Crisis in crisis: Boko Haram violence, orphaned children, and the precariousness in human survival in Northeast Nigeria.

The bulk of research exploring the impacts of Boko Haram-induced crisis in Nigeria's Northeast region focuses on the country's social, economic, and political conditions while the understanding on the welfare of vulnerable populations - children living in the conflict-ridden communities is sparse. This study addresses the sparsity by investigating the plights of children who became orphans in the wake of horrific Boko Haram attacks in the region in the mid-2010s. Using a qualitative method, we draw insights from Damaturu, Yobe State, where three hundred and eight (orphaned) children were recruited and interviewed. Based on our analysis of the interview data, we argue that they suffered life-threatening situations - parental fatalities by insurgents, alms begging, hard labour for sustenance, degrading living conditions, sexual exploitation, and recruitment into armed groups for violence. The cumulative effects of the attacks made them unsafe and vulnerable to unconventional coping strategies and delinquency amidst the precarity of decent living in the communities. We provide key research and policy-relevant evidence in advancing the understanding of the predicaments of children in wars and socio-politically precarious environments. Also, we underscore the need for holistic and targeted interventions that include vulnerable children in post-insurgency humanitarian efforts to mitigate their discomfort and improve their living conditions.

Molecular detection of Bartonella quintana, Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter haemolyticus in Pediculus humanus lice in Nigeria, West Africa.

The human lice Pediculus humanus is distributed worldwide but, it thrives and flourishes under conflict situations where people are forced to live in crowded unhygienic conditions. Molecular methods were used to identify and screen human lice for the DNA of pathogens of public health importance in an area that has been under insurgency related to religious and political conflicts with tens of thousands of internally displaced people (IDP). DNA of Bartonella quintana, Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter haemolyticus was detected in 18.3%, 40.0% and 1.7%, respectively, of human lice collected from children in Maiduguri, Nigeria. More body lice than head lice were positive for pathogen's DNA (64.3% vs. 44.4%; χ2 = 1.3, p = 0.33), but the difference was not significant. Two lice samples were found to harbour mixed DNA of B. quintana and A. baumannii. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome b (cytb) gene sequences of the positive lice specimens placed them into clades A and E. This is the first report on the molecular identification of human lice and the detection of the DNA of pathogens of public health importance in lice in Nigeria, West Africa. The findings of this study will assist policy makers and medical practitioners in formulating a holistic healthcare delivery to IDPs.

The Colonial Clinic in Conflict: Towards a Medical History of the Palestinian Great Revolt, 1936-1939.

This article reconstructs how Arab doctors, medical missionaries, British counterinsurgents, and Palestinian rebels negotiated and contested the legitimate role of medical workers and healthcare in times of colonial conflict. Drawing insight from a medical anthropological literature which challenges the notion of medical neutrality as normative, and setting mandate Palestine alongside other case studies of medicine in times of conflict from the interwar Middle East and North Africa, this article argues that while healthcare and medical authority could be put to work to support the colonial status quo, they could serve other, more radical ends too. To highlight the complexity of the political positioning of medical workers and healthcare, this article focuses on the town of Hebron during the great revolt which rocked the foundations of British rule in Palestine between 1936 and 1939, and relies on a range of colonial and missionary archival sources. The first part of the article uses the case study of an Egyptian medical doctor who took up political office in the town in moments of crisis to show how medical authority could be consciously transmuted into a force to uphold a besieged political order. The second part draws on the diary of a British mission doctor to reconstruct his efforts to assert medical neutrality during the great revolt, and-more strikingly still-how Palestinian insurgents participated actively in this attempt to transplant international legal protections to Hebron. The final part traces the incorporation of healthcare into the strategies of both British counterinsurgents and Palestinian rebels, with the British policy of collective punishment indirectly but appreciably degrading access to healthcare for Palestinians, and Palestinian counterstate ambitions extending to the establishment of insurgent medical services in the hills.

