Delayed Wound Healing Resulting from Inflammatory Process in Craniectomy Patients Treated with BioGlue: A Case Series with Literature Review.

Background BioGlue is touted as a safe and effective sealant for various surgical procedures. This article describes five cases of delayed wound healing associated with the use of BioGlue after craniectomies. Case Description Five patients of different genders and ages who had undergone craniectomy with BioGlue were presented to our medical center with wound dehiscence and purulent discharge. The first attempt to solve this problem by incision and drainage was unsuccessful. The removal of BioGlue is necessary to eliminate these problems. Discussion The presence of wound dehiscence and aseptic cystic contents may indicate a chronic inflammatory process following the application of BioGlue. This problem usually occurs within a few months after wound closure. For rapid intervention, it is recommended to perform an incision and drainage and remove the BioGlue. The main risk factor is directly applying BioGlue to the skin, subcutaneous tissue, or titanium material. Conclusion Neurosurgeons should exercise caution and be aware of a possible delayed chronic inflammatory process in surgical wounds associated with the use of BioGlue as a sealant, especially when the product is used without cranial coverage or in cases where it comes into direct contact with subcutaneous tissue or titanium material. To resolve this issue quickly, BioGlue should be completely removed at the first attempt at incision and drainage.

Nutritional and inflammation factors associated with current frailty level and effect of co-morbidities on the progression of frailty.

AIM: Frailty is defined as extreme vulnerability, a syndrome that exposes the individual to a higher risk of disability. While risk factors for frailty have been gradually uncovered, the full identification of biochemical factors and co-morbidities influencing frailty remains incomplete. METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed to elucidate the risk factors for the prevalence and progression of frailty. The study included 1035 Japanese female outpatients. At baseline, biochemical markers were measured. Co-morbidities included diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, vertebral osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis. Frailty levels were assessed using frailty scores ranging from 0 to 5. Prevalence of frailty was judged by a score of 3 or above, and progression was judged by an increase in the frailty score during the observation period. Multiple regression analysis was used for the cross-sectional analysis, and the Cox hazard model was used for the longitudinal analysis. RESULTS: Of the 1035 selected participants, 212 were diagnosed with frailty. Advanced age and log IL-6 and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) levels were significant independent risk factors for frailty. Subjects were followed for 7.7 ± 5.9 years and progression was observed in 130 subjects. Older age, the absence of hyperlipidemia, the presence of osteoporosis, and lower frailty scores were identified as significant risk factors for frailty progression. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory and nutritional markers exhibited significant associations with the current frailty status, whereas co-morbidities such as osteoporosis or hyperlipidemia emerged as independent risk or protective factors of future frailty progression. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 523-528.

Biochemical aspects of the inflammatory process: A narrative review.

Inflammation is a protective response of the body potentially caused by microbial, viral, or fungal infections, tissue damage, or even autoimmune reactions. The cardinal signs of inflammation are consequences of immunological, biochemical, and physiological changes that trigger the release of pro-inflammatory chemical mediators at the local of the injured site thus, increasing blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte recruitment. The aim of this study is to give an overview of the inflammatory process, focusing on chemical mediators. The literature review was based on a search of journals published between the years 2009 and 2023, regarding the role of major chemical mediators in the inflammatory process and current studies in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Some of the recent contributions in the study of inflammatory pathologies and their mediators, including cytokines and chemokines, the kinin system, free radicals, nitric oxide, histamine, cell adhesion molecules, leukotrienes, prostaglandins and the complement system and their role in human health and chronic diseases.

Inflammatory signaling in NASH driven by hepatocyte mitochondrial dysfunctions.

Liver steatosis, inflammation, and variable degrees of fibrosis are the pathological manifestations of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an aggressive presentation of the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the Western world known as nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). Mitochondrial hepatocyte dysfunction is a primary event that triggers inflammation, affecting Kupffer and hepatic stellate cell behaviour. Here, we consider the role of impaired mitochondrial function caused by lipotoxicity during oxidative stress in hepatocytes. Dysfunction in oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ROS production cause the release of damage-associated molecular patterns from dying hepatocytes, leading to activation of innate immunity and trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells, thereby driving fibrosis in NASH.

