Self-Controlled Feedback in Motor Learning: The Effects Depend on the Frequency of Request.

The benefits of allowing learners to control when to receive knowledge of results (KR) compared to a yoked group has been recently challenged and postulated to be mild at best. A potential explanation for such dissident findings is that individuals differentially utilize the autonomy provided by the self-controlled condition, which, in its turn, affects the outcomes. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of self-controlled KR on motor learning focusing on the frequency of KR requests when performing an anticipatory timing task. Self-controlled groups were created based on participants' KR frequency of request (High, Medium, and Low referring to fifth, third, and first quintile) and, then, Yoked groups were created self-control condition pairing the KR request of the Self-controlled groups. We also measured self-efficacy and processing time as means to verify potential correlates. The results supported the expected interaction. While no difference between self-controlled and yoked groups were found for low frequencies of KR, a moderate amount of KR request was related to better results for the self-controlled group. Nonetheless, the opposite trend was observed for high frequencies of KR; the yoked group was superior to the self-controlled group. The results of this study allow us to conclude that the choices made, and not just the possibility of choosing, seem to define the benefits of KR self-control in motor learning.

Viés Atencional na Esquizofrenia: uma Revisão Crítica da Literatura / Attentional Bias in Schizophrenia: a Critical Review of Literature

O viés atencional, compreendido como a tendência de processar informações de acordo com a valência emocional ou significado, pode contribuir para a vulnerabilidade a transtornos psiquiátricos. Este estudo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre pesquisas empíricas que investigaram associações entre viés atencional e esquizofrenia. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PsycInfo, Web of Science, MedLine e Scopus. Um total de 641 estudos foi identificado. Após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, 16 artigos foram incluídos na amostra final, com a inclusão de um artigo a partir das referências dos estudos da amostra. Foram observados a utilização de tarefas e estímulos diversos, que apresentaram resultados variados, indicando, por um lado, a presença de viés atencional, e, por outro, interferência equivalente de estímulos emocionais em pacientes e pessoas saudáveis. São necessários mais estudos que, além de investigarem a associação entre viés atencional e esquizofrenia, permitam o controle de variáveis confundidoras.

Attentional bias, understood as the tendency to process information according to emotional valence or meaning, can contribute to vulnerability to psychiatric disorders. This study presents a review of empirical research literature that investigated the associations between attentional bias and schizophrenia. The search was conducted in the PsycInfo, Web of Science, MedLine, and Scopus databases. A total of 641 studies were identified. After applying eligibility criteria, 16 articles were included in the final sample, including one article retrieved from the references of the sample studies. Various tasks and stimuli were observed, yielding diverse results, indicating, on the one hand, the presence of attentional bias, and on the other hand, equivalent interference from emotional stimuli in patients and healthy individuals. Further studies are needed that, in addition to investigating the association between attentional bias and schizophrenia, allow for the control of confounding variables.

Las funciones ejecutivas: su significado y aplicación clínica / Executive functions: meaning and clinical application

Las funciones ejecutivas generalmente se conceptualizan como un conjunto de procesos generales de control de orden superior que trabajan juntos para dirigir y gestionar las funciones cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales, especialmente durante la resolución activa de problemas. Su disfunción es frecuente de ser detectada como comorbilidad de otros trastornos del neurodesarrollo, causa o efecto? La detección precoz de la disfunción ejecutiva y su abordaje terapéutico temprano, mejora el pronóstico global madurativo en el periodo infantojuvenil. Esta sucinta revisión de las funciones ejecutivas intenta resaltar su importancia para el pediatra y su mirada de los trastornos del neurodesarrollo (AU)

Executive functions are typically understood as a set of general higher-order control processes that collectively direct and manage cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functions, especially during active problem solving. Their dysfunction is often detected as a comorbidity of other neurodevelopmental disorders; cause or effect? Early detection of executive dysfunction and a prompt therapeutic approach improves the overall developmental prognosis in childhood and adolescence. This brief review of executive functions aims to highlight their importance for the pediatrician and his/her view of neurodevelopmental disorder (AU)

Cortical Thickness and Brain Connectivity Mediate the Relation Between White Matter Hyperintensity and Information Processing Speed in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease.

