Diverse stimuli induce piloerection and yield varied autonomic responses in humans.

This research provides an in-depth exploration into the triggers and corresponding autonomic responses of piloerection, a phenomenon prevalent across various species. In non-human species, piloerection occurs in reaction to a variety of environmental changes, including social interactions and temperature shifts. However, its understanding in humans has been confined to emotional contexts. This is problematic because it reflects solely upon subjective experience rather than an objective response to the environment. Further, given our shared evolutionary paths, piloerection should function similarly in humans and other animals. I observed 1,198 piloerection episodes from eight participants while simultaneously recording multiple autonomic and body temperature indices, finding that piloerection in humans can be elicited by thermal, tactile, and audio-visual stimuli with equal effectiveness. The data also revealed variations in cardiac reactivity measures: audio-visual piloerection was associated with greater sympathetic arousal, while tactile piloerection was linked to greater parasympathetic arousal. Despite prevailing notions of piloerection as a vestigial response in humans, it does respond to decreases in skin temperature and is associated with a rise in skin temperature during episodes. This research underscores that piloerection in humans is not purely vestigial, nor is it solely an affective response to emotional stimuli. Rather, it is best understood as a reflexive response to environmental changes, suggesting a shared functional similarity with other species.

Potential of Bacterial Cellulose in Reconstructive Surgery of Body Integumentary System: Preliminary Studies in Animals.

The aim of the study is to present the preliminary results of the in vivo application of Komagataeibacter xylinum E25 bacterial cellulose (BC) as a replacement material for produced defects during operations. Three pigs (sus scrofa domestica) had the same defects in the ear cartilage (4 × 4 cm) and in the rectus abdominis muscle (6 × 10 cm) with BC membranes implanted into them. The time of observation of the condition of the animals was 3 months. Implantation sites did not show clinical signs of complications in the form of inflammation or necrosis. Histologically, a normal scar was produced as a result of the material healing into the host's body. In one case, no residual implant material was found at the site of implantation, and the remodeled scar confirmed healing. No systemic inflammatory reaction was observed in any of the animals. The host organism's reaction to the bacterial cellulose allows us to believe that it meets the expectations as a material that can be widely used in reconstructive surgery. Nevertheless, this requires further research on a larger group and also using other foreign bodies. The next step would be an experiment on a group consisting of people.

Apoptotic extracellular vesicles are metabolized regulators nurturing the skin and hair.

Over 300 billion of cells die every day in the human body, producing a large number of endogenous apoptotic extracellular vesicles (apoEVs). Also, allogenic stem cell transplantation, a commonly used therapeutic approach in current clinical practice, generates exogenous apoEVs. It is well known that phagocytic cells engulf and digest apoEVs to maintain the body's homeostasis. In this study, we show that a fraction of exogenous apoEVs is metabolized in the integumentary skin and hair follicles. Mechanistically, apoEVs activate the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway to facilitate their metabolism in a wave-like pattern. The migration of apoEVs is enhanced by treadmill exercise and inhibited by tail suspension, which is associated with the mechanical force-regulated expression of DKK1 in circulation. Furthermore, we show that exogenous apoEVs promote wound healing and hair growth via activation of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in skin and hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells. This study reveals a previously unrecognized metabolic pathway of apoEVs and opens a new avenue for exploring apoEV-based therapy for skin and hair disorders.

A Multi-Systems Approach to Human Movement after ACL Reconstruction: The Integumentary System.

Postoperative management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has traditionally focused on the evaluation and intervention of musculoskeletal components such as range of motion and patients' reports of function. The integumentary system can provide early indications that rehabilitation may be prolonged due to protracted or poor healing of the incision sites. Full evaluation of the reconstruction over time, including direction of the incisions, appearance of surgical sites, level of residual innervation, and health of the individual should be considered when determining time-based goals and plans for returning an athlete to activity. Skin care techniques should be used to minimize strain and promote wound healing at the surgical sites, which in turn allows for implementation of other interventions that target other body systems such as locomotion, strength training, and cardiopulmonary conditioning. The integration of the integumentary system with cardiovascular, neurological, and muscular systems is required for a successful return to activity. A multi-physiologic systems approach may provide a unique viewpoint when aiming to attain a greater appreciation of the integumentary system and its integration with other body systems following ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to discuss integumentary considerations within a multi-physiologic systems approach to human movement after ACL reconstruction, including an anatomical review, key elements of assessment, and integrated intervention strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

Effects of Obesity on Adiponectin System Skin Expression in Dogs: A Comparative Study.