Immunisation services in North-Eastern Nigeria: perspectives of critical stakeholders to improve uptake and service delivery

We investigated the perspectives of parents, health workers (HWs) and traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) on immunisation advocacy, knowledge, attitudes and immuni sation practice and ways of improving immunisation uptake in Borno State, North eastern Nigeria. A cross sectional study analysing quantitative data from the three stakeholders' categories. It was conducted across 18 local government areas of Borno State. A representative sample of 4288 stakeholders (n=1763 parents, n=1707 TMPs, and n=818 HWs aged 20 to 59years, had complete data. The sample has more males: 57.8% (Parents); 71.8% (TMPs) and 57.3% (HWs). The awareness of immunisation schedule among the stakeholders ranged from 87.2 to 93.4%. The study showed that 67.9% of the parent and 57.1% of the health workers had participated in immunisation except the TMPs (27.8%). Across the stake holders' categories, between 61.9 and 72.6% have children who had Adverse Event Following Immunisation (AEFI). The most common AEFI was fever. Safety concerns, preference for herbs and charm, culture and religions, and vaccination perception as a western culture were the major barriers to immunisation uptake. While 63.6 to 95.7% of respondents indicated that community leaders, religious and spiritual leaders and TMPs should be involved in immunisation advo cacy, 56.9 70.4% of them reported that community leaders should be involved in immunisation policy. Upscaling the critical stakeholders' involvement in advocacy, policy devel opment and implementation of immunization activities may improve acceptance, create demand and engender ownership in vulnerable communities of Borno State, Nigeria. AEFI could be detrimental to immunisation access and utilization. Consequently, health education by health workers needs strengthening to minimise vaccine hesitancy.

Questão ambiental na América Latina: por um marxismo insurgente em Enrique Dussel / Environmental in Latin America: for an insurgent marxism in Enrique Dussel

O objetivo central desse trabalho é abordar as relações entre a questão ambiental e a estrutura do sistema-mundo moderno-colonial em sua dinâmica de enfrentamento político sob a ótica do que denominamos de "leitura insurgente" à luz do pensador argentino Enrique Dussel. Para esse fim, o nosso trabalho está organizado em três momentos, onde expomos os desdobramentos históricos, sociais e políticos do sistema-mundo moderno-colonial para a questão ambiental à luz do pensador de Mendoza. No segundo momento, elencamos as relações entre a questão ambiental e as insurgências na AL, indicando que a degradação da natureza é o ponto central para as reflexões insurgentes. No terceiro, como guisa de conclusão, tensionamos as contribuições do filósofo mendocino nos vínculos existentes entre o "encobrimento do outro", insurgência e a lógica de injustiça ambiental

The central objective of this work is to approach the relations between the environmental question and the structure of the modern-colonial world-sys-tem in its dynamics of political confrontation from the perspective of what we call an "insurgent reading" in the light of the Argentine thinker Enrique Dussel. To this end, our work is organized in three moments, where we expose the historical, social, and political unfoldings of the modern-colonial world-system for the environmental issue in the light of the thinker from Mendoza. In the second moment, we list the relations between the environmental question and the insurgencies in LA, indicating that the degradation of nature is the central point for insurgent reflections. In the third, as a conclusion, we stress the contributions of the philosopher from Mendoza on the existing links between the "concealment of the other", insurgency and the logic of environmental injustice

Escrevivência como metodologia de pesquisa em psicanálise / Escrevivência as a research methodology in psychoanalysis

Resumo: Este artigo discute a escrevivência como metodologia de pesquisa em psicanálise, ressaltando as subversões políticas e epistemológicas que comportam para a revitalização da vocação subversiva da psicanálise na abordagem do racismo e do sexismo. Destacamos seu caráter insurgente, relacionado por Evaristo à retomada de vozes e histórias silenciadas das pessoas negras. Mais do que uma escrita narcísica, ela propõe que a história de cada uma acolha vivências e memórias que remetem à coletividade. Apresentamos algumas práticas de pesquisa que lidam com essa tensão entre o domínio do saber e o real da experiência utilizando a escrevivência como via de abordagem.

ABSTRACT: This article discusses the escrevivência [live-writing] as a research methodology in Psychoanalysis, highlighting the political and epistemological subversions it entails for the revitalization of the subversive vocation of psychoanalysis in the approach to racism and sexism. We call attention to its insurgent character, related by Evaristo to the resumption of silenced voices and stories of black people. More than narcissistic writing, she proposes that the stories of each one of them embrace experiences and memories that refer to collectivity. We present some research practices that deal with the tension between the domain of knowledge and the real of experience using escrevivência as a means of approach.

Immunisation services in North-Eastern Nigeria: Perspectives of critical stakeholders to improve uptake and service delivery.