White matter hyperintensities of presumed vascular origin (WMH) are the most common imaging feature of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and are associated with cognitive impairment, especially information processing speed (IPS) deficits. However, it is unclear how WMH can directly impact IPS or whether the cortical thickness and brain connectivity mediate such association. In this study, it was evaluated the possible mediating roles of cortical thickness and brain (structural and functional) connectivity on the relationship between WMH (also considering its topography distribution) and IPS in 389 patients with cSVD from the RUN-DMC (Radboud University Nijmegen Diffusion tensor and Magnetic resonance imaging Cohort) database. Significant (p < 0.05 after multiple comparisons correction) associations of WMH volume and topography with cortical thickness, brain connectivity, and IPS performance in cSVD individuals were found. Additionally, cortical thickness and brain structural and functional connectivity were shown to mediate the association of WMH volume and location with IPS scores. More specifically, frontal cortical thickness, functional sensorimotor network, and posterior thalamic radiation tract were the essential mediators of WMH and IPS in this clinical group. This study provided insight into the mechanisms underlying the clinical relevance of white matter hyperintensities in information processing speed deficits in cSVD through cortical thinning and network disruptions.

Social Information Processing Theory Indicators of Child Abuse Risk: Cultural Comparison of Mothers from Peru and the United States.

Much of the research conducted on social information processing (SIP) factors predictive of child abuse risk has been conducted in North America, raising questions about how applicable such models may be in other cultures. Based on the premise that the parents' child abuse risk is affected by both risk and protective factors, the current study considered how specific SIP socio-cognitive risk factors (acceptability of parent-child aggression as a discipline approach; empathic ability; frustration tolerance) as well as social support satisfaction as a resource related to child abuse risk by comparing a sample of mothers in Peru (n = 102) with a sample of mothers in the U.S. (n = 180). Using multi-group regression analyses, the current investigation identified that lower empathy was more salient for the abuse risk of U.S. mothers relative to the salience of lower frustration tolerance for Peruvian mothers. Although effects were observed for the approval of parent-aggression for the child abuse risk of both samples, such approval did not appear to be related to the Peruvian mothers' actual use of such tactics. When considered alongside the socio-cognitive risk factors, greater social support satisfaction did not significantly relate to child abuse risk for either sample. The findings are discussed in reference to future cross-cultural work that may need to better examine how factors may or may not be universal to craft more culturally informed child abuse prevention programs.

Adiposity affects emotional information processing.

Obesity is a worldwide epidemic associated with severe health and psychological wellbeing impairments expressed by an increased prevalence of affective disorders. Emotional dysfunction is important due to its effect on social performance. The aim of the present narrative review is to provide a general overview of human research exploring emotional information processing in overweight and obese people. Evidence suggests that obesity is associated with an attenuation of emotional experience, contradictory findings about emotion recognition, and scarce research about automatic emotional information processing. Finally, we made some concluding considerations for future research on emotional information processing in overweight and obese people.

Valoraciones sobre el procesamiento de información en investigaciones asociadas a especialidades médicas / Assessments on the processing of information in research associated with medical specialties

RESUMEN El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo valorar las regularidades de los principales problemas que se evidencian en el uso y empleo de la dinámica del procesamiento de la información en investigaciones asociadas a especialidades médicas, a partir de una selección de tesis vinculadas a la especialidad de Medicina General Integral y de otras especialidades médicas defendidas en los últimos 5 años en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey. Los principales resultados de la revisión documental se centran en deficiencias en la presentación e interpretación de la naturaleza de las relaciones entre las variables del diseño metodológico y las técnicas estadísticas que se utilizan desde el diseño, ejecución y presentación del resultado científico.