Early In Vivo Osteogenic and Inflammatory Response of 3D Printed Polycaprolactone/Carbon Nanotube/Hydroxyapatite/Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Scaffolds.

The development of advanced biomaterials and manufacturing processes to fabricate biologically and mechanically appropriate scaffolds for bone tissue is a significant challenge. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biocompatible and degradable polymer used in bone tissue engineering, but it lacks biofunctionalization. Bioceramics, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and ß tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP), which are similar chemically to native bone, can facilitate both osteointegration and osteoinduction whilst improving the biomechanics of a scaffold. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) display exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. A major limitation is the understanding of how PCL-based scaffolds containing HA, TCP, and CNTs behave in vivo in a bone regeneration model. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of three-dimensional (3D) printed PCL-based composite scaffolds containing CNTs, HA, and ß-TCP during the initial osteogenic and inflammatory response phase in a critical bone defect rat model. Gene expression related to early osteogenesis, the inflammatory phase, and tissue formation was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Tissue formation and mineralization were assessed by histomorphometry. The CNT+HA/TCP group presented higher expression of osteogenic genes after seven days. The CNT+HA and CNT+TCP groups stimulated higher gene expression for tissue formation and mineralization, and pro- and anti-inflammatory genes after 14 and 30 days. Moreover, the CNT+TCP and CNT+HA/TCP groups showed higher gene expressions related to M1 macrophages. The association of CNTs with ceramics at 10wt% (CNT+HA/TCP) showed lower expressions of inflammatory genes and higher osteogenic, presenting a positive impact and balanced cell signaling for early bone formation. The association of CNTs with both ceramics promoted a minor inflammatory response and faster bone tissue formation.

Clinical Disease States Related to Mutations of the NOD2 Gene: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) is a protein encoded by the NOD2 gene and plays an important role in the immune system. NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsible for the recognition of pathogens as well as the activation of many biochemical processes within cells of the host immune system. Mutations of the NOD2 gene can significantly impact the host's immune response against a variety of pathogens. In addition to immunodeficiency, mutations of the NOD2 gene have also been linked with several atopic diseases and autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease (CD). There is also a distinct set of autoinflammatory conditions that are now classified as NOD2-associated autoinflammatory diseases (NAID). We present a case of a 63-year-old female with common variable immunodeficiency, eosinophilic asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis who was found to have a NOD2 mutation on genetic testing. As genetic testing continues to gain popularity, several disease states that were previously thought to be unrelated are now being recognized as originating from a common genetic defect.

[Progressive fibrosing lung disease. Discussion aspects of the problem: A review].

The authors of the article prove the need to include a new name for the disease - "Progressive Fibrosing Lung Disease" into clinical practice. Recognition of the fact that some lung diseases end in a fibrosing process, which does not have any significant differences depending on the initial disease that led to fibrosis, will expand the indications for earlier prescription of antifibrotic drugs, which will undoubtedly improve the prognosis in this extremely severe category of patients.

The effect of immunomodulatory therapy with recombinant human interferon alpha-2ß on blood cytokine levels in children with recurrent episodes of acute obstructive bronchitis.

