Efectos adversos neuropsiquiátricos de dolutegravir en la práctica clínica real / Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of dolutegravir in real-life clinical practice

Introducción: Los inhibidores de la integrasa, y especialmente dolutegravir (DTG), son el tratamiento de primera línea antirretroviral por su eficacia y seguridad. Aunque en los ensayos pivotales la tasa de efectos adversos (EA) era baja (2-3%), en los estudios de vida real parece ser mayor, especialmente los EA neuropsiquiátricos. El objetivo fue determinar el porcentaje de EA e interrupción de DTG en nuestro centro y la relación con los antecedentes psiquiátricos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de pacientes que iniciaron DTG entre 2015-2017. Se registraron: interrupción del tratamiento, EA y enfermedad psiquiátrica. Se realizó seguimiento desde el inicio del del tratamiento con DTG y se registraron las hospitalizaciones y las visitas a urgencias y atención primaria. Fue autorizado por el Comité Ético de Investigación Clínica de Aragón. Resultados: Se incluyeron 283 pacientes, entre 11-87 años, 70% varones. El 21% naive. Interrumpieron el tratamiento con DTG el 24%, un 10% por EA. Se detectó un 5% de EA neuropsiquiátricos. Este grupo tenía más antecedentes psiquiátricos (62 vs. 41%; p=0,002) que el de pacientes que continuaron el tratamiento, y precisaron más visitas en atención primaria (18,8 vs. 8,4%; p=0,016) y urgencias (8,7 vs. 3,3%; p=0,061). Conclusión: Los pacientes que interrumpieron el tratamiento con DTG tenían más antecedentes psiquiátricos. Por ello, aunque se precisan más estudios, sería necesario valorar este antecedente previamente al tratamiento con inhibidores de la integrasa. Síntomas como ansiedad, insomnio o depresión pueden ser EA de DTG con una frecuencia mayor de la esperada. Ser identificados por los médicos de atención primaria y urgencias podría evitar una cascada de prescripción innecesaria.(AU)

Introduction: Integrase inhibitors and especially dolutegravir (DTG) are placed as a first-line antiretroviral treatment for their efficacy and safety. Although in the pivotal trials the rate of adverse effects (AEs) was low (2-3%), in real-life studies it appears to be higher, especially neuropsychiatric AEs. The objective is to determine the percentage of AEs and discontinuation of DTG in our site and the relationship with the psychiatric background. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study of patients starting DTG from 2015 to 2017. Discontinuation of treatment, AEs and previous psychiatric pathology were recorded. Follow-up is carried out since the beginning of the treatment, and hospitalizations and emergency room and primary care visits were registered. The study was authorized by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Research of Aragon. Results: Two hundred and eighty-three patients were included, between 11 and 87 years old, 70% male. 21% were naive. 24% of the patients discontinued treatment with DTG, 10% due to AEs. Neuropsychiatric AEs were detected in 5%. This group of patients had a more frequent previous psychiatric history (62 vs. 41%; P=.002) than the ongoing treatment group and they needed more visits to primary care (18.8 vs. 8.4%; P=.016) and emergency room (8,7 vs. 3.3%; P=.061). Conclusion: Patients who discontinued treatment with DTG had more psychiatric history. Although more studies are required, it is necessary to assess this background before starting treatment with integrase inhibitors. Symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia or depression can be DTG AEs more frequently than expected. Being identified by primary care and emergency physicians could avoid the unnecessary prescription of other medications.(AU)

Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of dolutegravir in real-life clinical practice. / Efectos adversos neuropsiquiátricos de dolutegravir en la práctica clínica real.

INTRODUCTION: Integrase inhibitors and especially dolutegravir (DTG) are placed as a first-line antiretroviral treatment for their efficacy and safety. Although in the pivotal trials the rate of adverse effects (AEs) was low (2-3%), in real-life studies it appears to be higher, especially neuropsychiatric AEs. The objective is to determine the percentage of AEs and discontinuation of DTG in our site and the relationship with the psychiatric background. METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of patients starting DTG from 2015 to 2017. Discontinuation of treatment, AEs and previous psychiatric pathology were recorded. Follow-up is carried out since the beginning of the treatment, and hospitalizations and emergency room and primary care visits were registered. The study was authorized by the Ethics Committee for Clinical Research of Aragon. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-three patients were included, between 11 and 87 years old, 70% male. 21% were naive. 24% of the patients discontinued treatment with DTG, 10% due to AEs. Neuropsychiatric AEs were detected in 5%. This group of patients had a more frequent previous psychiatric history (62 vs. 41%; P=.002) than the ongoing treatment group and they needed more visits to primary care (18.8 vs. 8.4%; P=.016) and emergency room (8,7 vs. 3.3%; P=.061). CONCLUSION: Patients who discontinued treatment with DTG had more psychiatric history. Although more studies are required, it is necessary to assess this background before starting treatment with integrase inhibitors. Symptoms such as anxiety, insomnia or depression can be DTG AEs more frequently than expected. Being identified by primary care and emergency physicians could avoid the unnecessary prescription of other medications.