Obesity is an important health issue in dogs since it influences a plethora of associated pathologies, including dermatological disorders. Considering the scarcity of information in pets, this work aimed to evaluate the localization and expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and its two receptors (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2) in the skin of 10 obese dogs, compared with serum ADIPOQ level. Through immunohistochemistry, ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 were observed in the adipose tissue, sweat and sebaceous glands, endothelium, and some connective cells. Both receptors were observed in the epidermis and the hair follicles, other than in the sweat and sebaceous glands. Real-time PCR evidenced that the ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 transcripts were expressed 5.4-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.3-fold less (p < 0.01), respectively, in obese than in normal weight dogs, while ADIPOR1 expression did not change. Obese dogs showed lower serum ADIPOQ levels than the normal weight group. Accordingly, ADIPOQ and ADIPOR2 expression in the skin appear negatively correlated with obesity in the same way as the serum ADIPOQ level. These findings evidence that ADIPOQ system changes in the skin of obese dogs and suggest that the ADIPOQ effect on the skin is at least in part regulated by the reduced expression of ADIPOR2.

Implementación de la tecnología educativa en las Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas / Implementation of educational technology in the Basic Biomedical Sciences

RESUMEN Introducción: El uso de los medios en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje ha evolucionado desde sus inicios con una tendencia al aumento en los diferentes tipos de enseñanzas, enfocado principalmente a la instrucción programada, donde el control de los aprendizajes está en función de renovar y predecir los comportamientos y las conductas esperadas en los alumnos. Objetivo: Exponer los principales resultados de la implementación del software educativo sobre Tejido Epitelial en la asignatura Célula, Tejidos y Sistema tegumentario. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental, en el Departamento de Ciencias Básicas Biomédicas de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camagüey, en el primer semestre del curso 2019-2020. La aplicación del software de Tejido Epitelial, como tecnología educativa facilita el aprendizaje de materias, ayuda a resolver problemas y contribuye a desarrollar habilidades cognitivasen los estudiantes favoreciendo un aprendizaje desarrollador. Conclusiones: El software educativo: Tejido Epitelial, constituye una herramienta útil para el aprendizaje del tema que posibilita mejorar la evaluación como componente del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura Célula, tejidos y sistema tegumentario y requiere del compromiso y la actualización permanente del docente para lograr un uso pertinente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of the media in the teaching and learning processes has evolved since its inception with an increasing trend in the different types of teaching, mainly focused on programmed instruction, was the control of learning is in function of renewing and predicts behaviors and expected behaviors in students. Objective: To present the main results of the implementation of the educational software epithelial tissue, in the subject Cell, tissues and integumentary system. Method: A quasi-experimental study was carried out in the Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences of the University of Medical Sciences of Camagüey, in the first semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. The application of epithelial tissue software, as an educational technology, facilitates the learning of subjects, helps to solve problems and contributes to developing cognitive skills in students, favoring developer learning. Conclusions: The educational software: Epithelial Tissue, constitutes a useful tool for learning the subject that makes it possible to improve the evaluation as a component of the teaching-learning process of the subject Cell, tissues and integumentary system and requires the commitment and permanent updating of the teacher to achieve relevant use.

Microstructure and nanomechanical properties of the exoskeleton of an ironclad beetle (Zopherus haldemani).

This study examined natural composite structures within the remarkably strong exoskeleton of the southwestern ironclad beetle (Z. haldemani). Structural and nanomechanical analyses revealed that the exoskeleton's extraordinary resistance to external forces is provided by its exceptional thickness and multi-layered structure, in which each layer performed a distinct function. In detail, the epicuticle, the outmost layer, comprised 3%-5% of the overall thickness with reduced Young's moduli of 2.2-3.2 GPa, in which polygonal-shaped walls (2-3µm in diameter) were observed on the surface. The next layer, the exocuticle, consisted of 17%-20% of the total thickness and exhibited the greatest Young's moduli (∼15 GPa) and hardness (∼800 MPa) values. As such, this layer provided the bulk of the mechanical strength for the exoskeleton. While the endocuticle spanned 70%-75% of the total thickness, it contained lower moduli (∼8-10 GPa) and hardness (∼400 MPa) values than the exocuticle. Instead, this layer may provide flexibility through its specifically organized chitin fiber layers, known as Bouligand structures. Nanoindentation testing further reiterated that the various fibrous layer orientations resulted in different elastic moduli throughout the endocuticle's cross-section. Additionally, this exoskeleton prevented delamination within the composite materials by overlapping approximately 5%-19% of each fibrous stack with neighboring layers. Finally, the innermost layer, the epidermis contributing 5%-7 % of the total thickness, contains attachment sites for muscle and soft tissue that connect the exoskeleton to the beetle. As such, it is the softest region with reduced Young's modulus of ∼2-3 GPa and hardness values of ∼290 MPa. These findings can be applied to the development of innovative, fiber-reinforced composite materials.