We investigated the perspectives of parents, health workers (HWs) and traditional medical practitioners (TMPs) on immunisation advocacy, knowledge, attitudes and immunisation practice and ways of improving immunisation uptake in Borno State, North-eastern Nigeria. A cross-sectional study analysing quantitative data from the three stakeholders' categories. It was conducted across 18 local government areas of Borno State. A representative sample of 4288 stakeholders (n=1763 parents, n=1707 TMPs, and n=818 HWs aged 20 to 59years, had complete data. The sample has more males: 57.8% (Parents); 71.8% (TMPs) and 57.3% (HWs). The awareness of immunisation schedule among the stakeholders ranged from 87.2 to 93.4%. The study showed that 67.9% of the parent and 57.1% of the health workers had participated in immunisation except the TMPs (27.8%). Across the stakeholders' categories, between 61.9 and 72.6% have children who had Adverse Event Following Immunisation (AEFI). The most common AEFI was fever. Safety concerns, preference for herbs and charm, culture and religions, and vaccination perception as a western culture were the major barriers to immunisation uptake. While 63.6 to 95.7% of respondents indicated that community leaders, religious and spiritual leaders and TMPs should be involved in immunisation advocacy, 56.9-70.4% of them reported that community leaders should be involved in immunisation policy. Upscaling the critical stakeholders' involvement in advocacy, policy development and implementation of immunization activities may improve acceptance, create demand and engender ownership in vulnerable communities of Borno State, Nigeria. AEFI could be detrimental to immunisation access and utilization. Consequently, health education by health workers needs strengthening to minimise vaccine hesitancy.

Corrigendum: Counter hegemony, popular education, and resistances: A systematic literature review on the squatters' movement.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1030379.].

Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in an Armed Conflict Setting: Empirical Findings from the Demographic and Health Surveys.

Insurgencies like Boko Haram may impact the physical health and well-being of adults and children living in geographic areas under their political control. However, it is difficult to obtain reliable health data in conflict-affected areas. This study explored the potential to use data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) to examine the determinants of under-five mortality in Northern Nigeria. Data were derived from DHS conducted before and after the start of the Boko Haram insurgency in 2009. A multi-level mixed effects logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of under-five mortality in an armed conflict setting. Results were reported as adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Residence in an armed conflict setting was not significantly associated with under-five mortality (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.10). However, twin gestation (aOR = 3.18; 95% CI:2.96, 3.42), wealth index of family (richest versus poorest: aOR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.47), religion of mother (Islam versus Christianity: aOR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.43, 1.57); highest educational level of mother (higher versus none: aOR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.37), and parity of mother, significantly predicted death before the fifth birthday. Repeated studies are needed to assess the impact of Boko Haram insurgency on physical health outcomes, particularly in areas where primary data collection is difficult or impossible.

Counter hegemony, popular education, and resistances: A systematic literature review on the squatters' movement.

The squatting movement is a social movement that seeks to use unoccupied land or temporarily or permanently abandoned buildings as farmland, housing, meeting places, or centers for social and cultural purposes. Its main motivation is to denounce and at the same time respond to the economic difficulties that activists believe exist to realize the right to housing. Much of what we know about this movement comes from the informational and journalistic literature generated by actors that are close or even belong to the movement. However, there is also a significant diversity of knowledge and scientific evidence on the squatters' movement that is being produced by academia and that is worth knowing and grouping together. With the aim of defining and understanding how the squatters' movement is constituted and organized, and how it acts, this research analyzes what the scientific literature affirms about it. Through qualitative research based on the systematic literature review (SLR) method, information was sought in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases. The initial universe of 262 articles was finally reduced to a sample of 32 articles. These have been analyzed by means of a categorized classification content analysis. The results obtained allow us to establish the state of the art on the squatting movement, placing special emphasis on its dynamics of resistance, its process of political subjectivation and its mechanisms of action and self-management. The study suggests that the movement is understood based on collective actions with a political role of resistance to neoliberalism and the inequalities it generates, and of response to the basic and social needs of the communities through self-management. Systematic review registration: [doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7179670], identifier [7179670].

Robotics cyber security: vulnerabilities, attacks, countermeasures, and recommendations.