Selección de variantes de HIV-1 resistentes a los inhibidores de integrasa en la población pediátrica / Selection of HIV-1 variants resistant to integrase inhibitors in the pediatric population

INTRODUCCIÓN Las mutaciones que confieren resistencia a los antirretrovirales son la principal causa de fallo terapéutico al tratamiento antirretroviral. Los Inhibidores de Integrasa poseen buena tolerabilidad y alta potencia, reservados para casos especiales, por el costo y para evitar el surgimiento de mutaciones de resistencia que pongan en riesgo su eficacia. El estudio de la resistencia viral y los subtipos de HIV-1 circulantes en nuestra población podría contribuir a mejorar la elección de los esquemas, en base a evidencia científica y así optimizar el uso de nuevos fármacos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS En un total de 33 pacientes HIV-1 positivos (14 adolescentes y 19 adultos) en tratamiento con raltegravir, se realizó secuenciación del gen de integrasa del HIV-1. Se utilizó Stanford HIVdb para identificar mutaciones asociadas de resistencia, y su nivel de susceptibilidad. Se utilizó el análisis de recombinación y reconstrucción filogenética con el método de Neighbor-Joining para el análisis de subtipo. Las comparaciones estadísticas entre grupos se realizaron con el test Exacto de Fisher. RESULTADOS Las secuencias genómicas de la integrasa se caracterizaron como; subtipo F (16, 49%), subtipo B (8, 24%) o recombinantes BF (9, 27%). En 26 casos (78%) se encontró al menos una mutación de resistencia. Los genomas de la integrasa del subtipo B seleccionaron la mutación Q148H/R+G140S y E138K/A, mientras que el subtipo F fue asociada con la N155H y con la falta de mutaciones. Los perfiles mutacionales predijeron un mayor nivel de resistencia cruzada a Dolutegravir en los genomas del subtipo B frente al F. DISCUSIÓN Se reconoció una amplia diversidad sobre el genoma de la Integrasa para los recombinantes BF. La caracterización del subtipo de HIV-1 en la secuencia genómica de Integrasa podría ser útil para guiar el uso de Raltegravir y preservar las opciones terapéuticas de segunda generación como el Dolutegravir y el Cabotegravir en nuestra población

[Mechanisms of action, pharmacology and interactions of dolutegravir]. / Mecanismo de acción, farmacología e interacciones de dolutegravir.

Dolutegravir is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), whose potential and binding half-life in the integrase are far superior to those of raltegravir and elvitegravir, conferring it with unique characteristics in terms of its genetic barrier to resistance and activity against viruses with one or more mutations in the integrase. The pharmacokinetic properties of dolutegravir allow once-daily dosing (50 mg), with or without food, maintaining concentrations far above those effective against wild-type viruses. If integrase resistance mutations are present, the recommended dosing regimen is 50 mg/12 h. The distribution of dolutegravir in cerebrospinal fluid is good and effective concentrations are also reached in the male and female genital tracts. Dolutegravir is metabolized by UGT1A1 and, to a lesser extent, by CYP3A4, without being an inducer or inhibitor of the usual metabolic systems. It has a very low potential for drug interactions and can be administered in routine doses with most drugs. Dose adjustment is not required, even in patients with renal insufficiency or mild or moderate liver failure. Increasing the dose of dolutegravir (50 mg/12 h) is only recommended when administered with efavirenz, nevirapine, fosamprenavir/r, tipranavir/r, rifampicin, carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital. Coadministration of dolutegravir with etravirine is not recommended without a protease inhibitor or with Hypericum perforatum. Dolutegravir should be administered 2 h before or 6 h after antacids or products with polyvalent cations. Dolutegravir can reduce renal tubule secretion of substances excreted via OCT2, with a slight initial increase in creatinine, with no risk of renal toxicity. The drug can also increase metformin concentrations and consequently monitoring is recommended in case dose adjustment is required. In summary, dolutegravir has excellent pharmacokinetic and drug interaction profiles.

