Atrial Septal Defect Detection in Children Based on Ultrasound Video Using Multiple Instances Learning.

Thoracic echocardiography (TTE) can provide sufficient cardiac structure information, evaluate hemodynamics and cardiac function, and is an effective method for atrial septal defect (ASD) examination. This paper aims to study a deep learning method based on cardiac ultrasound video to assist in ASD diagnosis. We chose four standard views in pediatric cardiac ultrasound to identify atrial septal defects; the four standard views were as follows: subcostal sagittal view of the atrium septum (subSAS), apical four-chamber view (A4C), the low parasternal four-chamber view (LPS4C), and parasternal short-axis view of large artery (PSAX). We enlist data from 300 children patients as part of a double-blind experiment for five-fold cross-validation to verify the performance of our model. In addition, data from 30 children patients (15 positives and 15 negatives) are collected for clinician testing and compared to our model test results (these 30 samples do not participate in model training). In our model, we present a block random selection, maximal agreement decision, and frame sampling strategy for training and testing respectively, resNet18 and r3D networks are used to extract the frame features and aggregate them to build a rich video-level representation. We validate our model using our private dataset by five cross-validation. For ASD detection, we achieve 89.33 ± 3.13 AUC, 84.95 ± 3.88 accuracy, 85.70 ± 4.91 sensitivity, 81.51 ± 8.15 specificity, and 81.99 ± 5.30 F1 score. The proposed model is a multiple instances learning-based deep learning model for video atrial septal defect detection which effectively improves ASD detection accuracy when compared to the performances of previous networks and clinical doctors.

Francis Bacon and the practices of measurement.

The instrumental character of Francis Bacon's natural and experimental histories was often noted, but never fully investigated. In this paper I aim to reconstruct the theoretical and methodological background which supports this feature. I claim that we can read large parts of the second book of Bacon's Novum organum as a guide to laboratory practices; and that it was read in this manner by some of Bacon's seventeenth century followers. Key to this guide is Bacon's theory of prerogative instances which, in turn, provides the grounding for a whole theory of instruments of detection and instruments of measurement. I show, in particular, how Bacon suggested that such instruments can be used for 'charting' virtues and powers; a process in which instruments of detection can be transformed into instruments of measurement. I also show that Bacon's views on instruments entail an elaborated conception of measurement which departs from the ethos of artisanal perfection. Instead of pursuing the 'best results', Bacon's instrumental natural and experimental histories aim to offer a large enough corpus of correlations, estimates and calculations which, taken together, can represent more or less accurately changes and variations of natural virtues and powers.

Instance dataset for resource-constrained project scheduling with diverging material flows.

This data article describes an instance dataset motivated by the problem of scheduling a project with diverging material flows. Such material flows are released during the execution of the project and are subject to limited processing and storage capacities. Typical examples are nuclear dismantling or other deconstruction/demolition projects, where large amounts of material must be classified, scanned for hazardousness, and processed accordingly. The problem setting is mathematically described as a resource-constrained project scheduling problem with cumulative resources (RCPSP/c). The RCPSP/c deals with finding a project schedule with minimal makespan that satisfies temporal, renewable resource, and cumulative resource constraints. In total, the dataset comprises 192 artificially generated instances that are suitable for testing models and solution methods. In addition, we provide our best found solution for each instance and different modeling variants (e.g., for two types of objective functions). These solutions were computed by heuristic solution methods. The dataset serves as a benchmark for researchers evaluating the performance of solution methods for the RCPSP/c or the more general problem class with resources that can be produced and consumed.

Instance dataset for a multiprocessor scheduling problem with multiple time windows and time lags: Similar instances with large differences in difficulty.

