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1.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 2024 Jun 28.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38944615

ABSTRACT

After the COVID-19 pandemic, the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus became the dominant lineage in Spain in 2022. Although it possesses a milder pathogenicity than previous variants, it still poses a high risk of causing severe COVID-19 for immunocompromised populations. A systematic review was conducted to assess the burden of COVID-19 in Spain among immunocompromised patients during the omicron predominance (1/04/2022-1/04/2023), using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EPICOVIDEHA between May and July 2023. The search retrieved 217 articles, of which a total of 5 were included. Upon analysis, it was observed that immunocompromised patients during the omicron lineage predominance continue to exhibit higher rates of hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and mortality compared to the general population affected by COVID-19. Although the pandemic has ended, the risk persists for immunocompromised individuals.

2.
An Pediatr (Engl Ed) ; 99(6): 403-421, 2023 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38057232

ABSTRACT

The number of people with immunosuppression is increasing considerably due to their greater survival and the use of new immunosuppressive treatments for various chronic diseases. This is a heterogeneous group of patients in whom vaccination as a preventive measure is one of the basic pillars of their wellbeing, given their increased risk of contracting infections. This consensus, developed jointly by the Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases) and the Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Asociación Española de Pediatría (Spanish Association of Paediatrics), provides guidelines for the development of a personalised vaccination schedule for patients in special situations, including general recommendations and specific recommendations for vaccination of bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients, children with inborn errors of immunity, oncologic patients, patients with chronic or systemic diseases and immunosuppressed travellers.


Subject(s)
Immunocompromised Host , Vaccination , Vaccines , Humans , Advisory Committees , Communicable Diseases , Consensus , Vaccination/standards , Vaccines/administration & dosage
3.
An. pediatr. (2003. Ed. impr.) ; 99(6): 403-421, Dic. 2023. tab
Article in English, Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-228663

ABSTRACT

El número de personas con inmunodepresión está aumentando considerablemente debido a su mayor supervivencia y al empleo de nuevas terapias inmunosupresoras en diversas patologías crónicas. Se trata de un grupo heterogéneo de pacientes en los que la vacunación como arma preventiva supone uno de los pilares básicos de su bienestar, por su elevado riesgo a padecer infecciones. Este consenso, elaborado conjuntamente entre la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP) y el Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP), aporta unas directrices para programar un calendario adaptado a cada paciente en situaciones especiales que incluye recomendaciones generales, vacunación en pacientes con trasplante de médula y trasplante de órgano sólido, vacunación en niños con errores innatos de la inmunidad, vacunación en el paciente oncológico, vacunación en pacientes con enfermedades crónicas o sistémicas y vacunación en niños viajeros inmunodeprimidos.(AU)


The number of people with immunosuppression is increasing considerably due to their greater survival and the use of new immunosuppressive treatments for various chronic diseases. This is a heterogeneous group of patients in whom vaccination as a preventive measure is one of the basic pillars of their wellbeing, given their increased risk of contracting infections. This consensus, developed jointly by the Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases) and the Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Asociación Española de Pediatría (Spanish Association of Paediatrics), provides guidelines for the development of a personalised vaccination schedule for patients in special situations, including general recommendations and specific recommendations for vaccination of bone marrow and solid organ transplant recipients, children with inborn errors of immunity, oncologic patients, patients with chronic or systemic diseases and immunosuppressed travellers.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Infectious Disease Medicine , Vaccines , Immunocompromised Host/immunology , HIV/immunology , Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage , Chronic Disease/prevention & control , Spain , Pediatrics , Consensus Development Conferences as Topic , Vaccination
4.
Rev Iberoam Micol ; 40(2-3): 31-34, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37770333

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Fungal endocarditis is a low-frequency disease with a challenging diagnosis, as it can be mistaken with bacterial endocarditis. Fungal endocarditis causes higher mortality rates in immunocompromised patients. In the clinical practice, the endocarditis caused by fungi represents up to 10% of all infectious endocarditis cases and has a mortality rate of nearly 50%. CASE REPORT: Here we present the case of a 53-year-old woman under corticosteroid therapy with a history of rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve replacement, and rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with fungal endocarditis caused by Candida albicans. Even though the patient received 3 years of antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, had valve replacement surgery, and received intensive care, the patient finally worsened and died. CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidities and corticosteroid therapy predisposed the patient to acquire fungal endocarditis. This case highlights the importance of implementing procedures for the isolation and identification of fungi, and for carrying out antifungal-susceptibility testing, as well as establishing surveillance programs to identify infection-causing species and drug resistance patterns in hospitals. Moreover, designing and upgrading the algorithm for infectious endocarditis is the key to future improvements in diagnosis.