SUMMARY The present work aims to assess the regularities of the main problems that are evidenced in the use and employment of the dynamics of information processing in research associated with medical specialties, from a selection of theses linked to the specialty of Comprehensive General Medicine and other medical specialties defended in the last 5 years at the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey. The main results of the documentary review focus on deficiencies in the presentation and interpretation of the nature of the relationships between the variables of the methodological design and the statistical techniques that are used from the design, execution and presentation of the scientific result.

[Obtaining new information on hemolytic uremic syndrome by text mining]. / Obtención de nueva información sobre el síndrome urémico hemolítico mediante minería de texto.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. It can cause from permanent sequelae to death, mainly in children. In this work, using text mining (TM), we analyzed the explicit and implicit text of 16 192 original scientific articles on HUS indexed in the Europe PMC database. The objectives were to examine behaviors, track trends, and make predictions and cross-check data with other sources of information. For the analysis we used -among other computational tools- specially developed workflows (WF) in the KNIME platform. The TM on the words of the abstracts of the publications made it possible to: detect undescribed associations between events related to HUS; extract underlying information; make thematic clustering using unsupervised algorithms; make forecasting about the course of research associated with the topic. Both the approach and the WFs developed to perform Data Science on HUS can be applied to other biomedical topics and other scientific databases, making it possible to analyze relevant aspects in the field of human health to improve research, prevention and treatment of multiples diseases.

El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) está caracterizado por microangiopatía trombótica, anemia hemolítica, trombocitopenia e insuficiencia renal aguda. Puede causar desde secuelas permanentes hasta muerte, principalmente en niños. En este trabajo, utilizando minería de textos (MT), se analizó el texto explícito e implícito de 16 192 artículos científicos originales sobre SUH indexados en la base de datos de Europe PMC. Los objetivos fueron examinar comportamientos, realizar seguimiento de tendencias, hacer predicciones y cruzar datos con otras fuentes de información. Para el análisis se utilizaron ­entre otras herramientas informáticas­ flujos de trabajo (FT) especialmente desarrollados en la plataforma KNIME. La MT sobre las palabras de los resúmenes de las publicaciones permitió: detectar asociaciones no descritas entre eventos relacionados con SUH; extraer información subyacente; hacer agrupamientos temáticos mediante algoritmos no supervisados; realizar predicciones sobre el curso de las investigaciones asociadas al tema. Tanto el abordaje como los FT desarrollados para realizar Ciencia de Datos sobre SUH pueden aplicarse a otros temas biomédicos y a otras bases de datos científicos, permitiendo analizar aspectos relevantes en el campo de la salud humana para mejorar la investigación, la prevención y el tratamiento de múltiples enfermedades.

Obtención de nueva información sobre el síndrome urémico hemolítico mediante minería de texto / Obtaining new information on hemolytic uremic syndrome by text mining

Resumen El síndrome urémico hemolítico (SUH) está caracterizado por microangiopatía trombótica, anemia hemolítica, trombocitopenia e insuficiencia renal aguda. Puede causar desde secuelas permanentes hasta muerte, principalmente en niños. En este trabajo, utilizando minería de textos (MT), se analizó el texto explícito e implícito de 16 192 artículos científicos originales sobre SUH indexados en la base de datos de Europe PMC. Los objetivos fueron examinar comportamientos, realizar seguimiento de tendencias, hacer predicciones y cruzar datos con otras fuentes de información. Para el análisis se utilizaron -entre otras herramientas infor máticas- flujos de trabajo (FT) especialmente desarrollados en la plataforma KNIME. La MT sobre las palabras de los resúmenes de las publicaciones permitió: detectar asociaciones no descritas entre eventos relacionados con SUH; extraer información subyacente; hacer agrupamientos temáticos mediante algoritmos no supervisados; realizar predicciones sobre el curso de las investigaciones asociadas al tema. Tanto el abordaje como los FT desarrollados para realizar Ciencia de Datos sobre SUH pueden aplicarse a otros temas biomédicos y a otras bases de datos científicos, permitiendo analizar aspectos relevantes en el campo de la salud humana para me jorar la investigación, la prevención y el tratamiento de múltiples enfermedades.