The dataset presented in this paper introduces 384 new instances for the feasibility version of a multiprocessor scheduling problem with multiple time windows, positive time lags and exact time lags. The instances are constructed from subproblems in a logic-based Benders decomposition scheme introduced in "Logic-based Benders decomposition with a partial assignment acceleration technique for an avionics scheduling problem" (Karlsson, E., Rönnberg, E., Computers & Operations Research, 2022) [1]. A key aspect of the dataset is that even if two instances are highly similar, the computational performance of solving them with an IBM ILOG CP Optimizer model can be vastly different. There exists for example 44 pairs of instances with the same number of tasks and exact time lags, and the number of positive time lags differs with at most two, where one instance can be solved within 5 minutes and the other instance cannot be solved within 24 hours. Such differences make the instance dataset useful for investigating differences in computational performance of constraint programming solvers. The dataset can also be used to benchmark methods for multiprocessor scheduling. The dataset has been released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license and can be used as it is or be adapted.

Brazilian disaster datasets and real-world instances for optimization and machine learning.

We present comprehensive datasets of Brazilian disasters from January 2003 to February 2021 as well as real-world optimization instances built up from these data. The data were gathered through a series of open available reports obtained from different government and institutional sources. Afterwards, data consolidation and summarization were carried out using Excel and Python. The datasets include 9 types of disaster, such as flash floods, landslides and droughts, and the corresponding number of affected people during an 18-year or a 218-month observation period for 5,402 Brazilian municipalities, totaling more than 65,000 observations. Data on relevant geographical, demographic and socioeconomic aspects of the affected municipalities are also provided. These encompass geographic coordinates, regions, population, income, development indicators, amongst other information. From a statistical point of view, the data on disasters can address a number of applications using both supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques such as, for time series analysis or other dynamic models using socioeconomic data as explanatory variables, i.e. data on the size of the poor population, income, education and general development. The geographic dataset can be useful for aggregating analyses concerning the various forms of territorial organization and allows for the visualization of data in maps. All the aforementioned data can be also used to devise realistic optimization instances related to diverse humanitarian logistics and/or disaster management problems, such as facility location, location-allocation, vehicle routing, and so forth. In particular, we describe two real-world instances for the location-allocation problem studied in [1]. For that purpose, we partially use the given datasets and included other information such as costs and distances relevant to the optimization model. Although using real-world cases to test optimization approaches is a common and encouraged practice in Operations Research, comprehensive datasets and practical optimization instances, as presented in this article, are rarely described and/or available in the academic literature.

Analysis of Microarray Data from Medulloblastoma Tissue Samples.

As a laboratory tool, microarray is used to detect the expression of thousands of genes at the same time. Typically, microscope slides have DNA microarrays that are printed with thousands of tiny spots in specified positions. Each spot contains a known DNA sequence or gene. These slides are commonly referred to as gene chips or DNA chips. The DNA molecules printed to each slide serve as probes to detect gene expression, which is also known as the transcriptome or the set of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts expressed by a group of genes. The goal of this chapter is to discuss the steps involved computational analysis of data after the completion of a typical microarray experiment.

Self-Supervised Equivariant Regularization Reconciles Multiple Instance Learning: Joint Referable Diabetic Retinopathy Classification and Lesion Segmentation.

Lesion appearance is a crucial clue for medical providers to distinguish referable diabetic retinopathy (rDR) from non-referable DR. Most existing large-scale DR datasets contain only image-level labels rather than pixel-based annotations. This motivates us to develop algorithms to classify rDR and segment lesions via image-level labels. This paper leverages self-supervised equivariant learning and attention-based multi-instance learning (MIL) to tackle this problem. MIL is an effective strategy to differentiate positive and negative instances, helping us discard background regions (negative instances) while localizing lesion regions (positive ones). However, MIL only provides coarse lesion localization and cannot distinguish lesions located across adjacent patches. Conversely, a self-supervised equivariant attention mechanism (SEAM) generates a segmentation-level class activation map (CAM) that can guide patch extraction of lesions more accurately. Our work aims at integrating both methods to improve rDR classification accuracy. We conduct extensive validation experiments on the Eyepacs dataset, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AU ROC) of 0.958, outperforming current state-of-the-art algorithms.

Interpreting Developmental Surface Dyslexia within a Comorbidity Perspective.