The recent digital revolution led robots to become integrated more than ever into different domains such as agricultural, medical, industrial, military, police (law enforcement), and logistics. Robots are devoted to serve, facilitate, and enhance the human life. However, many incidents have been occurring, leading to serious injuries and devastating impacts such as the unnecessary loss of human lives. Unintended accidents will always take place, but the ones caused by malicious attacks represent a very challenging issue. This includes maliciously hijacking and controlling robots and causing serious economic and financial losses. This paper reviews the main security vulnerabilities, threats, risks, and their impacts, and the main security attacks within the robotics domain. In this context, different approaches and recommendations are presented in order to enhance and improve the security level of robotic systems such as multi-factor device/user authentication schemes, in addition to multi-factor cryptographic algorithms. We also review the recently presented security solutions for robotic systems.

Waste Pickers and Their Practices of Insurgency and Environmental Stewardship.

Informed by different grassroots learning and educational practices engaged in waste management, and drawing from the concepts of insurgent citizenship and environmental stewardship, we examine the role of waste picker organizations and movements in creating new pathways towards more sustainable environmental waste governance. Two case studies (Argentina and Brazil) demonstrate how waste pickers inform and educate the general public and raise the awareness of socio-environmental questions related to waste management. Different educational practices are used as strategies to confront citizens with their waste: to see waste as a consumption problem, resource, and income source. Our paper draws on grassroots learning (social movement learning and insurgent learning) and education (stewardship) aimed at the transformation of waste practices. We argue that waste pickers play an important role in knowledge production promoting recycling, in landfilling less and recovering more resources. We conclude that waste pickers act as insurgent citizens and also are environmental stewards.

Ocular trauma in counter insurgency and proxy war environment: Epidemiological study, 1992-2004.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the epidemiology of hospitalized ocular injuries occurring in counter insurgency and proxy war environment in a forward area of northern India over a period of 13 years. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of medical records was performed of 458 patients with ocular injuries primarily treated at zonal referral hospital of Indian Army between January 1992 and December 2004. RESULTS: A total of 559 eyes with ocular injuries were studied. The average age of the victims was 30 years. In 77% cases, injuries were sustained by army personnel and remaining by paramilitary forces. Of all cases, 86.5% cases were due to combat-related (militant action), of which 93.9% cases were caused by splinters from munitions. Among the eyes injured due to militant action, 60.36% were open globe injuries, 31.19% were closed globe injuries and 8.45% were isolated adnexal injuries. Among the eyes injured, 76.33% of the eyes with open globe injuries owing to militant action had perforating injuries, whereas in closed globe injuries, 47.74% eyes had corneal foreign body. Among eyes with open globe injuries, Corneo-scleral, scleral and corneal lacerations were seen in 45%, 28% and 27% eyes respectively. 15.75% of eyes with ocular injuries underwent eviscerations. CONCLUSION: The study reveals that splinter eye injuries from munitions were the most common cause of ocular morbidity in counter insurgency and proxy war. Implementation of use of protective glasses by the personnel deployed in such hostile environment and strict compliance of preventive measures would be effective in saving eyes and also medical and economic resources.

The challenges of insecurity on implementing vaccination campaign and its effect on measles elimination and control efforts: A case study of 2017/18 measles campaign in Borno state, Nigeria.

Conflict has a negative effect on immunization outcomes leading to epidemics of measles and other vaccine preventable diseases. Borno state, located in the North-Eastern parts of the country, started experiencing insurgency since 2009 by a militant group commonly referred to as "Boko Haram", leading to displacement of numerous persons from their homes. The state government created internally displaced persons (IDPs) camps with an estimated 600,000 persons and over 100,000 children aged 9 - 59 months. We explored the challenges in implementing the measles campaign in 2017 and its effect on measles elimination and control efforts in Borno State. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the measles surveillance data from the Integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR), the early warning alert and response system (EWARS), Measles SIA implementation strategy reports and the Post campaign evaluation survey data. RESULT: Seven (26%) of the 27 LGAs had security challenges in Borno state in November 2017. Following the measles campaign, 30 EAs were surveyed as part of the post campaign evaluation with a coverage validation of 72%, the lowest reported state level coverage in the country. Reported measles cases in the age cohort <1Year increased in 2018 by 14.3% compared to 2017. CONCLUSION: Despite the security challenges in Borno state, the 2017 measles SIA was conducted with the post campaign evaluation highlighting some areas of suboptimal performance. There remains a need to review the required strategies for successful implementation in Borno and other states affected by security challenges. The reestablishment of holding camps and vaccination posts at all entry points into IDP camps and host communities to ensure new entrants are screened and vaccinated with the measles vaccines, as has been successful in the polio programme in Nigeria will promotes efforts towards Measles control in the state.