Subject(s)
Candidiasis , Endocarditis , Mycoses , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Candida albicans , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Candidiasis/microbiology , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Endocarditis/diagnosis , Endocarditis/drug therapy , Endocarditis/etiology , Mycoses/drug therapy , Adrenal Cortex Hormones
5.
Rev. esp. cir. oral maxilofac ; 45(2): 79-82, abr.-jun. 2023. ilus
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-224292

ABSTRACT

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been linked to various bacterial and fungal infections. The incidence of mucormycosis has notably increased in individuals with COVID-19, with many cases reported globally, especially in India. The risk factors for developing mucormycosis include uncontrolled diabetes and use of immunosuppressants such as corticosteroids. We report a case of acute invasive fungal rhino-sinusitis (mucormycosis) in a 42 year old patient with no history of diabetes or steroid therapy but recently diagnosed with COVID-19. The patient presented with facial swelling, loose teeth, and imaging findings consistent with mucormycosis. The history, examination, and laboratory investigations were sufficient to exclude other causes of immunocompromised status in the patient. The diagnosis was confirmed through KOH staining of excised tissue, which tested positive for mucor. The patient underwent systemic antifungal therapy and Functional Endoscopic Sinus surgery (FESS) associated with a bilateral maxillectomy to remove the affected tissue. These interventions were successful, and the patient experienced a positive clinical response. This case report details an uncommon presentation of post COVID-19 acute invasive fungal rhino-sinusitis in a patient without typical risk factors for the infection. Therefore, clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for mucormycosis in patients with a recent history of COVID-19 infection, especially those with symptoms such as facial swelling or tooth loss. Prompt detection and management of mucormycosis are critical for improving patient outcomes. However, delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. (AU)


La COVID-19, causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, se ha relacionado con varias infecciones bacterianas y fúngicas. La incidencia de mucormicosis ha aumentado notablemente en individuos con COVID-19, habiéndose reportado muchos casos a nivel mundial, especialmente en la India. Los factores de riesgo para desarrollar mucormicosis incluyen diabetes descontrolada y el uso de inmunosupresores como los corticosteroides. Presentamos un caso de rinosinusitis fúngica invasiva aguda (mucormicosis) en un paciente de 42 años sin antecedentes de diabetes ni terapia con esteroides, pero recientemente diagnosticado con COVID-19. El paciente presentaba hinchazón facial, movilidad dental y hallazgos de imágenes consistentes con mucormicosis. La historia clínica, el examen físico y las investigaciones de laboratorio fueron suficientes para descartar otras causas de inmunocompromiso en el paciente. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante tinción con KOH del tejido extirpado, que resultó positiva para mucor. El paciente recibió terapia antifúngica sistémica y se sometió a una cirugía endoscópica funcional de senos paranasales (FESS) junto con una maxilectomía bilateral para extirpar el tejido afectado. Estas intervenciones fueron exitosas y el paciente experimentó una respuesta clínica positiva.Este informe de caso detalla una presentación poco común de rinosinusitis fúngica invasiva aguda post-COVID-19 en un paciente sin factores de riesgo típicos para la infección. Por lo tanto, los médicos deben tener un alto índice de sospecha de mucormicosis en pacientes con antecedentes recientes de infección por COVID-19, especialmente aquellos con síntomas como hinchazón facial o pérdida de dientes. La detección y el manejo oportunos de la mucormicosis son fundamentales para mejorar los resultados del paciente. Sin embargo, los retrasos en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento pueden provocar una morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Pandemics , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Mucormycosis/surgery , Mucormycosis/therapy , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus , Antifungal Agents , Endoscopy
6.
Rev. iberoam. micol ; 40(2/3): 31-34, Abr-Jun, 2023. ilus
Article in English | IBECS | ID: ibc-228372

ABSTRACT

Case report: Here we present the case of a 53-year-old woman under corticosteroid therapy with a history of rheumatic heart disease, aortic valve replacement, and rheumatoid arthritis, who presented with fungal endocarditis caused by Candida albicans. Even though the patient received 3 years of antifungal prophylaxis with fluconazole, had valve replacement surgery, and received intensive care, the patient finally worsened and died. Conclusions: Comorbidities and corticosteroid therapy predisposed the patient to acquire fungal endocarditis. This case highlights the importance of implementing procedures for the isolation and identification of fungi, and for carrying out antifungal-susceptibility testing, as well as establishing surveillance programs to identify infection-causing species and drug resistance patterns in hospitals. Moreover, designing and upgrading the algorithm for infectious endocarditis is the key to future improvements in diagnosis.(AU)


Antecedentes: La endocarditis fúngica es una enfermedad de baja incidencia cuyo diagnóstico puede ser complicado al confundirse con la endocarditis bacteriana. La endocarditis fúngica se asocia a mayor mortalidad en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. En la práctica clínica, la endocarditis fúngica representa hasta el 10% de las endocarditis infecciosas, con una mortalidad de aproximadamente el 50%. Caso clínico: Mujer de 53 años con endocarditis fúngica por Candida albicans en tratamiento con corticosteroides por antecedentes de fiebre reumática, prótesis de válvula aorta y artritis reumatoide. A pesar de 3 años de profilaxis antifúngica con fluconazol, un nuevo reemplazo valvular y cuidados intensivos, la paciente finalmente empeora y muere. Conclusiones: Las comorbilidades y la toma de corticosteroides predispusieron a la paciente a adquirir una endocarditis fúngica. Esto resalta la importancia de implementar procedimientos de aislamiento, identificación del hongo y pruebas de sensibilidad a los antifúngicos, así como establecer programas de vigilancia para identificar especies causantes de infecciones y patrones de resistencia en hospitales. Además, diseñar y actualizar el algoritmo para un mejor diagnóstico de las endocarditis infecciosas es una cuestión clave.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Endocarditis/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial , Mycoses/drug therapy , Fluconazole/therapeutic use , Candida albicans/virology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Physical Examination , Inpatients , Mycology , Endocarditis/drug therapy , Endocarditis/etiology , Endocarditis/microbiology
7.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 43(1): 37-43, mar. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1533916