Recent evidence underlines the importance of seeing learning disorders in terms of their partial association (comorbidity). The present concept paper presents a model of reading that aims to account for performance on a naturalistic reading task within a comorbidity perspective. The model capitalizes on the distinction between three independent levels of analysis: competence, performance, and acquisition: Competence denotes the ability to master orthographic-phonological binding skills; performance refers to the ability to read following specific task requirements, such as scanning the text from left to right. Both competence and performance are acquired through practice. Practice is also essential for the consolidation of item-specific memory traces (or instances), a process which favors automatic processing. It is proposed that this perspective might help in understanding surface dyslexia, a reading profile that has provoked a prolonged debate among advocates of traditional models of reading. The proposed reading model proposes that surface dyslexia is due to a defective ability to consolidate specific traces or instances. In this vein, it is a "real" deficit, in the sense that it is not due to an artifact (such as limited exposure to print); however, as it is a cross-domain defect extending to other learning behaviors, such as spelling and math, it does not represent a difficulty specific to reading. Recent evidence providing initial support for this hypothesis is provided. Overall, it is proposed that viewing reading in a comorbidity perspective might help better understand surface dyslexia and might encourage research on the association between surface dyslexia and other learning disorders.

Weakly supervised cell instance segmentation under various conditions.

Cell instance segmentation is important in biomedical research. For living cell analysis, microscopy images are captured under various conditions (e.g., the type of microscopy and type of cell). Deep-learning-based methods can be used to perform instance segmentation if sufficient annotations of individual cell boundaries are prepared as training data. Generally, annotations are required for each condition, which is very time-consuming and labor-intensive. To reduce the annotation cost, we propose a weakly supervised cell instance segmentation method that can segment individual cell regions under various conditions by only using rough cell centroid positions as training data. This method dramatically reduces the annotation cost compared with the standard annotation method of supervised segmentation. We demonstrated the efficacy of our method on various cell images; it outperformed several of the conventional weakly-supervised methods on average. In addition, we demonstrated that our method can perform instance cell segmentation without any manual annotation by using pairs of phase contrast and fluorescence images in which cell nuclei are stained as training data.

Feature-Based Diversity Optimization for Problem Instance Classification.

Understanding the behaviour of heuristic search methods is a challenge. This even holds for simple local search methods such as 2-OPT for the Travelling Salesperson Problem (TSP). In this article, we present a general framework that is able to construct a diverse set of instances which are hard or easy for a given search heuristic. Such a diverse set is obtained by using an evolutionary algorithm for constructing hard or easy instances which are diverse with respect to different features of the underlying problem. Examining the constructed instance sets, we show that many combinations of two or three features give a good classification of the TSP instances in terms of whether they are hard to be solved by 2-OPT.

Testing the Specificity of Predictors of Reading, Spelling and Maths: A New Model of the Association Among Learning Skills Based on Competence, Performance and Acquisition.

In a previous study (Zoccolotti et al., 2020) we examined reading, spelling, and maths skills in an unselected group of 129 Italian children attending fifth grade by testing various cognitive predictors; results showed a high degree of predictors' selectivity for each of these three behaviors. In the present study, we focused on the specificity of the predictors by performing cross-analyses on the same dataset; i.e., we predicted spelling and maths skills based on reading predictors, reading based on maths predictors and so on. Results indicated that some predictors, such as the Orthographic Decision and the Arithmetic Facts tests, predicted reading, spelling and maths skills in similar ways, while others predicted different behaviors but only for a specific parameter, such as fluency but not accuracy (as in the case of RAN), and still others were specific for a single behavior (e.g., Visual-auditory Pseudo-word Matching test predicted only spelling skills). To interpret these results, we propose a novel model of learning skills separately considering factors in terms of competence, performance and acquisition (automatization). Reading, spelling and calculation skills would depend on the development of discrete and different abstract competences (accounting for the partial dissociations among learning disorders reported in the literature). By contrast, overlap among behaviors would be accounted for by defective acquisition in automatized responses to individual "instances"; this latter skill is item specific but domain independent. Finally, performance factors implied in task's characteristics (such as time pressure) may contribute to the partial association among learning skills. It is proposed that this new model may provide a useful base for interpreting the diffuse presence of comorbidities among learning disorders.