The high incidence of children with recurrent episodes of acute obstructive bronchitis is a widespread problem. Correct identification of children at risk of developing bronchial asthma at school age may improve treatment and prevention approaches to this pathology, but the ability to identify these children remains limited. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of recombinant interferon alpha-2ß in children with recurrent episodes of acute obstructive bronchitis in the course of treatment based on the assessment of cytokine profile. The study examined 59 children of the main group with recurrent episodes of acute obstructive bronchitis and 30 children of the comparison group who suffered from acute bronchitis, aged 2-8 years, who were in the hospital. The results of laboratory studies were compared with the data of 30 healthy children. In children with recurrent episodes of acute obstructive bronchitis, the content of serum interferon-γ and interleukin-4 was significantly reduced compared to healthy children, after treatment with recombinant human interferon alpha-2ß, the content of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 in children significantly increased. The content of interleukin-1ß in children with recurrent episodes of acute obstructive bronchitis was significantly higher than in healthy children, after immunomodulatory therapy with recombinant interferon alpha-2ß, interleukin-4 normalized to its level in healthy children. It was found that children with recurrent episodes of acute obstructive bronchitis have an imbalance of cytokines, the effectiveness of recombinant human interferon alpha-2ß therapy, which normalized the levels of the studied cytokines in the serum.

The role of proinflammatory cytokines in the detection of early pressure ulcer development: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Pressure ulcers (PUs) commonly occur over bony prominences and are notoriously difficult to treat. Proinflammatory cytokines are substances that initiate the inflammatory process preceding PU development. The aim of this review was to assess whether the increased presence of proinflammatory cytokines could potentially be used as an early detection system for PU development. METHOD: A systematic search of publications using MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases was conducted in August 2020. Data were extracted and a narrative synthesis was undertaken. The evidence-based librarianship (EBL) checklist assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. The systematic review included original research studies, prospective design, and human studies written in English. Retrospective studies, animal studies, conference papers, opinion papers and qualitative methodology were excluded. No restrictions on the date of publication and study setting were applied. RESULTS: The six studies included were conducted between 2015 and 2019, 50% (n=3) used an experimental study design. The mean sample size was 15 participants (standard deviation=1.72). A total of seven proinflammatory cytokines were analysed. Statistically significant differences were found among inflammatory mediators. Overall results showed that the concentration of interleukin (IL)-1α significantly increased in each study. The EBL score varied between 77-88%. In total, 100% (n=6) of the studies scored ≥75%, reflecting validity. CONCLUSION: It is not yet certain that monitoring proinflammatory cytokines represents a noninvasive method that could potentially direct preventative measures to those who are identified as at high risk for developing PUs. IL-1α potentially may be elevated for other health conditions, not just PUs. Future studies are therefore recommended.

Protection of dystrophic muscle cells using Idebenone correlates with the interplay between calcium, oxidative stress and inflammation.

There is strong cross-talk between abnormal intracellular calcium concentration, high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an exacerbated inflammatory process in the dystrophic muscles of mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In this study, we investigated effects of Idebenone, a potent anti-oxidant, on oxidative stress markers, the anti-oxidant defence system, intracellular calcium concentrations and the inflammatory process in primary dystrophic muscle cells from mdx mice. Dystrophic muscle cells were treated with Idebenone (0.05 µM) for 24 h. The untreated mdx muscle cells were used as controls. The MTT assay showed that Idebenone did not have a cytotoxic effect on the dystrophic muscle cells. The Idebenone treatment was able to reduce the levels of oxidative stress markers, such as H2 O2 and 4-HNE, as well as decreasing intracellular calcium influx in the dystrophic muscle cells. Regarding Idebenone effects on the anti-oxidant defence system, an up-regulation of catalase levels, glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was observed in the dystrophic muscle cells. In addition, the Idebenone treatment was also associated with reduction in inflammatory molecules, such as nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) in mdx muscle cells. These outcomes supported the use of Idebenone as a protective agent against oxidative stress and related signalling mechanisms involved in dystrophinopathies, such as DMD.

Acute green tea intake attenuates circulating microRNA expression induced by a high-fat, high-saturated meal in obese women: A randomized crossover study.