Abstract Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. It can cause from permanent sequelae to death, mainly in children. In this work, using text mining (TM), we analyzed the explicit and implicit text of 16 192 original scientific articles on HUS indexed in the Europe PMC database. The objectives were to examine behaviors, track trends, and make predictions and cross-check data with other sources of information. For the analysis we used -among other computational tools- specially developed workflows (WF) in the KNIME platform. The TM on the words of the abstracts of the publications made it possible to: detect undescribed associations between events related to HUS; extract underly ing information; make thematic clustering using unsupervised algorithms; make forecasting about the course of research associated with the topic. Both the approach and the WFs developed to perform Data Science on HUS can be applied to other biomedical topics and other scientific databases, making it possible to analyze relevant aspects in the field of human health to improve research, prevention and treatment of multiples diseases.

Adaptación de la metodología didáctica a la virtualidad en los cursos de procesamiento técnico de la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica / Adaptation of the didactic methodology to virtuality in the technical processing courses of the School of Library and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica

Resumen Este artículo tiene la finalidad de identificar la percepción estudiantil ante la adaptación de la metodología didáctica a la virtualidad en los cursos de procesamiento técnico BI-2001 Catalogación I y BI-3001 Indización, de la Escuela de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información de la Universidad de Costa Rica, durante el I Ciclo lectivo del 2020. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo se realizó una investigación de tipo cuantitativa en la que se aplica un cuestionario en línea para analizar aspectos como el acceso que poseen a las clases virtuales y percepción respecto a las metodologías didácticas aplicadas. Se evidencia que contar con un adecuado acceso a internet es fundamental para continuar con el proceso educativo bajo la modalidad virtual, así como la importancia de adaptar los materiales didácticos y las evaluaciones que tradicionalmente se realizaban de manera presencial, considerando los factores que intervienen en la educación virtual.

Abstract This article identify the student perception of the adaptation of the didactic methodology to virtuality in the technical processing courses BI-2001 Cataloging I and BI-3001 Indexing, at the School of Library and Information Sciences of the University of Costa Rica, during the I school year of 2020. To achieve this objective a quantitative research was carried out in which an online questionnaire was applied to analyze aspects such as the access they have to virtual classes, perception regarding the applied didactic methodologies. It is observed that having an adequate internet access is essential to continue with the educational process under the virtual modality, as well as the importance of adapting the didactic materials and assessments that were traditionally carried out in person, considering the factors that intervene in the virtual education.

A Comparative Study on Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Copper Recovery Quality Prediction in a Leaching Process.

The copper mining industry is increasingly using artificial intelligence methods to improve copper production processes. Recent studies reveal the use of algorithms, such as Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest, among others, to develop models for predicting product quality. Other studies compare the predictive models developed with these machine learning algorithms in the mining industry as a whole. However, not many copper mining studies published compare the results of machine learning techniques for copper recovery prediction. This study makes a detailed comparison between three models for predicting copper recovery by leaching, using four datasets resulting from mining operations in Northern Chile. The algorithms used for developing the models were Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Artificial Neural Network. To validate these models, four indicators or values of merit were used: accuracy (acc), precision (p), recall (r), and Matthew's correlation coefficient (mcc). This paper describes the dataset preparation and the refinement of the threshold values used for the predictive variable most influential on the class (the copper recovery). Results show both a precision over 98.50% and also the model with the best behavior between the predicted and the real values. Finally, the obtained models have the following mean values: acc = 0.943, p = 88.47, r = 0.995, and mcc = 0.232. These values are highly competitive when compared with those obtained in similar studies using other approaches in the context.

Higher-Order Cumulants Drive Neuronal Activity Patterns, Inducing UP-DOWN States in Neural Populations.