ABSTRACT

La nocardiosis es una enfermedad de distribución mundial; de forma habitual se encuentra en zonas tropicales y afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos, sin embargo, también existen casos reportados de infección en personas inmunocompetentes. Esta infección es causada por actinomicetos del género Nocardia spp. que son bacterias Gram positivas, saprófitos ambientales. Aunque la exposición a Nocardia spp. es casi universal, solo una pequeña fracción de las personas expuestas desarrollan la enfermedad. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 47 años, sin dato de inmunosupresión, procedente de un área rural de Boyacá, que consultó por un cuadro clínico de cefalea intensa e intermitente, con parestesias y, finalmente, alteración del estado de conciencia. Se practicó una resonancia magnética cerebral, en la que se evidenció una lesión que ocupaba espacio de localización córtico-subcortical en la región fronto-témporo-parietal izquierda, con efecto compresivo y desplazamiento de las cavidades del sistema ventricular. Se sospechó, inicialmente, una lesión neoplásica o un absceso cerebral. El paciente fue sometido a una resección quirúrgica, y el cultivo de la lesión documentó Nocardia africana/nova; en estudios posteriores, se evidenció un posible foco pulmonar primario. Como único factor de riesgo en el paciente, se documentó alcoholismo. Completó seis semanas de tratamiento antibiótico intrahospitalario con evolución clínica y radiológica, y egresó con plan de un año de terapia antibiótica ambulatoria. Aunque la enfermedad por Nocardia spp. afecta principalmente a pacientes inmunocomprometidos, la "evidencia" clínica demuestra que este microorganismo también puede ser una amenaza para individuos sin los factores de riesgo tradicionales para inmunosupresión.


Nocardiosis is a disease with worldwide distribution. It is usually found in tropical areas and mainly affects immunocompromised patients, however, there are also cases where its infection has been reported in immunocompetent patients. This pathology is caused by bacteria known as Nocardia spp., which are gram-positive microorganisms and environmental saprophytes, and although exposure to Nocardia spp. is almost universal, only a small fraction of exposed people develops the disease. We present the case of a 47-year-old man, with no evidence of immunosuppression, from a rural area of Boyacá, who was admitted due to intense and intermittent headache accompanied by paresthesia and, finally, a decrease in consciousness. A brain magnetic resonance was performed and evidenced a fronto-temporo- occipital space-occupying lesion in the cortico-subcortical region with a compressive effect and displacement of the ventricular system cavities. It was suspected at first a neoplastic lesion or a brain abscess. The lesion was surgically resected, and its culture showed Nocardia africana/nova. In later studies a possible primary pulmonary focus was evidenced. Alcoholism was the only risk factor documented. The patient completed 6 weeks of hospital antibiotic treatment with favorable clinical and radiological evolution and was discharged with a 1-year plan of outpatient antibiotic therapy. Although Nocardia spp. mainly affects immunocompromised patients, evidence shows that this microorganism can also be a threat to individuals without traditional immunosuppression risk factors.


Subject(s)
Nocardia Infections , Brain Abscess , Immunocompromised Host , Alcoholism , Immunocompetence , Nocardia
8.
Rev. esp. med. prev. salud pública ; 28(1): 8-16, 2023. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-221435

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: La literatura sobre la vacunación de personas que pueden transmitir la gripe a enfermos con alta probabilidad de presentar complicaciones se suele centrar en sanitarios y la de sus convivientes ha sido abordada con escasa frecuencia. Los objetivos fueron estimar la proporción de individuos vulnerables conocedores de la indicación de vacunación antigripal de su entorno y explorar los factores asociados con la inmunización de sus convivientes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de base individual, observacional, transversal y descriptivo, mediante encuesta. Fueron seleccionados todos los pacientes del grupo 7 de la Estrategia de vacunación COVID-19, citados en el Hospital General de Requena para la administración de la dosis de refuerzo en abril de 2022. La encuesta recogió información del paciente y sus convivientes. El análisis se organizó en una fase descriptiva y otra analítica. Resultados: La muestra final fue de 131 pacientes y 191 convivientes. Solo 29 (22,1%) pacientes conocían la indicación de vacunación de su entorno. De los convivientes únicamente 78 (40,9%) se habían vacunado de la gripe en la campaña 2021-22. Que el paciente se vacunara (odds ratio -OR- 26,2), que conociera la indicación de vacunar a su entorno (OR 5,4), que el conviviente tuviera indicación propia de vacunación (OR 8,6) y su edad (OR 1,1) aumentaron independientemente la probabilidad de vacunación de sus convivientes. Conclusiones: La vacunación antigripal de los convivientes de pacientes de alto riesgo fue escasamente conocida y la implantación de estrategias informativas breves podría paliar esta situación.(AU)