Leptin System in Obese Dog Skin: A Pilot Study.

Obesity predisposes to several health problems including skin diseases. However, information on the relationship between obesity and skin disorders in pets is very scarce. Leptin (LEP) is mainly produced by adipose tissue and has a prominent role in skin biology. This study evaluated the LEP system in the skin of obese dogs compared to normal-weight animals. The investigation was carried out on 10 obese (Obese group) and 10 normal-weight (Normal-weight group) dogs through Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Cells of skin associated immune system were also evaluated. No differences were evidenced between the two groups as well as skin inflammation. LEP differences were no significant, while LEPR transcript appeared 10-fold higher in obesedogs than in normal-weight ones. Immunostaining for both molecules was observed in several skin structures such as the epidermis, hair follicles, and glands. No differences appeared in the skin associated immune system composition. This study is a preliminary report showing that LEP system changes in obese dog skin. The increased LEPR expression observed in the obese group suggests that the receptor plays a modulating role in the system control. However, the exact role of LEPin the skin under obesity conditions needs further elucidation.

Formation, structure, and function of extra-skeletal bones in mammals.

This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers, horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as AHOOO structures) in extant mammals. AHOOOs are extra-skeletal bones that originate from subcutaneous (dermal) tissues in a wide variety of mammals, and this review elaborates on the co-development of the bone and skin in these structures. During foetal stages, primordial cells for the bony compartments arise in subcutaneous tissues. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is assumed to play a key role in the differentiation of bone, cartilage, skin and other tissues in AHOOO structures. AHOOO ossification takes place after skeletal bone formation, and may depend on sexual maturity. Skin keratinization occurs in tandem with ossification and may be under the control of androgens. Both endochondral and intramembranous ossification participate in bony compartment formation. There is variation in gradients of density in different AHOOO structures. These gradients, which vary according to function and species, primarily reduce mechanical stress. Anchorage of AHOOOs to their surrounding tissues fortifies these structures and is accomplished by bone-bone fusion and Sharpey fibres. The presence of the integument is essential for the protection and function of the bony compartments. Three major functions can be attributed to AHOOOs: mechanical, visual, and thermoregulatory. This review provides the first extensive comparative description of the skeletal and integumentary systems of AHOOOs in a variety of mammals.

Functional Anatomy of the Sensory Nervous System: Updates From the Neuroscience Bench.

The simple tripartite classification of sensory neurons as A-beta, A-delta, and C fibers fails to convey the complexity of the neurons that encode stimuli as diverse as the texture of a surface, the location of a pinprick, or the direction of hair movement as a breeze moves across the skin. It has also proven to be inadequate when investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying pain, which can encompass any combination of chemical, tactile, and thermal modalities. Beginning with a brief overview of visceral and sensory neuroanatomy, this review expands upon sensory innervation of the skin as a prime example of the heterogeneity and complexity of the somatosensory nervous system. Neuroscientists have characterized defining features of over 15 subtypes of sensory neurons that innervate the skin of the mouse. This has enabled the study of cell-specific mechanisms of pain, which suggests that diverse sensory neuron subtypes may have distinct susceptibilities to toxic injury and different roles in pathologic mechanisms underlying altered sensation. Leveraging this growing body of knowledge for preclinical trials and models of neurotoxicity can vastly improve our understanding of peripheral nervous system dysfunction, advancing the fields of toxicologic pathology and neuropathology alike.