Effective Immunohistochemistry Pathology Microscopy Image Generation Using CycleGAN.

Immunohistochemistry detection technology is able to detect more difficult tumors than regular pathology detection technology only with hematoxylin-eosin stained pathology microscopy images, - for example, neuroendocrine tumor detection. However, making immunohistochemistry pathology microscopy images costs much time and money. In this paper, we propose an effective immunohistochemistry pathology microscopic image-generation method that can generate synthetic immunohistochemistry pathology microscopic images from hematoxylin-eosin stained pathology microscopy images without any annotation. CycleGAN is adopted as the basic architecture for the unpaired and unannotated dataset. Moreover, multiple instances learning algorithms and the idea behind conditional GAN are considered to improve performance. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to generate immunohistochemistry pathology microscopic images, and our method can achieve good performance, which will be very useful for pathologists and patients when applied in clinical practice.

DYNASTI-Dynamic Multiple RPL Instances for Multiple IoT Applications in Smart City.

Internet of Things (IoT) is evolving to multi-application scenarios in smart cities, which demand specific traffic patterns and requirements. Multi-applications share resources from a single multi-hop wireless networks, where smart devices collaborate to send collected data over a Low-Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL) emerged as a routing protocol to be used in IoT scenarios where the devices have limited resources. Instances are RPL mechanisms that play a key role in order to support the IoT scenarios with multiple applications, but it is not standardized yet. Although there are related works proposing multiple instances in RPL on the same IoT network, those works still have limitations to support multiple applications. For instance, there is a lack of flexibility and dynamism in management of multiple instances and service differentiation for applications. In this context, the goal of this work is to develop a solution called DYNAmic multiple RPL instanceS for multiple ioT applicatIons (DYNASTI), which provides more dynamism and flexibility by managing multiple instances of RPL. As a result of this, the traffic performance of multiple applications is enhanced through the routing, taking into consideration the distinct requirements of the applications. In addition, DYNASTI enables the support of sporadic applications as well as the coexistence between regular and sporadic applications. DYNASTI achieved results that demonstrate a significant improvement in reducing the number of control messages, which resulted in increased packet received, decreased end-to-end delay, reduced energy consumption, and an improvement in service differentiation to multiple applications.

Study-test congruence of response levels in item stimulus-response priming.

We investigated stimulus-response (S-R) memory links during object priming using a binary associative size judgement paradigm. At study, participants decided which of two objects was bigger in real life and, at test, made the same or the reverse judgement. We examined the effects of response congruence on item S-R priming in the associative paradigm. In Experiment 1, a task reversal manipulation had minimal impact on RT priming when classifications were congruent for both recombined objects between study and test. Experiment 2 found that RT priming was more disrupted by classification incongruence of the selected than of the nonselected item alone, with incongruence of the nonselected object having no effect on RTs. Experiment 3, however, found that classification incongruence of both items eliminated RT priming, indicating that a significant effect of classification incongruence for the nonselected item is only evident if both items are classification-incongruent. Finally, across all experiments, we found that accuracy was more sensitive than RTs to decision/action incongruence. We interpret these findings in light of a two-stream account of S-R priming, and suggest a few extensions to account for interactions between S-R links of recombined items.

Campos de ação estratégica e os recursos de poder do sistema de gestão de recuperação de direitos na bacia do Rio Doce / Strategic fields of action and power resources of the rights recovery management system in the Rio Doce basin / Campos estratégicos de acción y recursos de poder del sistema de gestión de recuperación de derechos en la cuenca del Río Doce / Les champs d'action stratégique et les ressources de puissance du système de gestion du recouvrement des droits dans le bassin du Rio Doce