A major challenge in neuroscience is to understand the role of the higher-order correlations structure of neuronal populations. The dichotomized Gaussian model (DG) generates spike trains by means of thresholding a multivariate Gaussian random variable. The DG inputs are Gaussian distributed, and thus have no interactions beyond the second order in their inputs; however, they can induce higher-order correlations in the outputs. We propose a combination of analytical and numerical techniques to estimate higher-order, above the second, cumulants of the firing probability distributions. Our findings show that a large amount of pairwise interactions in the inputs can induce the system into two possible regimes, one with low activity ("DOWN state") and another one with high activity ("UP state"), and the appearance of these states is due to a combination between the third- and fourth-order cumulant. This could be part of a mechanism that would help the neural code to upgrade specific information about the stimuli, motivating us to examine the behavior of the critical fluctuations through the Binder cumulant close to the critical point. We show, using the Binder cumulant, that higher-order correlations in the outputs generate a critical neural system that portrays a second-order phase transition.

Optimal Interplay between Synaptic Strengths and Network Structure Enhances Activity Fluctuations and Information Propagation in Hierarchical Modular Networks.

In network models of spiking neurons, the joint impact of network structure and synaptic parameters on activity propagation is still an open problem. Here, we use an information-theoretical approach to investigate activity propagation in spiking networks with a hierarchical modular topology. We observe that optimized pairwise information propagation emerges due to the increase of either (i) the global synaptic strength parameter or (ii) the number of modules in the network, while the network size remains constant. At the population level, information propagation of activity among adjacent modules is enhanced as the number of modules increases until a maximum value is reached and then decreases, showing that there is an optimal interplay between synaptic strength and modularity for population information flow. This is in contrast to information propagation evaluated among pairs of neurons, which attains maximum value at the maximum values of these two parameter ranges. By examining the network behavior under the increase of synaptic strength and the number of modules, we find that these increases are associated with two different effects: (i) the increase of autocorrelations among individual neurons and (ii) the increase of cross-correlations among pairs of neurons. The second effect is associated with better information propagation in the network. Our results suggest roles that link topological features and synaptic strength levels to the transmission of information in cortical networks.

Efecto placebo y estimulación sonora binaural de ondas beta y theta en el rendimiento de una tarea de memoria de trabajo / Placebo Effect and Binaural Sound Stimulation of Beta Wave and Theta Wave in a Working Memory Task Performance

Resumen En el presente trabajo se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental de medidas repetidas con grupos caso y control, cuyo objetivo fue medir el efecto de los sonidos binaurales de onda beta y theta, y de la información placebo relacionada a ellos, sobre el rendimiento de una tarea de memoria de trabajo computarizada, versión libre del Automated Operation Span Task -AOSPAN-de Unsworth, Heitz, Schrock y Engle (2005). Dicha tarea se repitió en dos sesiones separadas por un lapso mínimo de dos semanas, una de las cuales se resolvía mientras se escuchaba una estimulación sonora binaural de onda beta o theta que, dependiendo del grupo, se acompañaba o no de información placebo. Se evaluaron 98 personas con distinto nivel de escolaridad divididas en seis grupos experimentales y uno de control. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el tiempo de presentación de la tarea experimental asociada a información placebo, mostrando una mejoría en la segunda aplicación de la tarea. Debido a ambigüedades en los resultados, a pesar de encontrar diferencias significativas asociadas a la estimulación binaural de onda beta, no pudieron establecerse relaciones concretas entre la mejoría en el recuerdo de conjuntos de hasta cuatro elementos con la presencia de dicha variable. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de recuerdo global, lo cual puede explicarse por el tipo de tarea de memoria utilizado.