The objective of this study was to assess whether acute green tea (GT) supplementation attenuates inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers induced by high-fat, high-saturated (HFHS) meals in obese women, and to assess its ability to modulate circulating microRNA (miRNA) expression. This was a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. The study included obese women over 18 years old who had no comorbidities. In the first moment, patients were instructed to take 2 capsules of placebo or GT (738 mg) at 10:00 p.m. and to fast overnight. The next morning, a blood sample was collected, and an HFHS meal was offered to the patients. Another blood sample was collected 5 hours after the meal. In the second moment, patients who received placebo in the first moment now received the GT and vice-versa. Serum inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers were measured, and circulating levels of miRNA were evaluated. Fifteen women with mean age of 35.5±9.9 years were included in the final analysis. There was no difference regarding inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. However, patients who consumed GT had lower circulating expression of 62 miRNAs compared with patients who did not consume GT. Predictive analysis of target genes showed 1,757 targets regulated by the 62 miRNAs. Notably, 5 miRNAs (miR-1297, miR-192-5p, miR-373-3p, miR-595 and miR-1266-5p) regulate genes associated with TGF-beta, CARM1, RSK, and BMP pathways. Our study showed that GT inhibited the expression of miRNAs induced by HFHS meal intake. These results shed light on the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of GT ingestion.

Calcitriol Reduces the Inflammation, Endothelial Damage and Oxidative Stress in AKI Caused by Cisplatin.

Cisplatin treatment is one of the most commonly used treatments for patients with cancer. However, thirty percent of patients treated with cisplatin develop acute kidney injury (AKI). Several studies have demonstrated the effect of bioactive vitamin D or calcitriol on the inflammatory process and endothelial injury, essential events that contribute to changes in renal function and structure caused by cisplatin (CP). This study explored the effects of calcitriol administration on proximal tubular injury, oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular injury observed in CP-induced AKI. Male Wistar Hannover rats were pretreated with calcitriol (6 ng/day) or vehicle (0.9% NaCl). The treatment started two weeks before i.p. administration of CP or saline and was maintained for another five days after the injections. On the fifth day after the injections, urine, plasma and renal tissue samples were collected to evaluate renal function and structure. The animals of the CP group had increased plasma levels of creatinine and of fractional sodium excretion and decreased glomerular filtration rates. These changes were associated with intense tubular injury, endothelial damage, reductions in antioxidant enzymes and an inflammatory process observed in the renal outer medulla of the animals from this group. These changes were attenuated by treatment with calcitriol, which reduced the inflammation and increased the expression of vascular regeneration markers and antioxidant enzymes.

Curcumin-Added Whey Protein Positively Modulates Skeletal Muscle Inflammation and Oxidative Damage after Exhaustive Exercise.

(1) Background: Exhaustive exercise can induce muscle damage. The consumption of nutritional compounds with the ability to positively influence the oxidative balance and an exacerbated inflammatory process has been previously studied. However, little is known about the nutritional value of curcumin (CCM) when mixed with whey protein concentrate (WPC). This study was developed to evaluate the effect of CCM-added WPC on inflammatory and oxidative process control and histopathological consequences in muscle tissue submitted to an exhaustive swimming test (ET). (2) Methods: 48 animals were randomly allocated to six groups (n = 8). An ET was performed 4 weeks after the start of the diet and animals were euthanized 24 h post ET. (3) Results: WPC + CCM and CCM groups reduced IL-6 and increased IL-10 expression in muscle tissue. CCM reduced carbonyl protein after ET compared to standard AIN-93M ET and WPC + CCM ET diets. Higher nitric oxide concentrations were observed in animals that consumed WPC + CCM and CCM. Consumption of WPC + CCM or isolated CCM reduced areas of inflammatory infiltrate and fibrotic tissue in the muscle. (4) Conclusions: WPC + CCM and isolated CCM contribute to the reduction in inflammation and oxidative damage caused by the exhaustive swimming test.