O rompimento da barragem de Fundão, pertencente às empresas Samarco, BHP Billiton e Vale provocou o maior desastre socioambiental do país. A lama de rejeitos de minérios de percorreu a extensão do Rio Doce até o mar, causando diversos danos ambientais, sociais, econômicos e culturais. Este estudo analisa as estratégias de ação das comunidades atingidas no território capixaba, e as instâncias do sistema de governança do desastre para compreender quais os recursos e interações potencialmente avançam na luta por seus direitos. Em vista disso, o artigo explora aspectos jurídicos do desastre através dos dispositivos extrajudiciais que organizam a gestão da recuperação e reparação dos danos. A teoria dos campos é operacionalizada para compreender o cenário de negociação, estratégias de cooperação, coalização e contestação que foi desencadeado entre os atingidos, autoridades e agentes do mercado. A investigação foi realizada através do estudo de caso, grupos de discussão, e observação participante da tecnologia social Com Rio Com Mar Opinião Popular criada como apoio e suporte aos atingidos, e da atuação da Defensoria Pública do Estado do Espírito Santo.

The breach of the Fundão dam, belonging to Samarco, BHP Billiton and Vale companies, caused the biggest social and environmental disaster in the country. The ore tailings sludge ran the length of the Rio Doce to the sea, causing various environmental, social, economic and cultural damages. This study analyzes the strategies of action of communities affected in the state of Espírito Santo, and the instances of the disaster governance system to understand which resources and interactions potentially advance in the struggle for their rights. In face of the article explores the legal aspects of the disaster through the extrajudicial arrangements that organize the management of recovery and damage repair. Field theory is operationalized to understand the negotiation scenario, cooperation strategies, coalition and contestation that was unleashed among the affected, authorities and market agents. The investigation was conducted through case study, discussion groups, and participant observation of the social technology Com Rio Com Mar Popular Opinion created as support and support to those affected, and the performance of the Public Defender's Office of the State of Espírito Santo.

La ruptura de la presa Fundão, perteneciente a las compañías Samarco, BHP Billiton y Vale, causó el mayor desastre social y ambiental en el país. El lodo de relaves minerales se extendía a lo largo del río Doce hasta el mar, causando varios daños ambientales, sociales, económicos y culturales. Este estudio analiza las estrategias de acción de las comunidades afectadas en el estado de Espírito Santo, y las instancias del sistema de gobernanza de desastres para comprender qué recursos e interacciones potencialmente avanzan en la lucha por sus derechos. En vista de esto, el artículo explora los aspectos legales del desastre a través de los arreglos extrajudiciales que organizan la gestión de la recuperación y reparación de daños. La teoría de campo se operacionaliza para comprender el escenario de negociación, las estrategias de cooperación, la coalición y la contestación que se desató entre los afectados, las autoridades y los agentes del mercado. La investigación se realizó a través de un estudio de caso, grupos de discusión y observación participante de la tecnología social. Opinión popular creada por Com Rio Com Mar como apoyo y apoyo a los afectados, y el desempeño de la Oficina del Defensor Público del Estado de Espírito Santo.

La rupture du barrage de Fundão, appartenant aux entreprises Samarco, BHP Billiton et Vale, a provoqué le plus grand désastre socio-environnemental du pays. La boue de rebuts de minerais a parcouru l'étendue du Rio Doce jusqu'à la mer, causant divers dommages environnementaux, sociaux, économiques et culturels. Cette étude analyse les stratégies d'action des communautés touchées sur le territoire capixaba, et les instances du système de gouvernance du désastre pour comprendre quelles ressources et interactions pourraient progresser dans la lutte pour leurs droits. Cet article explore donc les aspects juridiques de la catastrophe à travers les dispositifs extrajudiciaires qui organisent la gestion de la réparation et de la réparation des dommages. La théorie des champs est mise en place pour comprendre le scénario de négociation, les stratégies de coopération, la coercition et la contestation qui a été déclenchée parmi les touchés, les autorités et les acteurs du marché. La recherche a été réalisée par l'étude de cas, des groupes de discussion, et l'observation participante de la technologie sociale Com Rio Com Mar Opinião Popular créée comme soutien et soutien aux touchés, et de l'action du Défenseur Public de l'Etat de l'Esprit Saint.

Segmenting and tracking cell instances with cosine embeddings and recurrent hourglass networks.