Objective: Research on vaccination of those who can transmit influenza to patients with a high probability of presenting complications has been usually focused on health care workers and the issue of the immunization of their household has been rarely addressed. The aims were to estimate the proportion of vulnerable individuals aware of the indication for influenza vaccination in their household and to explore the factors associated with the immunization of their relatives.Methodology: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, survey was performed. All patients belonging to group 7 of the COVID-19 vaccination strategy, who were scheduled in April 2022 at the General Hospital of Requena for a booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine injection were selected. Information about the patient profile and their household was gathered. Analysis followed two, descriptive and analytical, phases. Results: TA sample of 131 patients and 191 relatives met the selection criteria. Only 29 (22.1%) patients knew the indication for household vaccination. Of their relatives, only 78 (40.9%) had been vaccinated against influenza in the 2021-22 campaign. Whether the patient had been vaccinated (odds ratio -OR- 26.2), whether the patient was aware of the indication to vaccinate his or her family (OR 5.4), whether the relative had an own indication for vaccination (OR 8.6) and their age (OR 1.1) independently increased the probability of vaccination of their household. Discussion: The convenience of the influenza vaccination of those living with high-risk patients was poorly known and the implementation of brief informative strategies could improve this situation.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Vaccination , Influenza, Human/prevention & control , Influenza Vaccines , Immunization Programs , Immunocompromised Host , Family , Cross-Sectional Studies , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors , Preventive Medicine , Preventive Health Services
9.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 38(4): 224-229, oct.-dic. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1419937

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Los pacientes con compromiso del sistema inmune pueden desarrollar una enfermedad neurológica incapacitante e incluso mortal, como lo es la leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva (LMP) producida por el virus de John Cunningham (JC). PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 26 años con diagnóstico reciente de infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) que presentó síntomas constitucionales, déficit neurológico progresivo por hemiparesia espástica izquierda, disminución de la agudeza visual y cambios comportamentales. En las imágenes de resonancia magnética (IRM) cerebral contrastada se encontró afectación subcortical difusa de la sustancia blanca con compromiso de las fibras en U que, correlacionado con una prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para virus JC en LCR, confirmó el diagnóstico de LMP. DISCUSIÓN: La LMP puede manifestarse por medio de síntomas cognitivos usualmente imperceptibles para el clínico, pero también como déficit sensorio-motor y visual que se puede corroborar en las IRM al identificar las lesiones típicas en la sustancia blanca, o bien por medio de detección del virus por PCR en líquido cefalorraquídeo. El manejo específico de la causa que desencadenó la inmunosupresión sigue siendo el pilar de tratamiento. CONCLUSIÓN: La mínima sospecha diagnóstica en aquellos pacientes con factores de riesgo y manifestaciones clínicas concordantes con la enfermedad debe llevar a que se confirme el diagnóstico y que se inicie prontamente el manejo terapéutico en búsqueda de restablecer la respuesta inmune.


ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Patients with immunocompromised or weakened immune system can develop a disabling and even life-threatening neurological disorder such as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by John Cunningham (JC) virus. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 26-year-old man with a recent diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who presented constitutional symptoms, progressive neurological deficit due to left spastic hemiparesis with decreased visual acuity and behavioral changes. The brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed diffuse subcortical involvement of the white matter including the U-fibers, which, correlated with a detection of JC virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cerebrospinal fluid, confirmed the diagnosis of PML. DISCUSSION: PML can range from subtle cognitive impairment imperceptible to the clinician to sensory-motor deficits and visual disturbances that can be corroborated in MRI by identifying the typical lesions in the white matter or by detecting the virus by PCR in cerebrospinal fluid. The specific management of the cause that triggered the immunosuppression continues to be the mainstay of treatment. CONCLUSION: At the minimum diagnostic suspicion in patients with risk factors and clinical manifestations consistent with the disease should proceed to confirm the diagnosis and promptly immune reconstitution.


Subject(s)
Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal , Immunocompromised Host , HIV , JC Virus
10.
Rev. Eugenio Espejo ; 16(3): 83-91, 20220819.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1392797

ABSTRACT

El Strongyloides stercoralis es un nemátodo intestinal capaz de completar su ciclo de vida dentro del huésped humano. Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 57 años con residencia en la zona amazónica por 10 años, la que presenta antecedentes patológicos personales de hiperten-sión arterial, osteoporosis y diabetes mellitus tipo 2, lo que la cataloga como inmunocomprome-tida. Esta asiste a servicios de emergencia con cuadro agudo característico de infección de vías urinarias, recibe tratamiento en la unidad de cuidados intensivos por shock séptico de origen urinario versus pulmonar. La prueba de laboratorio clínico mediante muestra tomada a través de broncoaspiración arroja la existencia de larvas activas de Strongyloides stercoralis. La paciente mejoró sus condiciones de salud luego de un mes de evolución, respondiendo satisfactoriamente a la antibioticoterapia con carbapenémicos y el antiparasitario ivermectina. Los pacientes con factores de riesgo subyacentes tienen alta probabilidad a este tipo de infección agravada. La estrongiloidásis grave tiene una alta tasa de mortalidad, por lo que un diagnóstico temprano es indispensable para mejorar el pronóstico.


Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode capable of completing its life cycle within the human host. The clinical case of a 57-year-old woman who has lived in the Amazon region for 10 years is presented. She has a personal pathological history of arterial hypertension, osteopo-rosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which classifies her as immunocompromised. She attends emergency services with acute symptoms characteristic of urinary tract infection, receives treat-ment in the intensive care unit for septic shock of urinary versus pulmonary origin. The clinical laboratory test using a sample taken through bronchial aspiration shows the existence of active larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis. The patient's health conditions improved after a month of evolution, responding satisfactorily to antibiotic therapy with carbapenems and the antiparasitic ivermectin. Patients with underlying risk factors are at high risk for this type of aggravated infection. Severe strongyloidiasis has a high mortality rate, so early diagnosis is essential to improve prognosis


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Strongyloidiasis , Infections , Lung , Ivermectin , Larva , Antiparasitic Agents
11.
Int. j interdiscip. dent. (Print) ; 14(3): 271-273, dic. 2021. ilus, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385232

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: La Mucormicosis se describe como una infección fúngica de tipo oportunista y potencialmente mortal, reportándose en la literatura como la tercera en frecuencia, muy por detrás de la Candidiasis y Aspergilosis. Esta infección es causada por hongos de la familia de los Mucorales. Se presenta el caso de un hombre con Diabetes Mellitus II con un control metabólico deficiente, el cual posterior a una exodoncia, presenta una Mucormicosis Maxilar, presentando una etiología atípica y logrando ser confirmada posterior a biopsias y pruebas de cultivo, demostrando elementos del tipo Mucor. Se realizó una Maxilectomía parcial del lado afectado como tratamiento con una evolución favorable. Esta revisión destaca la importancia de la búsqueda activa basada en la semiología y la importancia de los exámenes complementarios, implicando lograr un correcto diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad.


ABSTRACT: Mucormycosis is described as an opportunistic and life-threatening fungal infection, being reported in the literature as the third in frequency, far behind candidiasis and aspergillosis. This infection is caused by fungi of the Mucorales family. We present the case of a man with Diabetes Mellitus II with poor metabolic control who, after an extraction, presents a Maxillary Mucormycosis, with an atypical etiology and confirmed after biopsies and culture tests, demonstrating elements of the Mucor type. A partial maxillectomy was performed on the affected side as a treatment with a favorable outcome. This review highlights the importance of active search based on semiology and of complementary examinations, implying a correct diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surgery, Oral , Infection Control, Dental , Maxilla , Mucormycosis
12.
Rev. colomb. gastroenterol ; 36(2): 252-256, abr.-jun. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1289305

ABSTRACT

Resumen Caso clínico: Se describe un caso clínico poco frecuente en un paciente inmunocomprometido con hallazgo histopatológico de infestación parasitaria. Es un paciente masculino de edad media que habita en zona subtropical con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Crohn tratado con corticoide e inmunomoduladores, presentaba dolor abdominal y anemia crónica de 1 año de evolución, analítica negativa para parásitos, reactantes de fase aguda normales, gastroscopia y colonoscopia previas (6 meses) sin hallazgos relevantes. Por la persistencia del cuadro clínico se repitieron los estudios endoscópicos en los que se visualizaron hemorragias subepiteliales con resultados histopatológicos de Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusión: En el contexto de un paciente inmunocomprometido, en zona endémica y con evolución tórpida, debe obligar a realizar un diagnóstico diferencial en el que se debe sospechar siempre de infestación parasitaria. Aunque la endoscopia no se necesita para el diagnóstico de estrongiloidiasis, su intervención puede ser oportuna.


Abstract Clinical case: The following is a rare clinical case in an immunocompromised patient with histopathological findings of parasitic infestation. The patient is a middle-aged male who lives in a subtropical area and has a diagnosis of Crohn's disease treated with corticosteroids and immunomodulators. The patient presented with abdominal pain and chronic anemia for 1 year, with negative laboratory tests for parasites and normal acute phase reactants. Gastroscopy and colonoscopy were performed before the consultation (6 months) without relevant findings. Due to the persistence of the symptoms, endoscopic studies were repeated, finding subepithelial bleeding with histopathological results of Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusion: In the context of an immunocompromised patient living in an endemic area and with a torpid evolution, a differential diagnosis should be made always suspecting a parasitic infestation. Although endoscopy is not necessary to diagnose strongyloidiasis, its use may be convenient.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Crohn Disease , Strongyloides stercoralis , Parasites , Patients , Abdominal Pain , Colonoscopy , Gastroscopy , Hemorrhage , Anemia
13.
NOVA publ. cient ; 18(spe35): 81-86, jul.-dic. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1149470