A brief analysis of projects completed at the end of 2017 and funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China in the field of skin and its appendages / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To analyze projects completed at the end of 2017 and funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in the field of skin and its appendages,in order to provide references for preparing concluding reports and making discipline development strategies in the future.Methods The concluding reports of projects completed at the end of 2017 and funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China in the field of skin and its appendages were collected from the Internet-based Science Information System.The achievements were analyzed,including journal articles,patents,talent training and monographs.Results A total of 91 projects were completed at the end of 2017 in the field of skin and its appendages,and the total cost of funds was 43.51 million RMB Yuan.A total of 452 journal articles were published,including 324 articles in the Science Citation Index (SCI)-indexed journals and 42 in the A Guide to the Core Journal of China-indexed journals.Additionally,0.74 SCI journal article and 0.10 Chinese core journal article could be produced per 100 000 RMB Yuan.The average impact factor of journals publishing these SCI articles was 3.972,and in average,100 000 RMB Yuan yielded 1 article in the journal with an impact factor of 2.92.Of the 324 published articles,46 and 102 were published in journals ranked within the first (Q1) and second (Q2) quartile,respectively,by Chinese Academy of Sciences.In all the SCI articles,14 were published in journals with impact factor of ＞ 10.There were 4 institutions with more than 5 completed projects,and a total of 129 (39.84％) SCI articles were published.Published SCI articles in the field of immune skin diseases accounted for the highest proportion (148/324,45.68％).A total of 152 talents were trained.Conclusions The support of NSFC in basic researches in the field of skin and its appendages has led to substantial achievements.More attention should be paid to the writing of concluding reports.Innovation consciousness should be raised,and project leaders should make more original and leading achievements in the future.

Desacondicionamiento físico de sistemas osteomuscular y tegumentario en pacientes en unidad de cuidado intensivo / Musculoskeletal and integumentary systems physical deconditioning in intensive care unit patients

Este trabajo se propuso determinar la importancia de la fisioterapia en el desacondicionamiento físico a nivel osteomuscular y tegumentario, de usuarios que ingresan a la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI) adulto de la clínica Emcosalud, Neiva. Bohórquez, Martínez, Vargas, 2008 y Hernández, Benjumea y Tuso 2013, describen que el desempeño del fisioterapeuta radica en la prevención de las complicaciones por inmovilidad y la movilización temprana con el fin de rees-tablecer la funcionalidad; mientras que Pardo (2001) describe las manifestaciones clínicas cursa-das por un usuario en hospitalización. Otros trabajos establecen la importancia de la actividad física en unidades de cuidado critico (Gordillo, Díaz, y Montenegro, 2008) pero muy poco sobre la influencia de la fisioterapia en este ámbito. Se realizó un estudio con diseño cuasi experimen-tal, muestreo no probabilístico causal o incidental a 15 usuarios que cumplieron con criterios de inclusión: ingresar a UCI, mayores de 18 años, participación voluntaria. Se observaron cambios importantes a nivel de la flexibilidad y movilidad articular en 8 usuarios (80%), post interven-ción. En el sistema tegumentario, las propiedades tróficas mostraron mejoría, mientras que las mecánicas mejoraron de acuerdo a la flexibilidad muscular que se alcanzara. Ningún usuario presentó escaras. Se concluye sobre la importancia de la fisioterapia a nivel de la rehabilitación en la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo, evitando el deterioro de los sistemas osteomuscular y tegu-mentario, contribuyendo a la prevención de las complicaciones asociadas al reposo prolongado

This work shows the influence of physiotherapy on physical deconditioning, on the musculos-keletal and integumentary systems, of users who enter ICUadults EMCOSALUD clinic, Nei-va. (Hernandez,Benjumea y Tuso 2013), describethat performance of the physiotherapist is the prevention of complications of immobility and facilitates early mobilization in order to restore functionality aspect shared by (Bohorquez, Martinez y Vargas 2008); while (Pardo, 2001) descri-bes the clinical manifestations studied by a user in hospitalization.Other articles establish the importance of physical activity in critical care units (Gordillo, Díaz y Montenegro, 2008), but very little about the role of physical therapy in this area. A study with a Quasi-experimental method was conducted causal or incidental non-probability sampling to 15 users who met inclusion criteria: entering ICU, over 18 years, voluntary participation.Impor-tant changes were observed in terms of flexibility and articular mobilityin 8 users (80%), post intervention. Integumentary system trophic properties showed improvement, while mechanics improved according to muscular flexibility to reach. No user submitted bedsores. Conclusions about the importance of physiotherapy at the level of rehabilitation in the Intensive Care Unit avoiding the deterioration of the musculoskeletal and integumentary systems, contributing to the prevention of complications associated with prolonged standing.