Differently to semantic segmentation, instance segmentation assigns unique labels to each individual instance of the same object class. In this work, we propose a novel recurrent fully convolutional network architecture for tracking such instance segmentations over time, which is highly relevant, e.g., in biomedical applications involving cell growth and migration. Our network architecture incorporates convolutional gated recurrent units (ConvGRU) into a stacked hourglass network to utilize temporal information, e.g., from microscopy videos. Moreover, we train our network with a novel embedding loss based on cosine similarities, such that the network predicts unique embeddings for every instance throughout videos, even in the presence of dynamic structural changes due to mitosis of cells. To create the final tracked instance segmentations, the pixel-wise embeddings are clustered among subsequent video frames by using the mean shift algorithm. After showing the performance of the instance segmentation on a static in-house dataset of muscle fibers from H&E-stained microscopy images, we also evaluate our proposed recurrent stacked hourglass network regarding instance segmentation and tracking performance on six datasets from the ISBI celltracking challenge, where it delivers state-of-the-art results.

On the Combination of Multi-Cloud and Network Coding for Cost-Efficient Storage in Industrial Applications.

The adoption of both Cyber⁻Physical Systems (CPSs) and the Internet-of-Things (IoT) has enabled the evolution towards the so-called Industry 4.0. These technologies, together with cloud computing and artificial intelligence, foster new business opportunities. Besides, several industrial applications need immediate decision making and fog computing is emerging as a promising solution to address such requirement. In order to achieve a cost-efficient system, we propose taking advantage from spot instances, a new service offered by cloud providers, which provide resources at lower prices. The main downside of these instances is that they do not ensure service continuity and they might suffer from interruptions. An architecture that combines fog and multi-cloud deployments along with Network Coding (NC) techniques, guarantees the needed fault-tolerance for the cloud environment, and also reduces the required amount of redundant data to provide reliable services. In this paper we analyze how NC can actually help to reduce the storage cost and improve the resource efficiency for industrial applications, based on a multi-cloud infrastructure. The cost analysis has been carried out using both real AWS EC2 spot instance prices and, to complement them, prices obtained from a model based on a finite Markov chain, derived from real measurements. We have analyzed the overall system cost, depending on different parameters, showing that configurations that seek to minimize the storage yield a higher cost reduction, due to the strong impact of storage cost.

El superyó ideal en la clínica: ¿utopía o nueva instancia metapsicológica bifronte e integradora? / Le surmoi dans la clinique: utopie ou nouvelle instance métapsychologique, biface et intégratrice? / The ideal superego in treatment: utopianism or new bifrontal and integrative metapsychological instance?

En este artículo, apoyándose en su experiencia clínica y en los trabajos de cinco autores contemporáneos, el autor postula la importancia de introducir una nueva instancia metapsicológica bifronte e integradora, fundamental para el desarrollo saludable de la personalidad y la definitiva estructuración del psiquismo y la constitución del sujeto humano, a la cual denomina «superyó ideal». Dicha instancia podría tener para algunos un carácter utópico pero podría utilizarse como un modelo clínico de referencia para intentar salir del impasse freudiano relacionado con el polémico sepultamiento definitivo del complejo de Edipo y la instauración de un superyó rígido, (idealizado, en sentido religioso, que no ideal) conservador, severo y monolítico, introducido por Freud en su trabajo El yo y el ello de 1923 y no claramente diferenciado del ideal del yo (heredero de la travesía narcisista), interpretable como posible, única y necesaria salida identificatoria para el tránsito de estas encrucijadas durante el proceso de maduración sexual y emocional, así como para la humanización y la socialización integral del ser humano. (AU)

This article draws from clinical experience and the works of five contemporary authors, emphasising the importance of the introduction of a new bifrontal and integrative metapsychological instance, crucial to the healthy development of the personality, and ultimate structuring of the psyche and constitution of the human subject. The author terms this the “Ideal Superego”. While for some this may be utopianism, it has potential as a clinical reference model by moving away from the Freudian impasse related to the controversial and definitive “burial” of the Oedipus complex and the establishment of a tyrannical superego (which is idealised–in the religious sense–not Ideal). A conservative, cruel, draconian and monolithic instance, introduced by Freud in his work “The Ego and the Id” (1923) and not clearly differentiated from the Ego Ideal (heir to the narcissistic journey), which may be interpreted as a possible, unique and necessary identificatory route through this juncture during the sexual and emotional maturation process, as well as for the overall humanisation and socialisation of the human being. (AU)