ABSTRACT

Resumen Pneumocystis jirovecii, es un agente fúngico oportunista causante de neumonía (pneumocistosis) que puede ser mortal en personas con condición de inmunocompromiso, incluyendo pacientes VIH con recuento de linfocitos T CD4+ < 200 céls/mm3 y en pacientes inmunocomprometidos por otras etiologías como trasplantes de órgano sólido y cáncer, entre otras. Muchas personas pueden ser portadoras sanas de este agente etiológico y actuar como reservorio y fuente de infección. Artículos relacionados con coinfección entre SARS-CoV-2 y los de carácter oportunistas como P. jirovecii y Aspergillus fumigatus empiezan a publicarse, donde se argumenta que esta infección viral tiene un alto riesgo de coinfección y se manifiesta la importancia de no excluir los patógenos respiratorios, como P. jirovecii, entre otros. La coinfección con P. jirovecii puede no ser detectada en pacientes con infección grave por SARS-CoV-2, dado que pueden compartir características clínicas comunes como infiltrados multifocales bilaterales e hipoxemia profunda entre otras. Por lo tanto, es necesario realizar pruebas diagnósticas adicionales para P. jirovecii en pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2, especialmente cuando se presenten otras características clínicas que pueden apoyar la coinfección, como hallazgos quísticos en la TC torácica y niveles elevados en sangre de 1,3-D-glucano, incluso en ausencia de factores de riesgo clásicos para P. jirovecii, para el diagnóstico de neumonía por Pneumocystis en pacientes con sospecha de infección por SARS-CoV-2.


Abstract Pneumocystis jirovecii, is an opportunistic fungal agent that causes pneumonia (pneumocistosis) that can be fatal in people with immunocomprome status, including HIV patients with CD4+ T lymphocyte count < 200 cels/mm3 and in patients immunocompromised by other aetiologies such as solid organ transplants and cancer, among others. Many people may be healthy carriers of this etiological agent and act as a reservoir and source of infection. Articles related to co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and opportunistic articles such as P. jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus begin publication, where it is argued that this viral infection has a high risk of co-infection, expressing the importance of not excluding respiratory pathogens, such as P. jirovecii, among others. Co-infection with P. jirovecii, may not be detected in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection as they may share common clinical characteristics such as bilateral multifocal infiltrates and deep hypoxemia among others. Therefore, additional diagnostic tests for P. jirovecii, are necessary in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially when other clinical characteristics that may support co-infection are present such as cystic findings in thoracic CT and elevated blood levels of 1.3-D-glucan, including in the absence of classic risk factors for P. jirovecii, for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis , CD4 Antigens , Hypoxia , Neoplasms
14.
Infectio ; 24(3): 143-148, jul.-set. 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1114857

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Candida spp. Es la principal causa de fungemia, cuya incidencia ha aumentado en los últimos años. Existen datos locales insuficientes sobre este tipo de infecciones. Materiales y métodos: Este fue un estudio observacional retrospectivo de 44 pacientes diagnosticados con candidiasis invasiva hospitalizados en la Fundación Valle del Lili, el cual es un centro de cuarto nivel afiliado a la Universidad Icesi en el Suroccidente Colombiano, entre los años 2012 a 2017. Resultados: Se identificaron 44 pacientes con candidiasis invasiva, 27 de ellos mujeres (61%). La mediana de edad fue de 56 años (36 - 70). Más del 50% tenían una enfermedad crónica subyacente, uso de antibióticos (84%), catéter venoso central (80%), ventilación mecánica (68%) y nutrición enteral (66%) El 80% requirió manejo en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) donde debutaron con sepsis (68%) y falla respiratoria (61%). En el 90% de los casos se aisló alguna especie de Candida spp. A partir de hemocultivo y sólo al 22% se le realizó prueba de sensibilidad. El tratamiento de elección fue con fluconazol (80%), asociado a caspofungina (70%). La tasa de mortalidad fue del 49%, con una mediana de 33 (22-49,5) días desde el ingreso hasta el fallecimiento. C. albicans fue el principal microorganismo aislado. La resistencia a azoles en especies no albicans existe en nuestro medio. Conclusión: La candidiasis se presenta como candidemia asociada a infección bacteriana concomitante, que cobra mayor importancia en el contexto del paciente inmunosuprimido asociado a elevadas tasas de mortalidad.


Introduction: Candida spp. is the main cause of fungemia, whose incidence has increased in recent years. There are insufficient local data about this pathology. Materials and methods: This was an observational, retrospective chart review of 44 patients diagnosed with invasive candida who were hospitalized at Fundación Valle del Lili, which is a fourth level center affiliated to Icesi university between 2012 and 2017. Results: We identified 44 patients with invasive candidiasis, 27 of them women (61%). The median age was 56 years (36 - 70). More than 50% had an underlying chronic disease, use of antibiotics (84%), central venous catheter (80%), mechanical ventilation (68%) and enteral nutrition (66%). 80% required management in an intensive care unit. Sepsis (68%) and respiratory failure (61%) were the most common clinical presentation. Almost 90% of the cases, had positive blood cultures, but only 22% presented susceptibility tests. The treatment was mainly fluconazole (80%), associated with caspofungin (70%). The mortality rate was 49%, median of 33 (22-49.5) days from admission to death. Candida albicans was the main isolated organism. Azole resistance in non-albicans species was observed. Conclusion: Candidiasis presents as bacterial infection associated candidemia, which becomes more important in the context of the immunosuppressed patient with high mortality rates.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Bacterial Infections , Immunocompromised Host , Fungemia , Candidiasis, Invasive , Candida , Candida albicans , Fluconazole , Colombia , Sepsis , Caspofungin , Infections , Intensive Care Units , Anti-Bacterial Agents
15.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 118(4): e418-e420, agosto 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1118597