Abstract In this work, a quasi-experimental study of repeated measures with case and control groups was carried out, whose objective was to measure the effect of binaural sounds of beta and theta waves, and the placebo informa tion related to them, on the performance of a computerized working memory task, Automated Operation Span Task -AOSPAN- free version of Unsworth, Heitz, Schrock and Engle (2005). This task was repeated in two sessions separated by an interval of two weeks, one of which was resolved while listening to a binaural sound stimulation of beta wave or theta that, depending on the group, was supported or not by placebo information. 98 people with different levels of schooling were tested twice, divided into six experimental groups and one control group. Significant differences were found related to time duration in performing the experimental task associated with placebo information; it was showed an improvement the second time the task was administered. Due to ambiguities in the results, despite finding significant differences associated with binaural stimulation of beta wave, it was not possible to establish concrete relations between the improvement in the memory of sets up four elements with the presence of this variable. No significant differences were found in the global recall variables, which can be explained by the type of memory task performed.

Brain Structural-Functional Connectivity Relationship Underlying the Information Processing Speed.

Human cognition and behavior emerge from neuronal interactions on a brain structural architecture. The convergence (or divergence) between functional dynamics and structural connectivity (SC) and their relationship with cognition are still a pivotal question about the brain. We focused on the information processing speed (IPS), assessed by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), once delayed IPS underlies attention deficits in various clinical conditions. We hypothesize that the SC constrains but does not determine functional connectivity, and such a relationship is related to the cognitive performance. Blood oxygenation level-dependent and diffusion tensor images of healthy young volunteers were acquired in a 3T magnetic resonance imaging machine. Activation maps included the left and right middle frontal gyri, left superior parietal lobule, left precuneus, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), right cuneus, left lingual gyrus, and left declive. A network involving such regions and signal propagation from visual, through cognitive, up to motor regions was proposed. Random effects Bayesian model selection showed that the top-down connections have the highest expected and exceedance probabilities. Moreover, all pairs of task-related regions were connected by at least one tract, except for the left declive with the left IFG. The interactions between the right cuneus with left declive were related to the interindividual variability in SDMT performance. Altogether, our findings suggest that the IPS functional network is related to the highest SDMT scores when its effective endogenous connections are suppressed to the detriment of modulation caused by the experimental conditions, with the underlying structure providing low diffusion environments.

Alfabetización Informacional: enseñanza y desarrollo de su competencia en la educación básica / Information Literacy: teaching and development of its competence in elementary school

Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación sobre la enseñanza de Alfabetización Informacional (ALFIN) en la educación básica, cuyo objetivo fue determinar las mejores prácticas para su implementación e identificar los temas a incorporar en una iniciativa de esta naturaleza, así como las formas de afrontar la problemática de la saturación de la información, de modo que se pretende que cada estudiante aprenda a buscar, a encontrar, a seleccionar, a evaluar y a comunicar información, para adquirir conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes. La metodología del estudio se basó en el análisis de experiencias usando un enfoque cualitativo, donde se concluye que ALFIN se implementó exitosamente por medio del uso del juego, aplicaciones digitales para su enseñanza, cursos específicos en sobre el tema, juegos de mesa, la técnica booleana de búsqueda de información, la lectoescritura, enseñanza por medio del dibujo e instrumentos para la evaluación y utilización de recursos educativos. El logro principal fue contribuir con el desarrollo de las competencias que necesita el estudiantado para desempeñarse con éxito en la escuela y para lograr la capacidad del aprendizaje permanente.

ABSTRACT This article presents a research on the teaching of Information Literacy (IL) in elementary education, whose objective is to determine the best practices for its implementation and to identify the topics that need to be incorporated into such an initiative, as well as the ways of facing the problem of information saturation; so that students learn to search, retrieve, select, evaluate and communicate information, in order to acquire knowledge, competences and attitudes. The methodology employed was based on the qualitative analysis of experiences, which allowed us to concluded that IL has been successfully implemented through the use of educational games, digital applications for its teaching, specific courses on the subject, board games, Boolean search techniques, teaching through drawing, and instruments for the evaluation and use of educational resources. The main achievement was to contribute to the development of the competences that students need to perform successfully in school and to reach the capacity required for lifelong learning.