COVID-19 and armed conflict.

This article studies the impact of COVID-19 on armed conflict. The pandemic has significant health, economic and political effects. These can change the grievances and opportunity structures relevant for armed conflicts to either increase or decrease conflict risks. I analyse empirical evidence from Afghanistan, Colombia, India, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand and Yemen from the first six months of 2020. Results suggest that COVID-19 provides little opportunities for health diplomacy and cooperation, but it also has not yet driven grievances to a level where they became relevant for armed conflicts. Four countries have encountered temporary declines in armed conflicts, mostly due to strategic decisions by governments or rebels to account for impeded logistics and to increase their popular support. Armed conflict levels have increased in five countries, with conflict parties exploiting either state weakness or a lack of (international) attention due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a worrisome trend given the tremendous impacts of armed conflict on human security and on the capabilities of countries to deal with health emergencies.

Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs and Problems of Internally Displaced Adolescents (IDAs) in Borno State, Nigeria: A Mixed Method Approach.

Insurgency in the Northeastern Nigeria has left millions of adolescents internally displaced, with deplorable living conditions that affect adolescents' sexual and reproductive health (SRH). The aim of the study was to identify SRH needs and problems of Internally Displaced Adolescents (IDAs) and ways of improving their SRH. The study used cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 396 IDAs using questionnaire and focus group discussions. Descriptive and Chi square statistics were used to analyze data from the questionnaire, using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 while qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Results showed that sexuality education (83.2%), safe motherhood services (81.6%) and family planning services (71.9%) were important SRH needs while complications of pregnancy (83.1%), early sex experimentation (81.8%), unsafe sex (80.1%) were among the SRH problems. Gender, educational attainment, age, religion, and marital status differed significantly (≤ .05) with sexuality education and family planning needs of IDAs. Suggested ways of improving IDAs' SRH include making SRH services accessible in internally displaced persons' (IDPs) camps.

Tulio Bayer, Memoria de un revolucionario o, el surgimiento de un nuevo tipo de rebelde en Colombia / Tulio Bayer, Memory of a Revolutionary or the Emergence of a New Type of Rebel in Colombia

Resumen Entre 1959 y 1964 operaron grupos de guerrilleros colombianos que fueron estimulados por el triunfo de la Revolución cubana, estos serían antecesores de las guerrillas que luego de 1964 se consolidaron en el país; con ellos se inició una nueva etapa de la violencia en la que el protagonismo lo asumieron jóvenes estudiantes y profesionales que buscaban trasformar la estructura de la sociedad para superar la desigualdad social. Entre ellos destaca la figura de Tulio Bayer Jaramillo, cuya trayectoria vital ejemplifica la de los jóvenes de su generación que vieron la lucha armada como el mecanismo para hacer la revolución.

Abstract Between 1959 and 1964, groups of Colombian guerrilla people were operated, who were stimulated by the triumph of the Cuban Revolution. These would be the ancestors of the guerrilla groups that after 1964 were consolidated in the country. With them, a new stage of violence began in which young students and professionals, who sought to transform the structure of society, in order to overcome social inequality, assumed the protagonism. Among them, is the figure of Tulio Bayer Jaramillo, whose vital trajectory exemplifies that of the young people of his generation, who saw the armed struggle as the mechanism to make the revolution.

High-Complexity Plasmodium falciparum Infections, North Central Nigeria, 2015-2018.

The mass migration that occurred during 2009-2013 and after the insurgency in northeastern Nigeria could have increased malaria incidence and Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in North Central Nigeria. To determine P. falciparum sequence diversity in this region, we screened 282 samples collected in regional clinics during 2015-2018 for Plasmodium spp. and, with positive samples, determined P. falciparum infection complexity and allele diversity using PCR. Of 34 P. falciparum-positive samples, 39 msp1, 31 msp2, and 13 glurp alleles were detected, and 88% of infections were polyclonal. We identified trimorphic and dimorphic allele combinations in a high percentage of samples, indicative of a high infection complexity in the study population. High genetic diversity is a catalyst for the evolution of drug-resistant alleles. Improved measures (e.g., better drug quality, diagnostics) are needed to control P. falciparum transmission and reduce the potential for the emergence of drug resistance in Nigeria.