Desenvolvimento do sistema tegumentar em bovinos com idades gestacionais estimadas de 20 a 140 dias / Development of the integumentary system in bovine with estimated gestational ages from 20 to 140 days

A pele representa parte importante do sistema tegumentar, pois desempenha funções como a proteção contra desidratação, lesões e infecções, além de apresentar alto poder de renovação. Histologicamente, a pele consiste de duas camadas funcionais, morfologicamente distintas, a epiderme e a derme. As glândulas mamárias, capsula ungueal e cornos também fazem parte deste sistema. Devido à escassez de dados na literatura sobre o desenvolvimento da pele e dos anexos de natureza córnea em bovinos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as características morfológicas do desenvolvimento do sistema tegumentar durante os períodos embrionário e fetal em bovinos. Os indivíduos foram divididos em três grupos: Grupo I -embriões de 20-26 dias (n=4); Grupo II -embriões 30-47 dias (n=6) e Grupo III -fetos de 74-140 dias (n=6). Durante o desenvolvimento da pele observou-se diferentes padrões morfológicos de acordo com as regiões analisadas, apresentando índice maior de diferenciação no intervalo entre 30-47 dias de gestação. O aparelho ungueal e a glândula mamária se desenvolvem mais tardiamente entre os dias 74-140 da gestação. Em resumo, estes resultados acerca do desenvolvimento do sistema tegumentar em bovinos, poderão auxiliar na interpretação e compreensão da formação dos órgãos que o constituem, assim como para a compreensão de alterações patológicas associadas à organogênese.

The skin is an important part of the integumentary system, which has important functions such as protection against dehydration, injury and infection, as well as present high potential of renewal. Histologically, the skin consists of two functional layers, that are morphologically distinct, the epidermis and dermis. The mammary glands, ungueal capsule and horn are also part of this system. Due the poor data available on literature about the development of skin and other cornea attachments in bovine, the aim of this study was to describe the morphological characteristics of the integumentary system development during the embryonic and fetal periods in bovine. Individuals were allocated in three groups: Group I -embryos from 20 to 26 days (n=4), Group II -embryos from 30 to 47 days (n=6) and Group III -fetuses from 74 to 140 days (n=6). During the development of the skin it was observed different morphological patterns according to the analyzed regions. Especially, a higher level of differentiation was observed during 30-47 days of gestation. The bovine claw and mammary gland develop later between 74 to 140 days of gestation. In summary, these results related to the development of the integumentary system in bovine may help the analysis and understanding of the development of their organs, as well as the pathological disorders associated to the organogenesis.

Skin lesions of newborns in a neonatal unit: an observational study

Aim: Identify the incidence and prevalence of skin lesions in hospitalized neonates and characterize the identified lesions. Method: Longitudinal, observational and quantitative. Daily studies on 40 newborns in a neonatal unit, during the physical examination, during September and October 2011. Data analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results and Discussion: The study identified 195 lesions with an average of five lesions per newborn; incidence was 16%; prevalence was 58% and; average hospitalization period was 37.2 days. Diaper-caused dermatitis was the most common lesion, which progressed to moniliasis complications at a lower rate than previously found in other studies. The findings show statistical significance between the use of anti-fungals for diaper-caused dermatitis and treatment time. Conclusion: The need for preventive lesion treatment, which can improve the quality of life and growth for newborns.

Proliferative and non-proliferative lesions of the rat and mouse integument.

The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) project is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicological pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP). Its aim is to develop an internationally-accepted nomenclature for proliferative and non-proliferative lesions in laboratory rodents. A widely accepted international harmonization of nomenclature in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and will provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopical lesions observed in the integument of laboratory rats and mice. Example colour images are provided for most lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document and additional colour images are also available electronically at http://www.goreni.org. The nomenclature presented herein is based on histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world, and covers lesions that develop spontaneously as well as those induced by exposure to various test materials. (DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.27S; J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26: 27S-57S).

Case for diagnosis / Caso para diagnóstico

Papular elastorrhexis is a rare acquired disease, first described in 1987 by Bordas, which has been very rarely reported in the literature. It is characterized by small asymptomatic non-follicular papules, mainly distributed in the trunk. Histology of the lesions shows homogenization of collagen and fragmentation of elastic fibers in the dermis. The rarity of this disease is probably due to the subtlety and benign nature of clinical and histopathological alterations, which can be easily confused with other pathologies. The authors report the case of a patient with exuberant clinical manifestations typical of elastorrhexis papular.