Brain functional and effective connectivity underlying the information processing speed assessed by the Symbol Digit Modalities Test.

Delayed Information Processing Speed (IPS) often underlies attention deficits and is particularly evident in patients with traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, depression, dementia, and multiple sclerosis. Therefore, it is of interest to determine the brain network that is responsible for such essential cognitive function to understand IPS deficits and to develop effective rehabilitation programs. We assessed brain functional connectivity and effective connectivity during the performance of an adapted version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Using dynamic causal modeling, we focused on obtaining a network model for IPS function in healthy subjects. Sixteen right-handed volunteers (seven women, age: 29.7 ±â€¯5.0 years) were included in the study after giving written consent for participating. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired in a 3T scanner. According to our results, two systems interact during the IPS task performance. One is formed by frontoparietal and fronto-occipital networks, related to the control of goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and response, while the second is composed of the temporoparietal and inferior frontal cortices, which are associated with stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Additionally, the default-mode network showed a significant correlation with networks positively associated with the task, mainly those related to visual detection and processing, indicating its relevant role in functional integration involving IPS. Therefore, an IPS-related network was proposed through a methodology that may be useful for future studies considering other cognitive functions and tasks, clinical groups, and longitudinal assessments.

An exploration of the processing of suppressed memories during Rebirthing-Breathwork / Uma exploração do processamento de memorias suprimidas durante Rebirthing-Breathwork / Una exploración del procesamiento de memorias suprimidas durante Rebirthing-Breathwork

Rebirthing-Breathwork is a technique that uses the breathing rhythm to activate a somatic-cognitive cycle. When allowed to unfold, this cycle activates suppressed and traumatic memories, brings them to consciousness and leads to their resolution. In this analytic and interpretative study we draw on first-person experiences and clinical observations to describe the phases of a typical Rebirthing Breathwork session. Changes in consciousness and in particular the phases related to the processing of suppressed or traumatic memories during Rebirthing Breathwork are described in detail, with the objective of developing a processing model. The findings are compared with the Adaptive Information Processing model developed by Shapiro to explain the processing of dysfunctional memories during Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Shapiro's model is based on neurobiological theories and on the hypothesis that during EMDR traumatic memories form new connections and are assimilated in larger neural networks. Our findings suggest a different model, which involves the distillation and re-evaluation of subjective conceptual content. We sketch an alternative processing model ­ not based on information processing, but on consciousness and cognition ­ in which the subjective content of the memory is compared to an intuitively perceived higher self-image.(AU)

Rebirthing-Breathwork é uma técnica que utiliza o ritmo respiratório para ativar um ciclo cognitivo-somático. Quando permitido que se desenvolva, esse ciclo ativa memórias traumáticas reprimidas, trazendo-as à consciência e conduzindo-as à sua resolução. Neste estudo analítico e interpretativo utilizamos experiências pessoais e observações clínicas para descrever as fases de uma sessão típica de Rebirthing-Breathwork. Descrevemos em detalhes as mudanças de consciência e, particularmente, as fases relacionadas ao processamento de memórias reprimidas ou traumáticas durante a sessão. As evidências são comparadas ao Adaptive Information Processing model (AIP ­ modelo de processamento de informações adaptativas) desenvolvido por Shapiro para explicar a elaboração de memórias disfuncionais durante a terapia EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, ou Dessensibilização e Reprocessamento por Movimentos Oculares). O modelo de Shapiro é baseado em teorias neurobiológicas e na hipótese de que, durante o EMDR,as memórias traumáticas formamnovas conexõese são assimiladas em redes neurais maiores. As nossas observações sugerem um modelo diferente, que envolve a destilação e reavaliação do conteúdo conceitual subjetivo. Esboçamos um modelo alternativo de processamento ­ não baseado no processamento de informação, mas emconsciência e cognição ­ no qual o conteúdo subjetivo da memória é comparado a uma autoimagem superior que é percebida intuitivamente.(AU)