ABSTRACT

Las infecciones causadas por Leclercia adecarboxylata (L. adecarboxylata) son raramente reportadas en la literatura. Se trata de una enterobacteria anaerobia Gram-negativa que presenta distribución universal y, si bien suele ser parte de infecciones polimicrobianas, existen reportes crecientes de infecciones únicamente por este germen en pacientes inmunocomprometidos.Se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 8 años con leucemia linfoblástica aguda, que presentó una colonización de catéter por L. adecarboxylata, en el que se realizó tratamiento sin extracción del dispositivo, con evolución favorable


Infections caused by Leclercia adecarboxylata are rarely reported. It is an anaerobic Gram-negative enterobacteria with universal distribution, and although it is mostly found in polymicrobial infections, monomicrobial infections caused by this bacteria, especially in immunocompromised hosts, have been recently reported.We present the case of an 8-year-old patient, with acute lymphoid leukemia, that suffered a catheter colonization by L. adecarboxylata. He received antibiotic treatment without removal of the device with complete resolution of infectio


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Enterobacteriaceae , Catheter-Related Infections , Leukemia, Lymphoid , Immunocompromised Host
16.
Rev. am. med. respir ; 20(2): 185-188, jun. 2020. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1431436

ABSTRACT

La criptococosis afecta predominantemente a pacientes con compromiso de la inmunidad celular. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 45 años, con antecedentes de VIH y linfoma de Hodgkin, internado por fiebre persistente sin neutropenia. El PET-TC evidenció imágenes hipermetabólicas pulmonares y ganglionares se sospechó recaída de su enfermedad y/o proceso infeccioso. Se realizó BAL, se aisló en cultivo Crytococcus laurentii. Recibió tratamiento con anfotericina B y fluconazol, cultivos de control negativos. Se repitió TC de control sin infiltrados pulmonares y persistencia de adenopatías. Realizó tratamiento con ESHAP evolucionando con buena respuesta.


Cryptococcosis mostly affects patients with cell-mediated immunity involvement. We present the case of a male patient, 45 years old, with history of HIV and Hodgkin's lymphoma, who was admitted to the hospital due to persistent fever without neutropenia. The PET-TC (Positron Emission Tomography - Computed Tomography) showed hypermetabolic pulmonary and lymph node images. We suspected disease relapse and/or the presence of an infectious process. We performed a BAL (Bronchoalveolar Lavage) and Cryptococcus laurentii was isolated in culture. The patient received treatment with amphotericin B and fluconazole, with negative control cultures. The CT control was repeated without pulmonary infiltrates and persistence of adenopathies. The patient received treatment with ESHAP and evolved with good response.

17.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 37(1): 77-81, feb. 2020. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092725

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los episodios de neutropenia febril son cuadros graves, que requieren un estudio etiológico exhaustivo y un inicio rápido de antimicrobianos. Dentro de los posibles microorganismos causales se encuentran los de origen fúngico, los que, dependiendo de su grado de invasión tisular, pueden llegar a presentar una alta mortalidad. Presentamos el caso de un niño con una leucemia mieloide aguda, que tras su quimioterapia de inducción, presentó un episodio de neutropenia febril, con una infección rino-sinusal por Exserohilum rostratum, hongo filamentoso que raramente se asocia a cuadros patológicos. Se inició rápidamente terapia antifúngica, lo cual, asociado a un aseo quirúrgico precoz, lograron una respuesta clínica favorable, sin complicaciones. Luego del seguimiento, y tras recibir profilaxis secundaria durante los episodios de neutropenia, no ha vuelto a presentar nuevas lesiones ni compromiso rino-sinusal.


Abstract The episodes of febrile neutropenia are severe cases that require an exhaustive etiological study and a quick start of antimicrobial agents. Within the possible microorganisms, fungal origins are also found, and depending on its tissue invasion, they can reach a high mortality rate. A case of a pediatric patient who suffered from acute myeloid leukemia is reported, and after his induction chemotherapy, the patient showed an episode of febrile neutropenia, which matches a rhinosinusal infection caused by Exserohilum rostratum, a filamentous fungi that is uncommonly associated with pathological cases. An antifungal therapy and an early surgical treatment were started, which lead to a positive response, without complications to the patient. After the monitoring and receiving secondary prophylaxis during the episodes of neutropenia, the patient hasn't presented new injuries nor rhinosinusal damage.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Ascomycota/isolation & purification , Sinusitis/complications , Sinusitis/microbiology , Sinusitis/drug therapy , Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/complications , Mycoses/complications , Mycoses/drug therapy , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Neutropenia/etiology
18.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) ; 38(3): 111-118, 2020 Mar.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31272810