Role of Extracellular Matrix and Inflammation in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the most dangerous cardiovascular diseases, occurring mainly in men over the age of 55 years. As it is asymptomatic, patients are diagnosed very late, usually when they suffer pain in the abdominal cavity. The late detection of AAA contributes to the high mortality rate. Many environmental, genetic, and molecular factors contribute to the development and subsequent rupture of AAA. Inflammation, apoptosis of smooth muscle cells, and degradation of the extracellular matrix in the AAA wall are believed to be the major molecular processes underlying AAA formation. Until now, no pharmacological treatment has been implemented to prevent the formation of AAA or to cure the disease. Therefore, it is important that patients are diagnosed at a very early stage of the disease. Biomarkers contribute to the assessment of the concentration level, which will help to determine the level and rate of AAA development. The potential biomarkers today include homocysteine, cathepsins, osteopontin, and osteoprotegerin. In this review, we describe the major aspects of molecular processes that take place in the aortic wall during AAA formation. In addition, biomarkers, the monitoring of which will contribute to the prompt diagnosis of AAA patients over the age of 55 years, are described.

African swine fever virus infection activates inflammatory responses through downregulation of the anti-inflammatory molecule C1QTNF3.

African swine fever (ASF) is the most dangerous pig disease, and causes enormous economic losses in the global pig industry. However, the mechanisms of ASF virus (ASFV) infection remains largely unclear. Hence, this study investigated the host response mechanisms to ASFV infection. We analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between serum samples from ASFV-infected and uninfected pigs using quantitative proteomics. Setting the p-value < 0.05 and |log2 (fold change)| > 1.5, we identified 173 DEPs, comprising 57 upregulated and 116 downregulated proteins, which belonged to various biological processes and pathways based on the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. The enriched pathways include immune responses, metabolism, and inflammation signaling pathways. Western blot analysis validated the DEPs identified using quantitative proteomics. Furthermore, our proteomics data showed that C1QTNF3 regulated the inflammatory signaling pathway. C1QTNF3 knockdown led to the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1ß, IL-8, and IL-6, thus inhibiting ASFV replication. These results indicated that C1QTNF3 was critical for ASFV infection. In conclusion, this study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-ASFV interaction, which may contribute to the development of novel antiviral strategies against ASFV infection in the future.

Intelligent tuberculosis activity assessment system based on an ensemble of neural networks.

This article proposes a novel approach to assess the degree of activity of pulmonary tuberculosis by active tuberculoma foci. It includes the development of a new method for processing lung CT images using an ensemble of deep convolutional neural networks using such special algorithms: an optimized algorithm for preliminary segmentation and selection of informative scans, a new algorithm for refining segmented masks to improve the final accuracy, an efficient fuzzy inference system for more weighted activity assessment. The approach also includes the use of medical classification of disease activity based on densitometric measures of tuberculomas. The selection and markup of the training sample images were performed manually by qualified pulmonologists from a base of approximately 9,000 CT lung scans of patients who had been enrolled in the dispensary for 15 years. The first basic step of the proposed approach is the developed algorithm for preprocessing CT lung scans. It consists in segmentation of intrapulmonary regions, which contain vessels, bronchi, lung walls to detect complex cases of ingrown tuberculomas. To minimize computational cost, the proposed approach includes a new method for selecting informative lung scans, i.e., those that potentially contain tuberculomas. The main processing step is binary segmentation of tuberculomas, which is proposed to be performed optimally by a certain ensemble of neural networks. Optimization of the ensemble size and its composition is achieved by using an algorithm for calculating individual contributions. A modification of this algorithm using new effective heuristic metrics has been proposed which improves the performance of the algorithm for this problem. A special algorithm was developed for post-processing of tuberculoma masks obtained during the segmentation step. The goal of this step is to refine the calculated mask for the physical placement of the tuberculoma. The algorithm consists in cleaning the mask from noisy formations on the scan, as well as expanding the mask area to maximize the capture of the tuberculoma location area. A simplified fuzzy inference system was developed to provide a more accurate final calculation of the degree of disease activity, which reflects data from current medical studies. The accuracy of the system was also tested on a test sample of independent patients, showing more than 96% correct calculations of disease activity, confirming the effectiveness and feasibility of introducing the system into clinical practice.

