility to betalactamic antibiotics(AU)