Rebirthing-Breathwork es una técnica que utiliza el ritmo respiratorio para activar un ciclo cognitivosomático. Cuando permitido que se desarrolle, este ciclo activa memorias suprimidas y traumáticas, lleva las mismas a la conciencia y conduce hacia su resolución. En este estudio analítico e interpretativo aportamos experiencias personales y observaciones clínicas para describir las fases de una sesión típica de Rebirthing-Breathwork. Cambios en conciencia y en especial las fases relativas al procesamiento de memorias suprimidas y traumáticas durante el Rebirthing-Breathwork son descritos en detalles. Las evidencias son comparadas al Adaptive Information Processing model (AIP ­ modelo de procesamiento de informaciones adaptativas) desarrollado por Shapiro para explanación de la elaboración de memorias non-funcionales durante la terapia EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing, o Desensibilización y Reprocesamiento por Movimientos Oculares). El modelo de Shapiro es basado en teorías neurobiológicas y en la hipótesis de que, durante el EMDR, las memorias traumáticas forman nuevas conexiones y son asimiladas en redes neurales más grandes. Nuestras observaciones sugieren un modelo distinto, que abarca la destilación y revaluación del contenido conceptual subjetivo. Esbozamos un modelo alternativo de procesamiento ­ non basado en el procesamiento de información, pero en conciencia y cognición ­ en el cual el contenido subjetivo de la memoria es comparado a una autoimagen superior que es percibida intuitivamente.(AU)

Velocidad de procesamiento de la información en la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Information processing speed in Alzheimer's disease

Resumen Introducción: El enlentecimiento en la velocidad de procesamiento de la información (VPI) es un hallazgo frecuente en una gran variedad de patologías cerebrales. Desde un punto de vista clínico la evaluación de la VPI reviste gran interés ya que puede afectar al procesamiento cognitivo con importantes repercusiones en las actividades de la vida diaria. El objetivo fue estudiar el tiempo de realización de diferentes tareas ejecutivas como medida de la velocidad de procesamiento de la información, en sujetos con enfermedad de Alzheimer de diferente grado de severidad. También hemos analizado el número de errores en las diferentes tareas. Método: 50 pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer con deterioro cognitivo leve (n = 17), moderado (n = 17) y moderadamente grave (n = 16), según la Escala de Deterioro Global y 60 sujetos sin deterioro cognitivo. Se utlizó el Trail-Making Test, el Test del Mapa del Zoo y el Stroop. Resultados: Existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en todas las medidas analizadas, tiempo de ejecución y números de errores del Trail-Making Test; tiempo de ejecución y número de errores en el Test del mapa del Zoo y en la condiciones del Stroop palabras, colores y palabras-colores (p < 0,01 ). Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados indican que el procesamiento de la información en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer está lentificado, en los que se evidencia un mayor tiempo de ejecución y en un mayor número de errores, en relación a los sujetos sin deterioro cognitivo.

Introduction: Slowdown of information processing speed (ISP) is a common finding in a variety of brain pathologies. From a clinical point of view, assessment of ISP is of great interest since cognitive processing can be affected and, consequently, show consequences on daily living activities. The aim was to study the time in performing different executive tasks, as measures of information processing speed, in subjects with different severity of Alzheimer's Disease. Number of mistakes in the different taks has also been analysed. Method: 50 patients with Alzheimer's Disease presenting mild (n = 17), moderate (n = 17) and moderately severe (n = 16) cognitive impairment, according to Global Deterioration Scale; and 60 subjects with no cognitive impairment. Trail-Making test, Zoo Map test and Stroop test were administered. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between all groups in all measures performed, time of performance and number of mistakes in Trail-Making test; time of performance and number of mistakes in the Zoo Map test; and words, color and, word-color conditions in Stroop test (p < 0,01). Conclusions: Our results suggest that information processing in patients with Alzheimer's Disease is slower compared to patients with no cognitive impairment, since a higher time of performance and rate of mistakes are presented.