Dans cet article, s’appuyant sur son expérience clinique et sur les travaux de cinq auteurs contemporains, l’auteur postule l’importance d’introduire une nouvelle instance métapsychologique, biface et intégratrice, fondamentale pour un développement sain de la personnalité, la structuration définitive du psychisme et la constitution du sujet humain, instance qu’il appelle «Surmoi Idéal». Cette instance pourrait avoir pour certains un caractère utopique mais elle pourrait servir comme modèle clinique de référence pour essayer de sortir de l’impasse freudienne en rapport avec l’ «enterrement» du Complexe d’Œdipe et l’instauration d’un Surmoi despotique (idéalisé dans un sens religieux, pas d’Idéal) conservateur, cruel, sévère et monolithique, introduit par Freud dans son travail «Le Moi et le Ça» en 1923 et non clairement différencié de l’Idéal du Moi (héritier de la traversée narcissique), interprétable comme possible, unique et nécessaire issue identificatoire pour le transit de ce carrefour pendant le processus de maturation sexuelle et émotionnelle, ainsi que pour l’humanisation et la socialisation intégrale de l’être humain. (AU)

Policy mobilities as comparison: urbanization processes, repeated instances, topologies / Movilidad de políticas por comparación: procesos de urbanización, repetición de instancias y topologías / Comparando a mobilidade das políticas públicas: processos de urbanização, instâncias repetidas e topologias

Abstract Following on from calls to reformat comparative urban methods to support global urban studies, this paper draws inspiration from policy mobilities to explore how the genetic interconnectedness of urban processes and outcomes can be mobilised methodologically to critique and extend concepts in urban theory through comparison. What might be the scope and tactics for a practice of comparison through connections, which can start anywhere and build comparisons and analytical insights across a very great diversity of urban experiences? This paper explores three possible ways to take this forward. Firstly, tracing a specific connection, such as a policy link, from one context to another or across a number of different contexts contributes to understanding specific urbanization processes. Secondly, following connections brings into view the range and variety of processes and outcomes in different contexts. In the highly transnationalised world of urban policy this method potentially links a very wide variety of diverse urban contexts and draws attention to a multiplicity of repeated instances of urban forms. Finally, the paper considers the potential to work with the array of transnational processes shaping distinctive policy outcomes and development paths as they come together in one specific place - to explore how "elsewhere" is folded in to localised growth paths. Thus, comparative practices could follow policy mobilities to explore the potential of a more topological imagination of thinking across different contexts, and bringing a diversity of urban contexts into analytical conversation. Along these lines, the invention of concepts and understandings of the urban might emerge anywhere, and perhaps find wider relevance across different situations. Following the trajectories of policy mobilities is thus not only a pathway to inventing new methods but also potentially new grounds for theorizing the urban.

Resumen En respuesta a la urgencia de encontrar nuevos formatos de métodos urbanos comparativos que fundamenten los estudios urbanos globales, este artículo se inspira en la movilidad de políticas para explorar cómo la interconexión genética de procesos y resultados urbanos puede movilizarse metodológicamente para criticar y extender conceptos en la teoría urbana a través de la comparación. ¿Cuáles podrían ser el alcance y las tácticas para una práctica de comparación mediante conexiones, que comiencen dondequiera que sea y que construyan comparaciones e insights analíticos en una gran diversidad de experiencias urbanas? Este artículo explora tres formas posibles de llevar esto adelante. En primer lugar, rastrear una conexión específica, como un enlace de políticas, de un contexto a otro o entre varios contextos diversos, contribuye a comprender procesos de urbanización específicos. En segundo lugar, las conexiones siguientes ponen de manifiesto la gran variedad de procesos y resultados en diferentes contextos. En el mundo altamente transnacionalizado de la política urbana, ese método vincula potencialmente una amplia variedad de contextos urbanos y llama la atención sobre una multiplicidad de instancias repetidas de formas urbanas. En tercer lugar, el artículo considera el potencial para trabajar con la gama de procesos transnacionales que configuran resultados de políticas y vías de desarrollo distintos a medida que se unen en un lugar específico -para explorar cómo "en otro lugar" se combinan a vías de crecimiento localizado-. Así, prácticas comparativas podrían seguir la movilidad de políticas para explorar el potencial de una imaginación más topológica de pensamiento en diferentes escenarios, y llevar una diversidad de contextos urbanos a conversaciones analíticas. En esa línea, la elaboración de conceptos y entendimientos de lo urbano puede surgir en cualquier lugar y, tal vez, encontrar una mayor relevancia en diferentes situaciones. Seguir las trayectorias de la movilidad de políticas es, por lo tanto, no solo un camino para crear nuevos métodos, sino también, potencialmente, nuevos fundamentos para teorizar lo urbano.