[Safety profile of dolutegravir]. / Perfil de seguridad de dolutegravir.

Integrase inhibitors are the latest drug family to be added to the therapeutic arsenal against human immunodeficiency virus infection. Drugs in this family that do not require pharmacological boosting are characterized by a very good safety profile. The latest integrase inhibitor to be approved for use is dolutegravir. In clinical trials, dolutegravir has shown an excellent tolerability profile, both in antiretroviral-naïve and previously treated patients. Discontinuation rates due to adverse effects were 2% and 3%, respectively. The most frequent adverse effects were nausea, headache, diarrhea and sleep disturbance. A severe hypersensitivity reaction has been reported in only one patient. In patients coinfected with hepatropic viruses, the safety profile is similar to that in patients without coinfection. The lipid profile of dolutegravir is similar to that of raltegravir and superior to those of Atripla® and darunavir/ritonavir. Dolutegravir induces an early, predictable and non-progressive increase in serum creatinine of around 10% of baseline values in treatment-naïve patients and of 14% in treatment-experienced patients. This increase is due to inhibition of tubular creatinine secretion through the OCT2 receptor and does not lead to a real decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate with algorithms that include serum creatinine. The effect of the combination of dolutegravir plus Kivexa(®) on biomarkers of bone remodeling is lower than that of Atripla(®). Dolutegravir has an excellent tolerability profile with no current evidence of long-term adverse effects. Its use is accompanied by an early and non-progressive increase in serum creatinine due to OCT2 receptor inhibition. In combination with abacavir/lamivudine, dolutegravir has a lower impact than enofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz on bone remodelling markers.

[Efficacy of dolutegravir in treatment-naïve patients. The SPRING-1, SPRING-2, SINGLE and FLAMINGO trials]. / Eficacia de dolutegravir en pacientes naïve. Estudios SPRING-1, SPRING-2, SINGLE y FLAMINGO.

The efficacy of dolutegravir (DTG) in treatment-naïve patients has been analyzed in the SPRING 1 and 2, SINGLE and FLAMINGO trials, which compared dolutegravir with the agents currently recommended as the drugs of choice in clinical practice guidelines in treatment-naïve patients: efavirenz, raltegravir and darunavir/ritonavir. These trials confirmed the superiority (SINGLE and FLAMINGO) or the non-inferiority (SPRING-2) of dolutegravir. More than 2,000 patients were included in these 4 studies, lending value to their results and reinforcing the view of dolutegravir as the drug of choice in treatment-naïve patients, accompanied either by abacavir/lamivudine (Kivexa(®)) or tenofovir/emtricitabine (Truvada®).

[Efficacy of dolutegravir in treatment-experienced patients: the SAILING and VIKING trials]. / Eficacia de dolutegravir en pacientes experimentados: estudios SAILING y VIKING.

Dolutegravir is an HIV integrase inhibitor with a high genetic barrier to resistance and is active against raltegravir- and/or elvitegravir-resistant strains. The clinical development of dolutegravir for HIV infection rescue therapy is based on 3 clinical trials. In the SAILING trial, dolutegravir (5 mg once daily) in combination with 2 other antiretroviral agents was well tolerated and showed greater virological effect than raltegravir (400 mg twice daily) in the treatment of integrase inhibitor-naïve adults with virological failure infected with HIV strains with at least two-class drug resistance. The VIKING studies were designed to evaluate the efficacy of dolutegravir as rescue therapy in treatment-experienced patients infected with HIV strains with resistance mutations to raltegravir and/or elvitegravir. VIKING-1-2 was a dose-ranging phase IIb trial. VIKING-3 was a phase III trial in which dolutegravir (50 mg twice daily) formed part of an optimized regimen and proved safe and effective in this difficult-to-treat group of patients. Dolutegravir is the integrase inhibitor of choice for rescue therapy in multiresistant HIV infection, both in integrase inhibitor-naïve patients and in those previously treated with raltegravir or elvitegravir.

[Resistance profile and genetic barrier of dolutegravir]. / Perfil de resistencias y barrera genética de dolutegravir.