Low case fatality during 2017 cholera outbreak in Borno State, North Eastern Nigeria.

Background: Cholera is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in areas affected by natural disaster and human conflict. Northeastern Nigeria is experiencing a health crisis due to the destruction of essential amenities such as health infrastructure, sanitation facilities, water supplies, and human resources by Boko Haram insurgents. In 2017, a cholera outbreak occurred in five local government areas (LGAs) hosting internally displaced persons. The Nigeria Center for Disease Control, World Health Organization, Medecins Sans Frontieres International, and several other organizations supported disease containment. An emergency operating center (EOC) established by the State Ministry of Health (SMoH) then coordinated the outbreak response. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data extracted from the line list utilized by the SMoH to investigate outbreaks. We evaluated the outbreak by time, place, and person. Attack rate by LGA and age-specific case fatality rate (CFR) was calculated based on cases with complete records for age, sex, place of residence, date of symptom onset, and disease outcome. Results: A total of 5889 cholera cases were reported from five LGAs with an overall attack rate of 395.3/100,000 population. Among 4956 cases with documented outcome, the overall CFR was 0.87%, with CFR ranging from 0% to 6.98% by LGA. The age-specific CFR was highest among those aged ≥60 years (1.92%) and least among those aged 20-29 years at 0.3%. The epidemiological curve revealed two peaks that coincided with periods of heavy rain and flooding. Conclusion: This study reports on the largest ever documented cholera outbreak in five LGAs in Borno State. The outbreak was focused in LGA hit hardest by the destructive activities of insurgents and then spread to neighboring LGAs. The low CFR recorded in this cholera outbreak was achieved through timely detection, reporting, and response by the coordinated efforts of the EOC established by the SMoH that harmonized the outbreak response.

RésuméContexte: Le choléra est endémique en Afrique subsaharienne, en particulier dans les zones touchées par des catastrophes naturelles et des conflits humains. Le nord-est du Nigéria traverse une crise sanitaire en raison de la destruction d'équipements essentiels tels que des infrastructures de santé, des installations sanitaires, des réserves d'eau et des ressources humaines par les insurgés de Boko Haram. En 2017, une épidémie de choléra est survenue dans cinq zones de gouvernement local (LGA) accueillant des personnes déplacées. Le Centre nigérian pour le contrôle des maladies, l'Organisation mondiale de la santé, Médecins sans frontières internationaux et plusieurs autres organisations ont plaidé en faveur du contrôle de la maladie. Un centre d'opération d'urgence (EOC) établi par le ministère de la Santé de l'État (SMoH ) a ensuite coordonné la réponse à l'épidémie. Méthodes: Nous avons effectué une analyse rétrospective des données extraites de la liste de lignes utilisée par le SMoH pour enquêter sur les épidémies. Nous avons évalué l'épidémie par heure, lieu et personne. Le taux d'attaque par LGA et de l' âge - le taux de létalité spécifique (CFR) a été calculé sur la base des cas avec des dossiers complets pour l' âge, le sexe, le lieu de résidence, la date d'apparition des symptômes, et le résultat de la maladie. Résultats: Un total de 5889 cas de choléra ont été signalés par cinq LGA avec un taux d'attaque global de 395.3/100,000 personnes. Parmi les 4956 cas dont les résultats ont été documentés, le taux de létalité global était de 0,87%, avec une valeur variant entre 0% et 6,98% par la LGA. L'âge - CFR spécifique était le plus élevé parmi les personnes âgées de ≥60 ans (1,92%) et moins parmi les 20-29 ans à 0,3% âgés. La courbe épidémiologique a révélé deux pics qui coïncidaient avec des périodes de fortes pluies et d'inondations. Conclusion: cette étude fait état de la plus grande épidémie jamais enregistrée dans l' époque du choléra dans cinq LGA de l' État de Borno. L'épidémie était concentrée dans les collectivités locales touchées le plus durement par les activités destructrices des insurgés et s'était ensuite étendue aux collectivités locales voisines. Le faible taux de CFR enregistré dans cette épidémie de choléra a été atteint grâce à une détection, une notification et une réponse rapides, grâce aux efforts coordonnés du COU, mis en place par le SMOH, qui a harmonisé la réponse à la flambée. Mots-clés: Taux de mortalité, choléra, insurrection, nord-est du Nigéria, épidémie.