Resumo Em resposta à urgência por reformatar métodos urbanos comparativos que proporcionem embasamento para estudos urbanos globais, este artigo se inspira na abordagem da mobilidade de políticas públicas para explorar como a interconexão genética de processos e resultados urbanos pode ser mobilizada metodologicamente para criticar e estender conceitos na teoria urbana por meio da comparação. Quais poderiam ser o escopo e as táticas para uma prática de comparação por meio de conexões, que comecem onde quer que seja e que construam comparações e insights analíticos em uma grande diversidade de experiências urbanas? Este artigo explora três maneiras possíveis de levar isso adiante. Em primeiro lugar, traçar uma conexão específica, como uma ligação entre políticas, de um contexto para outro ou entre vários contextos diversos, contribuindo para a compreensão de processos específicos de urbanização. Em segundo lugar, acompanhar as conexões coloca em evidência a grande variedade de processos e resultados em diferentes contextos. No mundo altamente transnacional da política urbana, esse método conecta potencialmente uma ampla variedade de contextos urbanos e chama a atenção para uma multiplicidade de instâncias repetidas de formas urbanas. Finalmente, o artigo considera o potencial para trabalhar com o conjunto de processos transnacionais que moldam resultados de políticas e caminhos de desenvolvimento distintos, à medida que eles se juntam em um lugar específico — para explorar como "o outro lugar" se envolve em caminhos que crescem de forma localizada. Assim, práticas comparativas poderiam seguir a mobilidade de políticas públicas para explorar o potencial de uma imaginação mais topológica de pensamento em diferentes cenários, e trazendo uma diversidade de contextos urbanos para conversas analíticas. Nessa linha, a elaboração de conceitos e entendimentos do urbano pode surgir em qualquer lugar e, talvez, encontrar maior relevância em diferentes situações. Acompanhar as trajetórias da mobilidade das políticas é, portanto, não apenas um caminho para criar novos métodos, mas também potencialmente novos fundamentos para a teorização do urbano.

A Taxonomic Analysis of Abstraction.

An important characteristic of knowledge is that it exists at multiple levels of abstraction. This article illustrates how different levels of abstraction influence perception, comprehension, categorization, memory, and thought. Theories exist for how abstraction influences each of these cognitive processes, but there are few unifying principles for discussing these theories within a common conceptual framework. My proposed taxonomy examines three senses of abstraction: (a) an abstract entity is a concept that has no material referent, (b) abstraction focuses on only some attributes of multicomponent stimuli, and (c) an abstract idea applies to many particular instances of a category. The first refers to instances, the second to attributes of instances, and the third to classes of instances. Concrete mental representations consist of modal images for instances, equivalent attributes, and exemplars or episodes for categories. Abstract mental representations consist of amodal propositions for instances, distinctive attributes, and rules or prototypes or schema for categories. I first apply the taxonomy to words, pictures, and problems. The next section shows how categorization strategies combine with abstraction at the attribute, instance, and category levels. The subsequent section applies the taxonomy to hierarchical (subordinate, basic, superordinate) levels. A concluding section proposes directions for further development.