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a life-threatening condition in immunocompromised children. Our aim is to analyze the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of PJP cases in our setting, describing the prognosis and related risk factors. METHODS: Retrospective study including all pediatric patients (≤18 years) with PJP admitted to our hospital (January 1989-December 2016). Case definition: patient with acute pneumonitis and P.jirovecii detection in bronchoalveolar lavage or tracheal aspirate using methenamine silver or direct antibody fluorescence staining, or Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. RESULTS: Twenty-five cases (0.9 cases/year) were identified. Median age was 2.2 years (interquartile range: 0.5-12.3), 64% were male, and 12% were receiving appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis. Cytomegalovirus coinfection was detected in 26% cases. The most common underlying diseases were primary immunodeficiencies (36%) and 16% were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children. Eighteen were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and overall 30-day mortality was 20% (31.25% in HIV non-infected vs 0% in HIV-infected patients; OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.02-7.24, p=0.55). Clinical outcome was worse in girls and those patients requiring adjuvant steroid therapy. HIV non-infected patients, higher initial LDH, younger age and shorter time elapsed between diagnosis of PJP and the underlying disease were identified as risk factors to be admitted to the PICU (p=0.05, p=0.026, p=0.04 and p=0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION: Accompanying the widespread use of combined antiretroviral therapy, PJP has been diagnosed almost exclusively in HIV non-infected children at our institution. Moreover, significant higher morbidity rates associated with PJP are seen in this group of patients.


Subject(s)
Coinfection , Pneumocystis carinii , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis , Child , Child, Preschool , Cytomegalovirus Infections/epidemiology , Female , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Infant , Male , Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies
19.
Cir Cir ; 87(6): 688-691, 2019.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31631191

ABSTRACT

Cytomegalovirus infection is an uncommon illness that mainly affects immunocompromised subjects being associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Reactivation or reinfection of the virus causes various symptoms ranging from asymptomatic forms to severe organ-specific complications, such as severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Once diagnosed the infection it is important and necessary to establish an adequate treatment with antivirals, with the surgical option for those cases with gastrointestinal complications depending on the patients clinical situation. We report two cases of immunocompromised patients that after presenting rectal bleeding, were diagnosed of cytomegalovirus colitis, requiring urgent surgery.


La infección por citomegalovirus es poco frecuente, afecta sobre todo a sujetos inmunocomprometidos y los pacientes de este grupo tienen una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. La clínica de la reactivación o reinfección del virus puede variar desde formas asintomáticas hasta complicaciones graves específicas de órgano, como la hemorragia del tracto gastrointestinal masiva. Es de vital importancia un tratamiento adecuado con antivirales; la opción quirúrgica se reserva para las complicaciones gastrointestinales de acuerdo con la situación clínica del paciente. Se presentan los casos de dos pacientes inmunocomprometidas que luego presentar episodios de rectorragia se diagnostican con colitis por citomegalovirus que exige tratamiento quirúrgico.


Subject(s)
Colitis/virology , Cytomegalovirus Infections/complications , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Rectal Diseases/etiology , Colitis/complications , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Severity of Illness Index
20.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 36(5): 608-615, oct. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058087

ABSTRACT

Resumen La incorporación de terapias biológicas ha significado un gran avance en el manejo de diversas patologías de origen autoinmune, neoplásico u otros. Si bien su uso ha implicado mejoras significativas en el pronóstico de estas enfermedades, no está exento de complicaciones, entre estas, las infecciosas. El objetivo de este consenso fue evaluar el perfil de seguridad, desde la mirada infectológica, de las terapias biológicas de uso más frecuente y dar recomendaciones para la prevención de infecciones en pacientes tratados con ellas, basándose en la evidencia de mayor calidad disponible para los biológicos seleccionados. El consenso cuenta de dos manuscritos. Esta primera parte detalla los riesgos de desarrollar complicaciones infecciosas dependiendo del tipo de biológico utilizado para determinada patología. La revisión incluyó búsqueda amplia en MEDLINE y Epistemonikos de revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis de estudios clínicos controlados y caso/control que examinaban infecciones posteriores al tratamiento con anti-TNF alfa, anti-CD20, anti-CD52, CTLA4-Ig y anti-integrinas. Esta búsqueda se complementó con revisión de cohortes multicéntricas de usuarios de biológicos, del MMWR del CDC, Atlanta, E.U.A. y de registros nacionales y/o de sociedades científicas en la que se hiciera mención a complicaciones infecciosas derivadas del uso de biológicos.


The use of biological therapies has meant a great improvement in the management of several conditions like autoimmune, neoplastic or others diseases. Although its use has implied significant improvements in the prognosis of these diseases, it is not exempt from complications: infectious diseases as one of them. The objective of this consensus was to evaluate, from an infectious viewpoint, the safeness of the most frequently used biological therapies and give recommendations for the prevention of infections in patients treated with these drugs. These recommendations were based on the highest quality evidence available for the selected biologics. The consensus counts of two manuscripts. This first part details the risks of developing infectious complications depending on the type of biological used for a certain pathology. This evaluation included a broad search in MEDLINE and Epistemonikos of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes of controlled clinical trials and casecontrol examining post-treatment infections with anti-TNF alpha, anti-CD20, anti-CD52, CTLA4-Ig and anti-integrins. The research was complemented by a review of: multicentre cohorts of biological users, the MMWR of the CDC, Atlanta, U.S.A., and national registers and scientific societies in which infectious complications derived from the use of biological therapies were mentioned.


Subject(s)
Humans , Biological Therapy/adverse effects , Communicable Diseases/chemically induced , Consensus , Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects , Biological Therapy/standards , Opportunistic Infections/chemically induced , Opportunistic Infections/prevention & control , Chile , Risk Factors , Risk Assessment
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