The resistance profile of dolutegravir differs significantly from those of earlier integrase inhibitors (INI). Dolutegravir displays in vitro activity against mutant HIV-1 harboring any isolated resistance mutations selected during failures to raltegravir or elvitegravir (Y143C/H/, N155H, Q148H/K/R, E92G/Q, T66A/I/K, T97A, E138A/K, G140A/S). Its activity is only compromised by Q148X mutations combined with other mutations, particularly > 1 mutation. The drug has pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties (plasmatic t1/2 15.3 h, inhibitory quotient 19, dissociative t1/2 from the IN-DNA complex 71 h) that favor a high genetic barrier to resistance. In vitro the selection of HIV-1 resistance to dolutegravir is extremely difficult to achieve. The mutations eventually selected (R263K, H51Y and E138K) do not confer significant resistance, and induce a fitness cost that prevents HIV-1 from evading drug pressure. Suprisingly, HIV-1 is not able to compensate, leading the virus to a previously unnoticed evolutionary pathway with very low chances of developing resistance to INI or the backbone. No treatment-naïve patients starting dolutegravir therapy (+TDF/FTC o ABC/3TC) have selected resistance in IN or against the backbone. No INI- naïve patients with prior virologic failure selected phenotypic dolutegravir resistance. Only 4 out of 354 patients selected resistance mutations in IN, and rates of selection of mutations in IN or against the backbone were significantly lower than with raltegravir. In multitreated patients with widespread resistance including IN resistance, the high efficacy of dolutegravir was confirmed, irrespective of the previous pattern of IN mutations, provided that Q148X associated with other mutations was absent.

[Severe or life-threatening interactions between antiretrovirals and non-HIV drugs]. / Interacciones graves o potencialmente letales entre antirretrovirales y otros medicamentos.

Highly active antiretroviral therapy has helped to improved control of the HIV infection, and has led to a progressively older population with the infection having a life expectancy quite similar to that of the general population. On the other hand, it is also known that HIV infection, even in patients with undetectable viral loads and good immunity, carries an increased cardiovascular risk, as well as an increased incidence of certain cancers. Therefore, the majority of HIV-infected patients receive several drugs (either prescribed by the physician or self-administered) combined with antiretrovirals. This article reviews the interactions between antiretrovirals and other drugs that can cause significant damage to patients, or even be life-threatening and of whom clinicians, especially those not directly treating HIV-infected patients, should be aware. A review is also presented on the implications of interactions between antiretrovirals and other drugs in special situations, such as the co-administration with cytostatics, immunesuppressants used in solid organ transplantation, or patients receiving new treatments for hepatitisC. Generally, combinations with two nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors and raltegravir (or in the near future, dolutegravir) are those with less potential for clinically significant interactions.

Resistencia a los inhibidores de la integración del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana Tipo I: [revisión] / Resistance to inhibitors of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I integration: [review]

En esta revisión, se resume el rol de la integrasa en la infección por VIH-1, el mecanismo de los inhibidores de la integrasa y la resistencia, con énfasis en el Raltegravir (RAL), el primer inhibidor de la integrasa autorizado para tratar la infección por VIH-1.

This review will summarize the role of integrase in HIV-1 infection, the mechanism of integrase inhibitors and resistance with an emphasis on Raltegravir (RAL), the first integrase inhibitor licensed to treat HIV-1 infection.

Inhibidores de la integrasa y raltegravir en el manejo de la infección por vírus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la era de la resistencia a múltiples medicamentos: [revisión] / Integrase Inhibitors and raltegravir use in the management of HIV infection in the era of multidrug resistance: [review]

La infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha generado un impacto mundial que ha sobrepasado los cálculos iniciales previstos para esta enfermedad. En la actualidad, se hace necesaria la búsqueda de nuevos medicamentos antirretrovirales dentro de las familias de medicamentos conocidas, pero, aún más importante, es la búsqueda de nuevos blancos terapéuticos sobre los cuales incidan los fármacos a los que no ha estado expuesto el virus y, asimismo, ante los cuales no presentan resistencia natural. Los inhibidores de la integrasa constituyen la familia de medicamentos antirretrovirales más recientemente aprobada para uso clínico. El raltegravir es un medicamento nuevo, con atributos importantes que lo hacen una herramienta que se debe tener en cuenta en esquemas de rescate, terapia de cambio y acorde con la consideración de paciente naive, es decir, sin tratamiento previo con este fármaco.

Immunodeficiency virus infection in humans (HIV) has generated a worldwide impact exceeding initial estimates for this disease. At present, it is necessary to search for new antiretroviral drugs within the families of known medication, but the search for new therapeutic objectives under the effect of medication which has not been exposed to the virus and, therefore without natural resistance to it, is even more important. Integrase inhibitors are the family of antiretroviral medication most recently approved for clinical use; raltegravir is a new drug with important attributes that make it a tool to be considered in rescue regimens, change therapies, and naïve patient particular cases.