Elastorrexe papulosa é uma doença adquirida rara, descrita em1987 por Bordas e poucas vezes relatada na literatura. Caracteriza-se por pequenas pápulas, não foliculares, assintomáticas, distribuídas essencialmente no tronco. A histologia das lesões demonstra homogeneização do colágeno e fragmentação de fibras elásticas dérmicas. A raridade dessa entidade provavelmente se deve à sutileza e benignidade das alterações clínicas e histopatológicas, que podem facilmente ser confundidas com inúmeras outras afecções. Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente com quadro clínico exuberante e característico de elastorrexe papulosa.

The integumentary system: anatomy, physiology and function of skin.

This article, which forms part of the life sciences series, examines the anatomy and physiology of skin, also termed the integumentary system. Skin is composed of two main layers, the epidermis and dermis. The structure of the epidermis and dermis are described and their functions are discussed. Accessory structures, such as nails and hair are also considered. Although many diseases of the skin exist, two common conditions - psoriasis and decubitus ulcers - are described in this article.

Proposição de método simples e barato para o estudo dinâmico da sudorese na pele restaurada pós-queimaduras de segundo grau / Proposal of simple and inexpensive method for the dynamic study of sweating in skin restored after second-degree burns

Introdução: Um sistema integrado para estimular a sudorese e avaliá-la dinâmica e continuadamente com o uso de gravação digital é descrito nesse artigo. Método: Consiste de um pequeno aparelho portátil para estimular a sudorese, funcionando a bateria de 9 volts. As gotas de suor produzidas são monitoradas e podem ser sequencialmente fotografadas ou continuadamente gravadas em vídeo digital por câmera posicionada a certa distância da pele. As imagens são então analisadas por um programa de computador capaz de contar as gotas em momentos específicos, podendo-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento delas até sua confluência. Conclusão: O pequeno tamanho e peso do equipamento fazem-no facilmente transportável. É possível, assim, a gravação continuada e análise dinâmica da sudorese, utilizando um método nacional, simples, barato e pouco trabalhoso.

Introduction: An integrated system to stimulate sweating and evaluate it through dynamic and continuous digital recording is described in this article. Methods: It consists of a small portable device to stimulate sweating, running a 9-volt battery. The drops of sweat produced are monitored and can be photographed sequentially or continuously recorded on digital video by camera positioned at some distance from the skin. The images are then analyzed by software able of countingthe drops at specific time, being able to monitor their development to its confluence. Conclusion: The small size and weight make it easily transportable. It is thus possible to record continuous and dynamic analysis of sweating, using a national method, simple, cheap and not very laborious.

Micoses superficiais e os elementos da resposta imune / Superficial mycosis and the immune response elements

As micoses superficiais são prevalentes em todo o mundo, geralmente ocasionadas por dermatófitos e restritas à camada córnea. A resposta imunológica do hospedeiro às infecções dos fungos dermatófitos depende basicamente das defesas do hospedeiro a metabólitos do fungo, da virulência da cepa ou da espécie infectante e da localização anatômica da infecção. Serão revistos alguns dos fatores da defesa imunológica do hospedeiro que influenciam na eficácia da resposta imune. Em especial, a participação dos receptores de padrão de reconhecimento (PRRs), tais como os receptores toll-like ou os da família lectina (DC-SIGN e dectin-2), que participam da resposta imune inata, conferindo-lhe especificidade e definindo o padrão da resposta imune como um todo. O predomínio celular ou humoral da resposta imune definirá o quadro clínico e o prognóstico da infecção, levando à cura ou cronicidade.

Superficial mycoses are prevalent worldwide. They are often caused by dermatophytes and restricted to the stratum corneum. The host's immune response against infections caused by dermatophytes basically depends on the host's defense against metabolites of the fungi, virulence of the infecting strain or species and anatomical site of the infection. We will review some of the factors of the host's immune defense that influence the efficacy of the immune response. We will particularly review the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors or lectin receptors (DCSIGN and Dectin 2), which participate in the innate immune response, bringing specificity to the immune response and setting its pattern. The predominance of a cellular or humoral immune response determines the clinical manifestations and the prognosis of the infection, leading to healing or chronicity.