The Variable Nature of Vitamin C-Does It Help When Dealing with Coronavirus?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still spreading worldwide. For this reason, new treatment methods are constantly being researched. Consequently, new and already-known preparations are being investigated to potentially reduce the severe course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute serum biomarkers in the host organism. In addition to antiviral drugs, there are other substances being used in the treatment of COVID-19, e.g., those with antioxidant properties, such as vitamin C (VC). Exciting aspects of the use of VC in antiviral therapy are its antioxidant and pro-oxidative abilities. In this review, we summarized both the positive effects of using VC in treating infections caused by SARS-CoV-2 in the light of the available research. We have tried to answer the question as to whether the use of high doses of VC brings the expected benefits in the treatment of COVID-19 and whether such treatment is the correct therapeutic choice. Each case requires individual assessment to determine whether the positives outweigh the negatives, especially in the light of populational studies concerning the genetic differentiation of genes encoding the solute carriers responsible forVC adsorption. Few data are available on the influence of VC on the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Deducing from already-published data, high-dose intravenous vitamin C (HDIVC) does not significantly lower the mortality or length of hospitalization. However, some data prove, among other things, its impact on the serum levels of inflammatory markers. Finally, the non-positive effect of VC administration is mainly neutral, but the negative effect is that it can result in urinary stones or nephropathies.

Antioxidant effects of bis-indole alkaloid indigo and related signaling pathways in the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Indigo is a bis-indolic alkaloid that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects reported in literature and is a promissory compound for treating chronic inflammatory diseases. This fact prompted to investigate the effects of this alkaloid in the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the potential role of the indigo on oxidative stress and related signaling pathways in primary skeletal muscle cell cultures and in the diaphragm muscle from mdx mice. The MTT and Neutral Red assays showed no indigo dose-dependent toxicities in mdx muscle cells at concentrations analyzed (3.12, 6.25, 12.50, and 25.00 µg/mL). Antioxidant effect of indigo, in mdx muscle cells and diaphragm muscle, was demonstrated by reduction in 4-HNE content, H2O2 levels, DHE reaction, and lipofuscin granules. A significant decrease in the inflammatory process was identified by a reduction on TNF and NF-κB levels, on inflammatory area, and on macrophage infiltration in the dystrophic sample, after indigo treatment. Upregulation of PGC-1α and SIRT1 in dystrophic muscle cells treated with indigo was also observed. These results suggest the potential of indigo as a therapeutic agent for muscular dystrophy, through their action anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and modulator of SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway.

Multiple LEDT wavelengths modulate the Akt signaling pathways and attenuate pathological events in mdx dystrophic muscle cells.

This study is aimed at investigating the effects of LEDT, at multiple wavelengths, on intracellular calcium concentration; on transient receptor potential canonical channels; on calcium-binding protein; on myogenic factors; on myosin heavy chains; on Akt signaling pathway; on inflammatory markers; and on the angiogenic-inducing factor in dystrophic muscle cell culture experimental model. Dystrophic primary muscle cells were submitted to LEDT, at multiple wavelengths (420 nm, 470 nm, 660 nm, and 850 nm), and evaluated after 48 h for cytotoxic effects and intracellular calcium content. TRPC-1, TRPC-6, Calsequestrin, MyoD, Myogenin, MHC-slow, MHC-fast, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-FoxO1, Myostatin, NF-κB, TNF-α, and VEGF levels were evaluated in dystrophic primary muscle cells by western blotting. The LEDT, at multiple wavelengths, treated-mdx muscle cells showed no cytotoxic effect and significant lower levels in [Ca2 +]i. The mdx muscle cells treated with LEDT showed a significant reduction of TRPC-1, NF-κB, TNF-α and MyoD levels and a significant increase of Myogenin, MHC-slow, p-AKT, p-mTOR, p-FoxO1 levels, and VEGF levels. Our findings suggest that different LEDT wavelengths modulate the Akt-signaling pathways and attenuate pathological events in dystrophic muscle cells, and a combined multiwavelength irradiation protocol may even provide a potentially therapeutic strategy for muscular dystrophies.